olfactory

The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and processes input from the senses, and initiates actions. Prominent participants in a nervous system include neurons and nerves which play roles in such coordination. In animals without brains, the nervous system does not generate or conduct thoughts and emotions. Thus it is the system that animates "animals" (sponges are an exception). Chemicals that target the activity of nerves generally are the most rapidly act ...

Including:

• Nervous system - Vertebrate nervous systems
• Nervous system - Metabolism of the nervous system

Read more here: » Nervous system: Encyclopedia - Nervous system

The nervous systems of vertebrate animals are often divided into a central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists of all other nerves and neurons that do not lie within the CNS. The large majority of what are commonly called nerves (which are actually axonal processes of nerve cells) are considered to be PNS. The peripheral nervous system is divided into ...

See also:

Nervous system, Nervous system - Vertebrate nervous systems, Nervous system - Metabolism of the nervous system

Read more here: » Nervous system: Encyclopedia II - Nervous system - Vertebrate nervous systems

Cognitive science - Approaches. There are several approaches of study in the field of cognitive science including symbolic, connectionist, and dynamic systems. Symbolic - That intelligence can be explained by means of systematic, discrete instructions not unlike the way in which a computer works. Connectionist - The means of explanation is by using artificial neural networks. Dynamic Systems - Cognition can be explained by means of a continuous system in which everything is interrelated, not unlike the Watt Governor. < ...

See also:

Cognitive science, Cognitive science - History, Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science, Cognitive science - Approaches, Cognitive science - Levels of analysis, Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature, Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term, Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science, Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence, Cognitive science - Attention, Cognitive science - Language processing, Cognitive science - Learning and development, Cognitive science - Memory, Cognitive science - Perception and action, Cognitive science - Research methods, Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments, Cognitive science - Brain imaging, Cognitive science - Computational modeling, Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods, Cognitive science - Key findings, Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

Read more here: » Cognitive science: Encyclopedia II - Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science

Animal communication is any behaviour on the part of one animal that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoosemiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication - Intraspecies vs. interspecies communication. The sender and receiver of a communication may ...

Including:

• Animal communication - Intraspecies vs. interspecies communication
• Animal communication - Interspecies communication
• Animal communication - Prey to predator
• Animal communication - Predator to prey
• Animal communication - Symbiotic species
• Animal communication - Human/animal communication
• Animal communication - Intraspecies communication
• Animal communication - Forms of communication
• Animal communication - Functions of communication
• Animal communication - Evolution of communication
• Animal communication - Communication and understanding
• Animal communication - Animal communication and human behaviour
• Animal communication - Animal communication and linguistics
• Animal communication - External link

Read more here: » Animal communication: Encyclopedia - Animal communication

Aquilaria agallocha Aquilaria crassna Aquilaria grandiflora Aquilaria malaccensis Aquilaria ophispermum Aquilaria pentandra Aquilaria sinensis Aquilaria yunnanensis Agarwood or eaglewood is the most expensive wood in the world. It is the occasional product of two to four genera in the family Thymelaeaceae, with Aquilaria agallocha and Aq ...

Including:

• Agarwood - Formation
• Agarwood - Odor Profile

Read more here: » Agarwood: Encyclopedia - Agarwood

The menstrual cycle is the set of recurring physiological changes in a female's body that are under the control of the reproductive hormone system and necessary for reproduction. In women, menstrual cycles occur typically on a monthly basis between puberty and menopause. Besides humans, only other great apes exhibit menstrual cycles, in contrast to the estrus cycle of most mammalian species. During the menstrual cycle, the sexually mature female body releases one egg (or occasionally two, which might result in dizygotic, or non ...

Including:

• Menstrual cycle - The normal menstrual cycle in humans
• Menstrual cycle - Menstruation
• Menstrual cycle - Follicular phase
• Menstrual cycle - Ovulation
• Menstrual cycle - Luteal phase
• Menstrual cycle - Menstrual symptoms
• Menstrual cycle - The fertile window
• Menstrual cycle - Hormonal control
• Menstrual cycle - Hidden ovulation
• Menstrual cycle - The ovary as an egg-bank
• Menstrual cycle - The anovulatory menstrual cycle
• Menstrual cycle - Cycle abnormalities
• Menstrual cycle - Frequency
• Menstrual cycle - Flow
• Menstrual cycle - Duration
• Menstrual cycle - The birth control pill
• Menstrual cycle - Etymology and the lunar month
• Menstrual cycle - Menstrual products
• Menstrual cycle - Debate
• Menstrual cycle - Culture and menstruation
• Menstrual cycle - Mysticism
• Menstrual cycle - Religion
• Menstrual cycle - Menstruation in other mammals
• Menstrual cycle - Notes

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An animal trainer is a person who trains animals to perform specific acts in response to conditions or stimuli. Training may be for the purpose of companionship, detection, protection, or entertainment. An animal trainer will usually use the control of food or other rewards desired by the animal to condition to the animal to respond in a desired way. Generally, animals are selected for training to make maximum advantage of their natural attributes, sometimes far in excess of those of humans. For example, the very sensitive olfactory (sense of smell) abilities make dogs excellent candidates ...

Including:

• Animal trainer - External Links

Read more here: » Animal trainer: Encyclopedia - Animal trainer

A cilium (plural cilia) is an organelle projecting from a eukaryotic cell. Cilia are extensions of the plasma membrane containing doublets of parallel microtubules. They are approximately 10 micrometres in length. There are two types of cilia: (1) motile cilium, which constantly beats in one direction, and (2) non-motile cilium, which cannot beat and usually serves as a sensor. Cilium - Types and distribution. Cilia are found in all animals, although nematodes and arthropods only ...

Including:

• Cilium - Types and distribution
• Cilium - Structure
• Cilium - Cilium-related disease

Read more here: » Cilium: Encyclopedia - Cilium

The whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is a distinctively-marked member of the subclass Elasmobranchii of the class Chondrichthyes. It is the largest shark and also the largest fish. Whale shark - Naming. The species was first identified in 1828 off the coast of South Africa. The family Rhincodontidae was not finalized until 1984. The name "Whale shark" comes from the sharks' large size. Whale shark - Distribution and habitat. The whale shark inhabits the world's ...

Including:

• Whale shark - Naming
• Whale shark - Distribution and habitat
• Whale shark - Anatomy and appearance
• Whale shark - Diet
• Whale shark - Behaviour
• Whale shark - Reproduction
• Whale shark - Importance to humans

Read more here: » Whale shark: Encyclopedia - Whale shark

Data, played by Brent Spiner, is a character in the Star Trek fictional universe. A Soong-type (after Dr. Noonien Soong) android, Lieutenant Commander Data served as the second officer and chief operations officer aboard the starships Enterprise-D and the Enterprise-E. Data appeared throughout the Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) television series and in later movies. Data was an artificial lifeform designed to resemble a human, with a positronic brain. He was roughly the counterpart of Spock fro ...

Including:

• Data Star Trek - Biography
• Data Star Trek - Relationships
• Data Star Trek - Specifications
• Data Star Trek - Inspiration
• Data Star Trek - Brent Spiner on Data
• Data Star Trek - Key episodes and milestones
• Data Star Trek - Quotes
• Data Star Trek - Notes
• Data Star Trek - External link

Read more here: » Data Star Trek: Encyclopedia - Data Star Trek

Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994). Practically every introduction to cognitive science also stresses that it is highly interdisciplinary; components of cognitive science include psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science, robotics, anthropology and biology. Cognitive science - History. psychology, neuroscience, Neural Darwinism, Society of Mind theory, cognitive science of ...

Including:

• Cognitive science - History
• Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science
• Cognitive science - Approaches
• Cognitive science - Levels of analysis
• Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature
• Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term
• Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science
• Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence
• Cognitive science - Attention
• Cognitive science - Language processing
• Cognitive science - Learning and development
• Cognitive science - Memory
• Cognitive science - Perception and action
• Cognitive science - Research methods
• Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments
• Cognitive science - Brain imaging
• Cognitive science - Computational modeling
• Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods
• Cognitive science - Key findings
• Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

Read more here: » Cognitive science: Encyclopedia - Cognitive science

Biological factors / Choice / Environment Demographics / History Gender role / Gender identity Human sexual behavior / Animal sexuality Critiques of sexual behavior Gay rights / Laws / Same-sex marriage Homophobia / Biphobia / Psychology Medical science / Gay community Two-Spirit / Violence against LGBT people History of the Gay Community Christianity ...

Including:

• Homosexuality - Etymology and usage
• Homosexuality - Academic study
• Homosexuality - Anthropology
• Homosexuality - Biology
• Homosexuality - Psychology
• Homosexuality - Nature versus nurture
• Homosexuality - Societal attitudes
• Homosexuality - Modern law
• Homosexuality - Understudied phenomena
• Homosexuality - Political aspects
• Homosexuality - Military
• Homosexuality - Youth groups
• Homosexuality - Religion
• Homosexuality - Polemic
• Homosexuality - Historical and geographical practices
• Homosexuality - Africa
• Homosexuality - Americas
• Homosexuality - East Asia
• Homosexuality - Europe
• Homosexuality - Middle East and Central Asia
• Homosexuality - South Pacific
• Homosexuality - Modern Developments
• Homosexuality - Art and literature
• Homosexuality - Articles
• Homosexuality - Categories

Read more here: » Homosexuality: Encyclopedia - Homosexuality

Antennal Lobe is the deutocerebral neuropil of the insect which receive the input from the sensory neurons on the antenna. In insects the olfactory pathway starts at the antennae (Though in some insects like drosophila there are olfactory sensory neurons in other parts of the body) from where the sensory neurons carry the information about the odorant molecules impinging on the antenna to the antennal lobe. The antennal lobe is made of tens (this number is species specific) of neuropils where the sensory neurons synapse with the two o

Read more here: » Antennal lobe: Encyclopedia - Antennal lobe

A hallucination is a sensory perception experienced in the absence of an external stimulus, as distinct from an illusion, which is a misperception of an external stimulus. Hallucinations may occur in any sensory modality - visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, or mixed. Hallucination - Origins of the word. The word 'hallucinatory' has its roots in the Latin hallucinere or allucinere, meaning 'to wander in mind'. Altenatively in the Greek Including:

• Hallucination - Origins of the word
• Hallucination - Possible causes

Read more here: » Hallucination: Encyclopedia - Hallucination

A gland is an organ in an animal's body that synthesizes a substance for release such as hormones, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). Gland - Types of gland. Humans have a large variety of glands, from the pituitary gland in the brain, to sweat glands over the body's skin that release perspiration to regulate the body's temperature. Other well known glands include the adrenal glands, the prostate gland, the thyroid gland, the ...

Including:

• Gland - Types of gland
• Gland - Formation
• Gland - Naming

Read more here: » Gland: Encyclopedia - Gland

A subliminal message is a signal or message designed to pass below the normal limits of perception. For example it might be inaudible to the conscious mind (but audible to the unconscious or deeper mind) or might be an image transmitted briefly and unperceived consciously and yet perceived unconsciously. In the everyday world, some have claimed that subliminal techniques are used in advertising and propaganda. Subliminal message - Origin of the term. The term subliminal message was popularized in a 1 ...

Including:

• Subliminal message - Origin of the term
• Subliminal message - Validity
• Subliminal message - Effectiveness
• Subliminal message - Mechanism
• Subliminal message - Instances
• Subliminal message - Quotations

Read more here: » Subliminal message: Encyclopedia - Subliminal message

Hexanchiformes Squaliformes Pristiophoriformes Squatiniformes Heterodontiformes Orectolobiformes Carcharhiniformes Lamniformes Sharks are a group (superorder Selachimorpha) of fish, with a full cartilaginous skeleton, a streamlined body plan, with normally 5, but up to 7 (depending on species) gill slits along the side of, or beginning slightly behind, the head (in some species, a modified slit called a spiracle, is located just behind the eye), dermal denticles covering the body ...

Including:

• Shark - Characteristics
• Shark - Shark Attacks
• Shark - Speed
• Shark - Etymology
• Shark - Classification
• Shark - Reproduction
• Shark - Shark senses
• Shark - Shark fishery
• Shark - Sharks in mythology
• Shark - Sharks in popular culture

Read more here: » Shark: Encyclopedia - Shark

The greatest size accurately recorded was 12 meters (39 ft) long, with unofficial accounts of 18 meters (59 ft). It is not to be confused with the Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus), the second largest fish. A member of the order Orectolobiformes, it is a filter feeder. The shark has a capacious mouth which can be up to 1.5 m (5 ft) wide and contain up to 300 rows of tiny teeth. As part of its feeding process, it also has five large pairs of gill arches. Two small eyes are located towards the front of the shark's wide, f ...

See also:

Whale shark, Whale shark - Naming, Whale shark - Distribution and habitat, Whale shark - Anatomy and appearance, Whale shark - Diet, Whale shark - Behaviour, Whale shark - Reproduction, Whale shark - Importance to humans

Read more here: » Whale shark: Encyclopedia II - Whale shark - Anatomy and appearance

The amphibian's ancestral fish must have possessed similar traits to those inherited by the early amphibians, including internal nostrils (to separate the breathing and feeding passages) and a large fleshy fin built on bones that could give rise to the tetrapod limb. The rhipidistian crossopterygians fulfill every requirement for this ancestry. Their palatal and jaw structures were identical to those of amphibians, and their dentition was identical too, with labyrinthine teeth fitting in a pit-and-tooth arrangement on the palate. The crossop ...

See also:

Tetrapod, Tetrapod - Devonian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Carboniferous Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Permian Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification of Tetrapods, Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods, Tetrapod - Classification, Tetrapod - Skull, Tetrapod - Dentition, Tetrapod - Sensory Organs, Tetrapod - Hearing, Tetrapod - Girdles, Tetrapod - Limbs, Tetrapod - Feeding, Tetrapod - Respiration, Tetrapod - Locomotion

Read more here: » Tetrapod: Encyclopedia II - Tetrapod - Anatomical features of early tetrapods

The phylum mollusca includes many species with muscular hydrostats in the form of tentacles and arms: octopuses do not have tentacles, they have arms. Tentacles are longer than arms and usually have suckers at their tips only. Squids and cuttlefish have eight arms like octopuses, and also two tentacles, which is one good way to distinguish squids from octopuses. Cnidarians, which include among others the jellyfishes, are another phylum with many tentaculated specimens. Cnidarians often have huge numbers of cnidocytes on their tentacles. Cnidocytes are cells containing a coiled thread-like structure called ...

See also:

Tentacle, Tentacle - Tentacles in marine animals, Tentacle - Tentacles in amphibians, Tentacle - Tentacles in plants, Tentacle - Tentacles in cultural context

Read more here: » Tentacle: Encyclopedia II - Tentacle - Tentacles in marine animals