Oghuz Turks

The Oghuz Turks have perhaps been the most successful branch of Turkic peoples and families. Their history as kings, statesmen, warriors, as well as an enormous tribal union and large communal branch begins in the pre-Islamic period, yet their achievements and progression in the centuries after the arrival of Islam have left their mark on history and civilization. The original homeland of the Oghuz, like other Turks, was the Ural-Altay region of Central Asia known as Turkestan or Turan, which has been the domain of Turkic peopl ...

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Oghuz Turks, Oghuz Turks - Name, Oghuz Turks - Origins, Oghuz Turks - Anthropology, Oghuz Turks - Social Unit, Oghuz Turks - Homeland in Transoxiana, Oghuz Turks - Dynasties, Oghuz Turks - Turcoman & Turkmen, Oghuz Turks - Literature

Read more here: » Oghuz Turks: Encyclopedia II - Oghuz Turks - Origins

The country of Turkey has been the site of wide variety of empires and has literally been a crossroads for much of Eurasia. Some of the earliest known inhabitants include the Hattians also known as Hattis, 2500-2000 BCE, who were quite possibly an aboriginal people of Anatolia. They were followed by the Hittites, 2000-1750 BCE, an Indo-European people from the steppes of modern Russia and the Ukraine, who merged with the local population. Later invaders included Phrygians, Lydians, Assyrians, Armenians, Kurds, Greeks, Romans, Galatians, Byza ...

See also:

Turkish people, Turkish people - A brief historical overview, Turkish people - The Modern Turks, Turkish people - Turkish phenotypes and diversity

Read more here: » Turkish people: Encyclopedia II - Turkish people - A brief historical overview

While the majority of Turks do bear a common brunette Mediterranean appearance similar to that of neighboring countries, there are large visible exceptions that are a testament to the legacy of population movements into the region. People walking in a Turkish street or watching a Turkish movie can see Turks of about all physical types prevalent in the country, from the blond haired and-blue-eyed to the Asiatic Mongol individuals, and even people with some partial black African roots, from the times when the Ottoman Empire stretched into Sudan. Turkey, like so many other vast former imperialist powers such ...

See also:

Turkish people, Turkish people - A brief historical overview, Turkish people - The Modern Turks, Turkish people - Turkish phenotypes and diversity

Read more here: » Turkish people: Encyclopedia II - Turkish people - Turkish phenotypes and diversity

Azerbaijan:    7,800,000 Russia:    622,000 Turkey:    530,000 Georgia:    340,000 United States:    280,000 Canada:    263,000 Germany:    55,000 Other:    30,000 Azerbaijanis are a people numbering more than 35 million worldwide. The majority, around 20-30 million (estimates vary), live in Iran. The rest, around 8 million, live in Republic of Azerbaijan ...

Including:

• Azerbaijani people - Origins
• Azerbaijani people - Turkic background examined
• Azerbaijani people - Possible Iranian origins
• Azerbaijani people - A Caucasian background rediscovered
• Azerbaijani people - Genetic evidence
• Azerbaijani people - Language
• Azerbaijani people - Demographics
• Azerbaijani people - Online references

Read more here: » Azerbaijani people: Encyclopedia - Azerbaijani people

Urmia (Persian: ارومیه, Turkish: Urumiah, Kurdish: Wurmê, Syriac: ܘܪܡܝܐ), previously called Rezaiyeh (رضائیه), is a city in northwestern Iran, and the capital of the West Azarbaijan province, situated on the western side of Lake Urmia. Its population in 2005 is estimatd at 602,403 [1]. Urmia - Etymology. The name Urmia is thought to have come from Syriac, the language of the city's Assyrian founders: Ur, meaning "cradle", and mia, meaning "water". ...

Including:

• Urmia - Etymology
• Urmia - Administrative divisions
• Urmia - People
• Urmia - History
• Urmia - Colleges and universities

Read more here: » Urmia: Encyclopedia - Urmia

Ultimately, it is absurd to speak of any ‘Turkish race’ in the tangled ethnic web of Anatolia. Race as a genetic-based social category that is in any case a concept of the XIXth century, is no longer accepted by most social scientists. As a matter of fact, most present-day Turks are the offspring of all sorts of populations whose original languages have sometimes been extinct several centuries ago. Among the Black Sea Turkish intellectuals there have been in the last few years a revival of interest for the forgotten ethnic and rel ...

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Turkish people, Turkish people - A brief historical overview, Turkish people - The Modern Turks, Turkish people - Turkish phenotypes and diversity

Read more here: » Turkish people: Encyclopedia II - Turkish people - The Modern Turks

The region of Khwarezmia became part of the Jagatai Khanate, and its capital of Old Urgench was rebuilt and again became one of the largest and most important trading centers in Central Asia. However, Timur regarded Khwarezm as a rival to Samarkand, and over the course of 5 campaigns, he destroyed Old Urgench completely in 1388. This together with a shift in the course of the Amu-Darya caused the center of Khwarezmia to shift to Khiva and, in the 16th century, the area came to be known as the Khanate of Khiva, ruled over by a branch ...

See also:

Khwarezmia, Khwarezmia - Etymology, Khwarezmia - Early history, Khwarezmia - Classical times, Khwarezmia - Middle Ages, Khwarezmia - Modern Age, Khwarezmia - External link

Read more here: » Khwarezmia: Encyclopedia II - Khwarezmia - Modern Age

Urmia consists of five parts: Markazi (Central): Baranduzchay, Baranduzchay Shomali, Baranduzchay jonubi, bashqale, bakshluchay , Torkman, Dol, Rozechay, Nazluchay Jonubi, and its Center is Urmia Anzal: Anzal Jonoubi, Anzal Shomali, and its center is Qushchi Silvan: Tergever, Mergever, Dasht, and its center is Silvane Somay Brados: Somay Jonubi, Somay Shomali, Bradost, and its center is Sero Nazlu: Talatape, Nazluchay, ...

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Urmia, Urmia - Etymology, Urmia - Administrative divisions, Urmia - People, Urmia - History, Urmia - Colleges and universities

Read more here: » Urmia: Encyclopedia II - Urmia - Administrative divisions

The heritage, culture and civilization of Azerbaijan has both ancient and modern roots starting from the Middle Paleolithic period through to the division of the region into Russian/Soviet and Iranian Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijanis are believed to be the inheritors of various ancient civilizations and peoples including the indigenous Caucasian Albanians, Arattans, Mannai, Medians, and Oguz Turks among others. Perhaps to clarify who the Turkic-speaking Azeris are by way of ancestry, recent evidence from Genealogical DNA tests show that the mode ...

See also:

History of Azerbaijan, History of Azerbaijan - Overview, History of Azerbaijan - Ancient history, History of Azerbaijan - Albania and Media, History of Azerbaijan - The First Persian Empire to the conquests of Alexander the Great and the Greeks, History of Azerbaijan - Independent Albania Roman-Parthian rivalry and Sassinian conquest, History of Azerbaijan - Origins of the name Azerbaijan, History of Azerbaijan - Eurasian nomads in pre-Islamic Azerbaijan, History of Azerbaijan - Islamic Azerbaijan, History of Azerbaijan - Seljuqs and successor states, History of Azerbaijan - Mongols and Ilkhanid rule, History of Azerbaijan - The end of Mongol rule and the Black Sheep-White Sheep rivalry, History of Azerbaijan - The local Shirvanshahs, History of Azerbaijan - Safavids and the rise of Shi'ism in Azerbaijan, History of Azerbaijan - Independent Khanates in the 18th century, History of Azerbaijan - The Partition of Azerbaijan, History of Azerbaijan - Russian Empire, History of Azerbaijan - Independence and The Civil War, History of Azerbaijan - Soviet Azerbaijan 1920-1941, History of Azerbaijan - World War II, History of Azerbaijan - Soviet Union 1945-1991, History of Azerbaijan - Independent Azerbaijan 1991-2005

Read more here: » History of Azerbaijan: Encyclopedia II - History of Azerbaijan - Overview

Zahir-ud-din Mohammad Babur of Kabul, a descendant of the Mongol conqueror Timur made several incursions into India before finally overthrowing Sultan Ibrahim Lodi with his 12,000-man army, including the Gakhars, equipped with Cannon against Ibrahim Lodis 100,000 soldiers and 100 elephants at the First battle of Panipat, April 21, 1526. In 1519 during one of these incursions Bahur decided to make a surprise attack on the Gakhar stronghold of Pharwala Fort near Rawalpindi. Pharwala Fort covers about 175 acres and is si ...

See also:

Gakhars, Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar

By far the largest of the Central Asian republics of the former Soviet Union, independent Kazakhstan is the world's ninth-largest nation in geographic area. The population density of Kazakhstan is among the lowest in the world, partly because the country includes large areas of inhospitable terrain. Kazakhstan is located deep within the Asian continent, with coastline only on the landlocked Caspian Sea. The proximity of unstable countries such as Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Azerbaija ...

See also:

History of Kazakhstan, History of Kazakhstan - Background, History of Kazakhstan - Historical Setting, History of Kazakhstan - Early Tribal Movements, History of Kazakhstan - Forming the Modern Nation, History of Kazakhstan - Russian Control, History of Kazakhstan - In the Soviet Union, History of Kazakhstan - Reform and Nationalist Conflict, History of Kazakhstan - The Rise of Nazarbayev, History of Kazakhstan - Sovereignty and Independence, History of Kazakhstan - Moving forward

Read more here: » History of Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia II - History of Kazakhstan - Background

The history of Ottoman Empire scans more than 7 centuries. There are different classifications of this history, such as based on only military gain/lost perspectives. The current approaches are using more wider perspective, such as recognition of dissolution period, and using more economic perspectives that delineate the stagnation and decline periods. Ottoman Empire - Origins. The Ottoman Empire originated as a Uç Beyliği (cf. Marquisate, Marches) within the Seljukid State of Anatolia in the late ...

See also:

Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Empire - History, Ottoman Empire - Origins, Ottoman Empire - Rise 1299–1453, Ottoman Empire - Growth 1453–1683, Ottoman Empire - Stagnation 1683–1827, Ottoman Empire - Decline 1828–1908, Ottoman Empire - Dissolution 1908–1922, Ottoman Empire - Timeline, Ottoman Empire - State, Ottoman Empire - Sultans, Ottoman Empire - Organization, Ottoman Empire - Subdivisions, Ottoman Empire - Failures of the state, Ottoman Empire - Economy, Ottoman Empire - Law, Ottoman Empire - Military, Ottoman Empire - Culture, Ottoman Empire - Religion

Read more here: » Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Ottoman Empire - History

The history of Ottoman Empire spans more than 7 centuries. There are different classifications of this history, such as based on only military gain/lost perspectives. The current approaches are using more wider perspective, such as recognition of dissolution period, and using more economic perspectives to delineate the stagnation and decline periods. Ottoman Empire - Origins. The Ottoman Empire originated as a Uç Beyliği (cf. Marquisate, Marches) within the Seljukid State of Anatolia in the late 1 ...

See also:

Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Empire - History, Ottoman Empire - Origins, Ottoman Empire - Rise 1299–1453, Ottoman Empire - Growth 1453–1683, Ottoman Empire - Stagnation 1683–1827, Ottoman Empire - Decline 1828–1908, Ottoman Empire - Dissolution 1908–1922, Ottoman Empire - Timeline, Ottoman Empire - State, Ottoman Empire - Sultans, Ottoman Empire - Organization, Ottoman Empire - Failures of the state, Ottoman Empire - Economy, Ottoman Empire - Law, Ottoman Empire - Military, Ottoman Empire - Culture, Ottoman Empire - Religion

Read more here: » Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Ottoman Empire - History

Perhaps the most celebrated Azeri work is the Book of Dede Korkut, an epic about the Oghuz Turks. It is a collection of tales that take place in pre-Islamic Azerbaijan and Central Asia, written around the 6th century or 7th century. In addition to being valued as literature, historians view the book as an important insight into the language, way of life, religions, traditions and social norms of the people inhabiting this large portion of land. It has been translated into many languages. In 1998 the book was recognized by t ...

See also:

Azerbaijani literature, Azerbaijani literature - Antiquity, Azerbaijani literature - The 20th Century

Read more here: » Azerbaijani literature: Encyclopedia II - Azerbaijani literature - Antiquity

A people known as Turkmen (or Turkoman) live in northern Iraq, notably in the city of Kirkuk (where until recent decades they were the majority of the population), and in other northern cities and towns including Mosul and Arbil. Estimates of their numbers vary dramatically, from 300,000 according to Ethnologue figures [2] up to 3,500,000. [3] Like the Turks of Turkey and the Azeris of Azerbaijan, they are descendants of the Turkic peoples who migrated out of Central Asia in numerous waves starting primarily in the 9th and 10th centur ...

See also:

Turkmen people, Turkmen people - Turkmen in Central Asia, Turkmen people - Turkmen in Iraq, Turkmen people - Notes

Read more here: » Turkmen people: Encyclopedia II - Turkmen people - Turkmen in Iraq

Much has been debated about the ethnic, cultural and linguistic origin of the Azerbaijani (or Azeri) people. Ultimately, the 'debate' over the origins of the Azerbaijani people has to do with historic claims over their territory as well as 20th century notions of nationalism. The debate basically involves three conflicting viewpoints: whether or not the Azeris are of a Turkic background, ultimately from Central Asia; or are an Iranian people who simply changed their language following Turkic invasions; or are indigenous to the Caucasus and s ...

See also:

Azerbaijani people, Azerbaijani people - Origins, Azerbaijani people - Turkic background examined, Azerbaijani people - Possible Iranian origins, Azerbaijani people - A Caucasian background rediscovered, Azerbaijani people - Genetic evidence, Azerbaijani people - Language, Azerbaijani people - Demographics, Azerbaijani people - Online references

Read more here: » Azerbaijani people: Encyclopedia II - Azerbaijani people - Origins

The history of Ottoman Empire spans more than 7 centuries. Older classifications of this history were based on military gains and losses. Current approaches uses wider perspectives; such as having a period of dissolution which the system could not sustain itself, or include economic perspectives on seperation of stagnation and decline. Ottoman Empire - Origins. The Ottoman Empire originated as a Uç Beyliği (cf. Marquisate, Marches) within the Seljukid State of Anatolia in the late 13th century; which, by then, was a puppet and vassal of Ilkhanate, itself. Traditionally, in 1299, Osman I de ...

See also:

Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Empire - History, Ottoman Empire - Origins, Ottoman Empire - Rise 1299–1453, Ottoman Empire - Growth 1453–1683, Ottoman Empire - Stagnation 1683–1827, Ottoman Empire - Decline 1828–1908, Ottoman Empire - Dissolution 1908–1922, Ottoman Empire - Timeline, Ottoman Empire - State, Ottoman Empire - Sultans, Ottoman Empire - Organization, Ottoman Empire - Failures of the state, Ottoman Empire - Economy, Ottoman Empire - Law, Ottoman Empire - Military, Ottoman Empire - Culture, Ottoman Empire - Religion

Read more here: » Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Ottoman Empire - History

The present-day Kazakhs became a recognizable group in the mid-15th century, when clan leaders broke away from Abul Khayr, leader of the Uzbeks, to seek their own territory in the lands of Semirechie, between the Chu and Talas rivers in present-day southeastern Kazakhstan. The first Kazakh leader was Khan Kasym (r. 1511-1523), who united the Kazakh tribes into one people. In the 16th century, when the Nogai Horde and Siberian khanates broke up, clans from each jurisdiction joined the Kazakhs. The Kazakhs subsequently separated into three new ...

See also:

History of Kazakhstan, History of Kazakhstan - Background, History of Kazakhstan - Historical Setting, History of Kazakhstan - Early Tribal Movements, History of Kazakhstan - Forming the Modern Nation, History of Kazakhstan - Russian Control, History of Kazakhstan - In the Soviet Union, History of Kazakhstan - Reform and Nationalist Conflict, History of Kazakhstan - The Rise of Nazarbayev, History of Kazakhstan - Sovereignty and Independence, History of Kazakhstan - Moving forward

Read more here: » History of Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia II - History of Kazakhstan - Forming the Modern Nation

Policies of de-Stalinization and improvement after the 1950s led to better education and welfare conditions for most of Azerbaijan. This also coincided with the period of rapid urbanization and industrialization. During this period of change, a new anti-Islamic drive and return to a policy of Russification, under the policy of Sblizhenie (Reapprochment), was instituted in order to merge all ...

See also:

History of Azerbaijan, History of Azerbaijan - Overview, History of Azerbaijan - Ancient history, History of Azerbaijan - Albania and Media, History of Azerbaijan - The First Persian Empire to the conquests of Alexander the Great and the Greeks, History of Azerbaijan - Independent Albania Roman-Parthian rivalry and Sassinian conquest, History of Azerbaijan - Origins of the name Azerbaijan, History of Azerbaijan - Eurasian nomads in pre-Islamic Azerbaijan, History of Azerbaijan - Islamic Azerbaijan, History of Azerbaijan - Seljuqs and successor states, History of Azerbaijan - Mongols and Ilkhanid rule, History of Azerbaijan - The end of Mongol rule and the Black Sheep-White Sheep rivalry, History of Azerbaijan - The local Shirvanshahs, History of Azerbaijan - Safavids and the rise of Shi'ism in Azerbaijan, History of Azerbaijan - Independent Khanates in the 18th century, History of Azerbaijan - The Partition of Azerbaijan, History of Azerbaijan - Russian Empire, History of Azerbaijan - Independence and The Civil War, History of Azerbaijan - Soviet Azerbaijan 1920-1941, History of Azerbaijan - World War II, History of Azerbaijan - Soviet Union 1945-1991, History of Azerbaijan - Independent Azerbaijan 1991-2005

Read more here: » History of Azerbaijan: Encyclopedia II - History of Azerbaijan - Soviet Union 1945-1991

Humans have inhabited present-day Kazakhstan since the earliest Stone Age, generally pursuing the nomadic pastoralism for which the region's climate and terrain are best suited. Prehistoric Bronze Age cultures that extended onto Kazakh territory include the Srubna culture, the Afanasevo culture and the Andronovo culture. The earliest well-documented state in the region was the Turkic Kaganate, or Gokturk, Köktürk state, established by the Ashina clan, which came into existence in the 6th century AD. The Qarluqs, a confederation of T ...

See also:

History of Kazakhstan, History of Kazakhstan - Background, History of Kazakhstan - Historical Setting, History of Kazakhstan - Early Tribal Movements, History of Kazakhstan - Forming the Modern Nation, History of Kazakhstan - Russian Control, History of Kazakhstan - In the Soviet Union, History of Kazakhstan - Reform and Nationalist Conflict, History of Kazakhstan - The Rise of Nazarbayev, History of Kazakhstan - Sovereignty and Independence, History of Kazakhstan - Moving forward

Read more here: » History of Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia II - History of Kazakhstan - Early Tribal Movements