ocean current

The movement of surface currents pushed by the wind is intuitive: we have all seen wind ripples on the surface of a pond. Thus the deep ocean - devoid of wind - was assumed to be perfectly static by early oceanographers. However, modern instrumentation shows that current velocities in deep water masses can be significant (although much less than surface speeds). In the deep ocean, however, the predominant driving force is differences in density and temperature. There is often confusion over the components of the circulation that are wind and ...

See also:

Thermohaline circulation, Thermohaline circulation - The system, Thermohaline circulation - Formation of the deep water masses, Thermohaline circulation - Movement of deep water masses, Thermohaline circulation - Upwelling, Thermohaline circulation - Impacts on global climate

Read more here: » Thermohaline circulation: Encyclopedia II - Thermohaline circulation - The system

Hydrothermal circulation in the oceans is the passage of the water through mid-oceanic ridge systems. The term includes both the circulation of the well known, high temperature vent waters near the ridge crests, and the much lower temperature, diffuse flow of water through sediments and buried basalts further from the ridge crests. The former circulation type is sometimes termed "active", and the latter "passive". In both cases the principle is the same: cold dense seawater sinks into the basalt of the seafloor and is heated at depth ...

See also:

Hydrothermal circulation, Hydrothermal circulation - Seafloor hydrothermal circulation, Hydrothermal circulation - Volcanic and granite related hydrothermal circulation, Hydrothermal circulation - Deep crust

Read more here: » Hydrothermal circulation: Encyclopedia II - Hydrothermal circulation - Seafloor hydrothermal circulation

The movement of surface currents pushed by the wind is intuitive: we have all seen wind ripples on the surface of a pond. Thus the deep ocean — devoid of wind — was assumed to be perfectly static by early oceanographers. However, modern instrumentation shows that current velocities in deep water masses can be significant (although much less than surface speeds). In the deep ocean, however, the predominant driving force is differences in density and temperature. There is often confusion over the components of the circulation that are wind ...

See also:

Thermohaline circulation, Thermohaline circulation - The system, Thermohaline circulation - Formation of the deep water masses, Thermohaline circulation - Movement of deep water masses, Thermohaline circulation - Upwelling, Thermohaline circulation - Impacts on global climate

Read more here: » Thermohaline circulation: Encyclopedia II - Thermohaline circulation - The system

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is an ocean current that flows from west to east around Antarctica. An alternate name for the ACC is the West Wind Drift. The ACC is the dominant circulation feature of the Southern Ocean. The ACC has been known to sailors for many years, the author Jack London's story "Make Westing" poignantly illustrated the difficulty it caused for mariners seeking to round Cape Horn on the clipper ship route between New York and California. Antarctic Circumpolar Current - Structure of the Circu ...

Including:

• Antarctic Circumpolar Current - Structure of the Circumpolar Current
• Antarctic Circumpolar Current - Dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Read more here: » Antarctic Circumpolar Current: Encyclopedia - Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Ecology, or ecological science, is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how these properties are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both the physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors like climate and geology, as well as the other organisms that share its habitat. The term oekologie was coined in 1866 by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel; the word is derived from the G ...

Including:

• Ecology - Scope
• Ecology - Disciplines of ecology
• Ecology - History of ecology
• Ecology - Fundamental principles of ecology
• Ecology - Biosphere and biodiversity
• Ecology - The ecosystem concept
• Ecology - Dynamics and stability
• Ecology - Spatial relationships and subdivisions of land
• Ecology - Ecosystem productivity
• Ecology - Ecological crisis

Read more here: » Ecology: Encyclopedia - Ecology

A weather satellite is a type of artificial satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. These meteorological satellites, however, see more than clouds and cloud systems. City lights, fires, pollution, auroras, sand and dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping, ocean currents, energy waste, etc., are other environmental information collected from weather satellites. Weather satellite images helped in monitoring the volcanic ash cloud from Mount St. Helens and activity from other volcanoes such as Mount Etna. Smoke from fires in the western United St ...

Including:

• Weather satellite - History
• Weather satellite - Types
• Weather satellite - External link

Read more here: » Weather satellite: Encyclopedia - Weather satellite

The Cromwell current (also called Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent or just Equatorial Undercurrent) is a submarine river: A particular kind of ocean current that is, in effect, a river flowing under the surface of an ocean. Submarine rivers are a fascinating and relatively new field of oceanography. These beautiful mysteries of the nature show us that we humans have still lots of things to discover. The Cromwell current was discovered in 1952 by Townsend Cromwell a researcher with the Honolulu Laboratory. It ...

Including:

• Cromwell current - Townsend Cromwell
• Cromwell current - Discovery
• Cromwell current - Detailed data
• Cromwell current - Interaction with El Niño
• Cromwell current - Effect on wildlife
• Cromwell current - Possible effect on climate
• Cromwell current - External link

Read more here: » Cromwell current: Encyclopedia - Cromwell current

Hydrothermal also refers to the transport and circulation of water within the deep crust, generally from areas of hot rocks to areas of cooler rocks. The causes for this convection can be: Intrusion of magma into the crust Radioactive heat generated by cooled masses of granite Heat from the mantle Hydraulic head from mountain ranges, for example, the Great Artesian Basin Dewatering of metamorphic rocks which liberates wate ...

See also:

Hydrothermal circulation, Hydrothermal circulation - Seafloor hydrothermal circulation, Hydrothermal circulation - Volcanic and granite related hydrothermal circulation, Hydrothermal circulation - Deep crust

Read more here: » Hydrothermal circulation: Encyclopedia II - Hydrothermal circulation - Deep crust

The thermohaline circulation plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in regulating the amount of sea ice in these regions. Changes in the thermohaline circulation are thought to have significant impacts on the earth's radiation budget. Insofar as the thermohaline circulation governs the rate at which deep waters are exposed to the surface, it may also play an important role in determining the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. While it is often stated that the thermohaline circulation is the p ...

See also:

Thermohaline circulation, Thermohaline circulation - The system, Thermohaline circulation - Formation of the deep water masses, Thermohaline circulation - Movement of deep water masses, Thermohaline circulation - Upwelling, Thermohaline circulation - Impacts on global climate

Read more here: » Thermohaline circulation: Encyclopedia II - Thermohaline circulation - Impacts on global climate

Miami Florida - Early history. The origin of the name Miami is unknown. One possibility is that it comes from a Native American word for "sweet water." The area was a concentration of water because the Miami River is essentially a funnel for water from the Everglades to the Atlantic Ocean. Another theory is that the name comes from the original name of Lake Okeechobee, Mayaimi, which meant "big water" by the natives that lived there. After contact with Europeans they were named after t ...

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Miami Florida, Miami Florida - History, Miami Florida - Early history, Miami Florida - American settlement, Miami Florida - Early growth, Miami Florida - Immigrant influx, Miami Florida - Miami Vice, Miami Florida - Geography and climate, Miami Florida - Geography, Miami Florida - Climate, Miami Florida - Notable neighborhoods/areas, Miami Florida - People and culture, Miami Florida - Demographics, Miami Florida - Area Attractions, Miami Florida - Museums and Galleries, Miami Florida - Media, Miami Florida - Sports, Miami Florida - Education, Miami Florida - Colleges and universities, Miami Florida - Notable secondary institutions, Miami Florida - Economy, Miami Florida - Transportation, Miami Florida - Miami in television and film

Read more here: » Miami Florida: Encyclopedia II - Miami Florida - History

The city, known initially as Romanov-on-Murman, was founded on September 21, 1916, when the railroad line to Kola was built, and named after the Russian royal dynasty of the Romanovs. Murman is the old Russian name for the Barents Sea and for Norwegians, derived from the ethnonym Normans. The city was renamed to Murmansk after the October Revolution in 1917. From 1918 to 1920, the city was occupied by the Western powers who had been allied in the First World War and "White" fo ...

See also:

Murmansk, Murmansk - History, Murmansk - Miscellania

Read more here: » Murmansk: Encyclopedia II - Murmansk - History

Fram was used in several expeditions: Fram - Through the Arctic ice sheet. Due to driftwood findings in the region of Svalbard, Nansen speculated as to whether there was an ocean current flowing beneath the ice sheet, bringing driftwood from Siberia to Svalbard. With Fram built, Nansen could explore this. Nansen laid out on the expedition that came to last for three years. When Nansen understood that Fram would not pass the North Pole directly by the force of the current, he and Hjalmar Johan ...

See also:

Fram, Fram - Construction, Fram - Expeditions, Fram - Through the Arctic ice sheet, Fram - Sverdrup's scientific explorations, Fram - Amundsen's South Pole expedition, Fram - Preservation of Fram, Fram - Named after Fram, Fram - Other ships named Fram

Read more here: » Fram: Encyclopedia II - Fram - Expeditions

There are two basic types of meteorological satellites: geostationary and polar orbiting. Geostationary weather satellites orbit the Earth above the equator at altitudes of 22,300 miles (35,880 kilometres). Because of this orbit, they remain stationary with respect to the rotating Earth and thus can record or transmit images of the entire hemisphere below continuously with their visual and infrared sensors. The news media use the geostationary photos in their daily weather presentation ...

See also:

Weather satellite, Weather satellite - History, Weather satellite - Types, Weather satellite - External link

Read more here: » Weather satellite: Encyclopedia II - Weather satellite - Types

See also: History of Miami Miami Florida - Early history. The origin of the name Miami is unknown. One possibility is that it comes from a Native American word for "sweet water." The area was a concentration of water because the Miami River is essentially a funnel for water from the Everglades to the Atlantic Ocean. Another theory is that the name comes from the original name of Lake Okeechobee, Mayaimi, which meant "big water" by the natives that lived there. After contact with ...

See also:

Miami Florida, Miami Florida - History, Miami Florida - Early history, Miami Florida - American settlement, Miami Florida - Early growth, Miami Florida - Immigrant influx, Miami Florida - Miami Vice, Miami Florida - Geography and climate, Miami Florida - Geography, Miami Florida - Climate, Miami Florida - Notable neighborhoods/areas, Miami Florida - People and culture, Miami Florida - Demographics, Miami Florida - Area Attractions, Miami Florida - Museums and Galleries, Miami Florida - Media, Miami Florida - Sports, Miami Florida - Education, Miami Florida - Colleges and universities, Miami Florida - Notable secondary institutions, Miami Florida - Economy, Miami Florida - Transportation, Miami Florida - Miami in television and film

Read more here: » Miami Florida: Encyclopedia II - Miami Florida - History

The ACC connects the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean basins and as such serves as a principal pathway of exchange between these basins. The current is strongly constrained by topographic features. Starting at South America, it flows through the Drake Passage between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula and then is split by the Scotia Arc to the east, with a shallow warm branch flowing to the north in the Falklands Current and a deeper branch passing through the Arc more to the east before also turning to the north. Passing through th ...

See also:

Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Antarctic Circumpolar Current - Structure of the Circumpolar Current, Antarctic Circumpolar Current - Dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Read more here: » Antarctic Circumpolar Current: Encyclopedia II - Antarctic Circumpolar Current - Structure of the Circumpolar Current

In 1951 researchers on board the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service research vessel were indulging in a spot of long line fishing. They noticed that the gear deep under water drifted eastwards. This was unusual because the surface currents of the pacific ocean flow westwards on the equator. (They follow the direction of the winds). The following year Townsend Cromwell led a research party to investigate how the currents of the ocean varied as a function of depth. They discovered a fast flowing current that flowed eastw ...

See also:

Cromwell current, Cromwell current - Townsend Cromwell, Cromwell current - Discovery, Cromwell current - Detailed data, Cromwell current - Interaction with El Niño, Cromwell current - Effect on wildlife, Cromwell current - Possible effect on climate, Cromwell current - External link

Read more here: » Cromwell current: Encyclopedia II - Cromwell current - Discovery

Ecology - Biosphere and biodiversity. Main articles: Biosphere, Biodiversity, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity For modern ecologists, ecology can be studied at several levels: population level (individuals of the same species), biocoenosis level (or community of species), ecosystem level, and biosphere level. The outer layer of the planet Earth can be divided into several compartments: the hydrosphere (or sphere of water), the lithosphere (or sphere of soils and rocks), and the atmosphe ...

See also:

Ecology, Ecology - Scope, Ecology - Disciplines of ecology, Ecology - History of ecology, Ecology - Fundamental principles of ecology, Ecology - Biosphere and biodiversity, Ecology - The ecosystem concept, Ecology - Dynamics and stability, Ecology - Spatial relationships and subdivisions of land, Ecology - Ecosystem productivity, Ecology - Ecological crisis

Read more here: » Ecology: Encyclopedia II - Ecology - Fundamental principles of ecology

The movie is based on the idea that the Gulf Stream (or North Atlantic drift), an ocean current which circulates warm water from the tropics to the Northern Hemisphere, is disrupted by the melting of the polar ice caps. This leads to catastrophic changes in the Earth's climate, as the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere stabilises into a new pattern. The changes manifest as three interconnected hurricane-shaped storms spread across the entire northern hemisphere. Although not believed at first, the initial predictions are that this ...

See also:

The Day After Tomorrow film, The Day After Tomorrow film - Synopsis, The Day After Tomorrow film - Plot, The Day After Tomorrow film - Background, The Day After Tomorrow film - Featured Cast, The Day After Tomorrow film - Science analysis, The Day After Tomorrow film - DVD release

Read more here: » The Day After Tomorrow film: Encyclopedia II - The Day After Tomorrow film - Plot

A river of sea water, called the Atlantic North Equatorial Current, flows westward off the coast of northern Africa. When this current interacts with the northeastern coast of South America, the current forks into two branches. One passes into the Caribbean Sea, while a second flows north and east of the West Indies. These two branches rejoin to pour through the Straits of Florida. Consequently, the resulting Gulf Stream is a strong ocean current, transporting about 1.4 petawatts of heat, equivalent to the annual output of 1 million p ...

See also:

Gulf Stream, Gulf Stream - Normal behaviour of the Gulf Stream, Gulf Stream - Localised effects, Gulf Stream - Europe, Gulf Stream - North America, Gulf Stream - The effect of global warming

Read more here: » Gulf Stream: Encyclopedia II - Gulf Stream - Normal behaviour of the Gulf Stream

Many scientists say there is little meteorological or climatological science in the actual events of the movie. The movie relies upon a concept borrowed from chaos theory that a critical change can rapidly destabilise an entire system, but many scientists believe the "global superstorm" depicted in the movie is extremely implausible, if not impossible. The initial idea that an increase in freshwater could cause a slowdown or stop of the thermohaline circulation has some probability, say scientists, but would be more likely to c ...

See also:

The Day After Tomorrow film, The Day After Tomorrow film - Synopsis, The Day After Tomorrow film - Plot, The Day After Tomorrow film - Background, The Day After Tomorrow film - Featured Cast, The Day After Tomorrow film - Science analysis, The Day After Tomorrow film - DVD release

Read more here: » The Day After Tomorrow film: Encyclopedia II - The Day After Tomorrow film - Science analysis