Some sciences use applied statistics so extensively that they have specialized terminology. These disciplines include: Actuarial science Biostatistics Business statistics Data mining (applying statistics and pattern recognition to discover knowledge from data) Economic statistics (Econometrics) Engineering statistics Statistical physics Demography Psychological statistics Social statistics (for all the social sciences) Statistical li ...

See also:

Statistics, Statistics - Origin, Statistics - Statistical methods, Statistics - Experimental and observational studies, Statistics - Levels of measurement, Statistics - Statistical techniques, Statistics - Probability, Statistics - Important contributors to statistics, Statistics - Specialized disciplines, Statistics - Software, Statistics - Additional references

Read more here: » Statistics: Encyclopedia II - Statistics - Specialized disciplines

Montessori lessons work in a methodical way. Each step leads directly to a new level of learning or concept. When a child plays, he or she is really learning the basis for later concepts. Repetition of activities is considered an integral part of this learning process. Children are encouraged to repeat activities as often as they wish until they tire of them. For young children, Montessori is a hands-on approach to learning. It encourages children to develop their observation skills by doing many types of activities. These activities ...

See also:

Montessori method, Montessori method - Origin, Montessori method - Philosophy, Montessori method - Pedagogy, Montessori method - Implementation, Montessori method - Goals, Montessori method - Montessori in the USA, Montessori method - The term 'Montessori', Montessori method - On Pedagogical Materials, Montessori method - Montessori programs in public schools of USA, Montessori method - Criticisms, Montessori method - Observation, Montessori method - Famous Montessori students, Montessori method - Quote, Montessori method - Notes and references

Read more here: » Montessori method: Encyclopedia II - Montessori method - Implementation

Montessori lessons work in a methodical way. Each step leads directly to a new level of learning or concept. When a child plays, he or she is really learning the basis for later concepts. Repetition of activities is considered an integral part of this learning process. Children are encouraged to repeat activities as often as they wish until they tire of them. For young children, Montessori is a hands-on approach to learning. It encourages children to develop their observation skills by doing many types of activities. These activities ...

See also:

Montessori method, Montessori method - Origin, Montessori method - Philosophy, Montessori method - Pedagogy, Montessori method - Implementation, Montessori method - Goals, Montessori method - Montessori in the USA, Montessori method - The term 'Montessori', Montessori method - On Pedagogical Materials, Montessori method - Montessori programs in public schools of USA, Montessori method - Criticisms, Montessori method - Observation, Montessori method - Notable Montessori students, Montessori method - Quote, Montessori method - Notes and references

Read more here: » Montessori method: Encyclopedia II - Montessori method - Implementation

In machine learning, a decision tree is a predictive model; that is, a mapping of observations about an item to conclusions about the item's target value. Each inner node corresponds to variable; an arc to a child represents a possible value of that variable. A leaf represents the predicted value of target variable given the values of the variables represented by the path from the root. The machine learning technique for inducing a decision tree from data is called decision tree learning, ...

See also:

Decision tree, Decision tree - General, Decision tree - Types, Decision tree - Practical example, Decision tree - Formulas, Decision tree - Gini impurity, Decision tree - Entropy, Decision tree - Decision tree advantages, Decision tree - Extending decision trees with decision graphs, Decision tree - External sources

Read more here: » Decision tree: Encyclopedia II - Decision tree - General

Background knowledge the reader may need to learn: What is a gravitational field? What is time dilation? What is spacetime? The reader may also research gravitational redshift or ordinary redshift. Gravitational time dilation can be manifested by the presence of large mass, and the larger the mass, the greater the time dilation. In more simple terms, it is meant that observers far from massive bodies are distant observers with fast clocks, and observers close to m ...

See also:

Gravitational time dilation, Gravitational time dilation - Definition, Gravitational time dilation - Consequences, Gravitational time dilation - Important things to stress, Gravitational time dilation - Experimental confirmation

Read more here: » Gravitational time dilation: Encyclopedia II - Gravitational time dilation - Definition

Perhaps the greatest advantage of ANNs is their ability to be used as an arbitrary function approximation mechanism which 'learns' from observed data. However, using them is not so straightforward and a relatively good understanding of the underlying theory is essential. Choice of model: This will depend on the data representation and the application. Overly complex models tend to lead to problems with learning. Learning algorithm: There are numerous tradeoffs between learning algorithms. Almost any algorithm will work ...

See also:

Artificial neural network, Artificial neural network - Background, Artificial neural network - Models, Artificial neural network - Learning, Artificial neural network - Learning paradigms, Artificial neural network - Learning algorithms, Artificial neural network - Employing artificial neural networks, Artificial neural network - Applications, Artificial neural network - Real life applications, Artificial neural network - Types of neural networks, Artificial neural network - Feedforward neural network, Artificial neural network - Recurrent network, Artificial neural network - Stochastic neural networks, Artificial neural network - Modular neural networks, Artificial neural network - Other types of networks, Artificial neural network - Theoretical properties, Artificial neural network - Capacity, Artificial neural network - Convergence, Artificial neural network - Generalisation and statistics, Artificial neural network - Dynamical properties, Artificial neural network - Related topics, Artificial neural network - Patents, Artificial neural network - Bibliography

Read more here: » Artificial neural network: Encyclopedia II - Artificial neural network - Employing artificial neural networks

Perhaps the greatest advantage of ANNs is their ability to be used as an arbitrary function approximation mechanism which 'learns' from observed data. However, using them is not so straightforward and a relatively good understanding of the underlying theory is essential. Choice of model: This will depend on the data representation and the application. Overly complex models tend to lead to problems with learning. Learning algorithm: There are numerous tradeoffs between learning algorithms. Almost any algorithm will work ...

See also:

Artificial neural network, Artificial neural network - Background, Artificial neural network - Models, Artificial neural network - Learning, Artificial neural network - Learning paradigms, Artificial neural network - Learning algorithms, Artificial neural network - Employing artificial neural networks, Artificial neural network - Applications, Artificial neural network - Real life applications, Artificial neural network - Neural network software, Artificial neural network - Types of neural networks, Artificial neural network - Feedforward neural network, Artificial neural network - Recurrent network, Artificial neural network - Stochastic neural networks, Artificial neural network - Modular neural networks, Artificial neural network - Other types of networks, Artificial neural network - Theoretical properties, Artificial neural network - Capacity, Artificial neural network - Convergence, Artificial neural network - Generalisation and statistics, Artificial neural network - Dynamical properties, Artificial neural network - Patents, Artificial neural network - Bibliography

Read more here: » Artificial neural network: Encyclopedia II - Artificial neural network - Employing artificial neural networks

Anthroposophy explicitly extends natural science's mandate - to study the world as external observers (a mandate which has been shaken by quantum mechanics' rejection of the possibility of splitting the observer from the observed phenomena) - to explore human experience from within, as well. It postulates that, as we have learned over centuries and even millenia to treat our experience of the outer world in a clear and systematic way, w ...

See also:

Anthroposophy, Anthroposophy - History, Anthroposophy - Description, Anthroposophy - Place in Western Philosophy, Anthroposophy - Relationship to Natural Science, Anthroposophy - Applications, Anthroposophy - Social Goals of Anthroposophy, Anthroposophy - Steiner's Outlook on Social History, Anthroposophy - Social Threefolding, Anthroposophy - Aspects of Anthroposophic Thinking, Anthroposophy - Successes of Anthroposophy, Anthroposophy - Critiques of Anthroposophy, Anthroposophy - Critical views

Read more here: » Anthroposophy: Encyclopedia II - Anthroposophy - Relationship to Natural Science

Definition and meaning of Modeling

Modeling/Imitation - [Psychology]

Modeling or imitation is one way people learn. Other types of learning include classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Psychologists use the term "information processing" to include all cognitive and mental activities related to learning. Learning involves three steps: input, processing, and output. Those who learn by modeling or imitation input the behavior, ideas, or thoughts of others through observation. They process the information by analyzing the outcome of such behavior and output by mimicking the behavior. There are three levels of modeling. In group situations, participants tend to engage in the same behavior. Giving a standing ovation for a stellar performance or saluting during the Pledge of Allegiance are examples. This behavior may already be known, and its use is reinforced. Observational learning or imitation is a second type of modeling in which an observer copies the behavior of another. Proper social behavior is often learned in this way, as is behavior which involves risk. Good behavior is more likely to be copied if bad behavior is punished, but if bad manners or disruptive behavior is condoned, then students may imitate the negative instead of the positive. Peer pressure influences imitation. Third, observers may decide to do something which they once feared because they watched someone else do it successfully. Observing a person handling a snake may help some overcome unnatural fears.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Definition and meaning of Modeling

Modeling/Imitation - [Psychology]

Modeling or imitation is one way people learn. Other types of learning include classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Psychologists use the term "information processing" to include all cognitive and mental activities related to learning. Learning involves three steps: input, processing, and output. Those who learn by modeling or imitation input the behavior, ideas, or thoughts of others through observation. They process the information by analyzing the outcome of such behavior and output by mimicking the behavior. There are three levels of modeling. In group situations, participants tend to engage in the same behavior. Giving a standing ovation for a stellar performance or saluting during the Pledge of Allegiance are examples. This behavior may already be known, and its use is reinforced. Observational learning or imitation is a second type of modeling in which an observer copies the behavior of another. Proper social behavior is often learned in this way, as is behavior which involves risk. Good behavior is more likely to be copied if bad behavior is punished, but if bad manners or disruptive behavior is condoned, then students may imitate the negative instead of the positive. Peer pressure influences imitation. Third, observers may decide to do something which they once feared because they watched someone else do it successfully. Observing a person handling a snake may help some overcome unnatural fears.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

The primary notion of usability is that objects which are designed with their users' psychology and physiology in mind are, for example: More efficient to use — it takes less time to accomplish a particular task Easier to learn — operation can be learned by observing the object More satisfying to use Complex computer systems are finding their way into everyday life, and at the same time the market is becoming saturated with competing brands. This has lead to usability becoming more popular and ...

See also:

Usability, Usability - Introduction, Usability - Defining usability, Usability - ISO standard, Usability - Jakob Nielsen's framework of system acceptability, Usability - Usability considerations

Read more here: » Usability: Encyclopedia II - Usability - Introduction

Many university courses relying on lectures supplement them with smaller discussion sections or laboratory experiment sessions as a means of further actively involving students. Often these supplemental sections are led by graduate students, Teaching Assistants or Teaching Fellows rather than senior faculty. Those other forms of academic teaching include discussion (recitation if conducted by a Teaching Assistant ), seminars, workshops, observation, practical application, case examples/case study, experiental learning/active learning, computer-based instruction and tutorials. In schools the prevalent mode of ...

See also:

Lecture, Lecture - History, Lecture - Research, Lecture - Other forms, Lecture - Quote, Lecture - Reference

Read more here: » Lecture: Encyclopedia II - Lecture - Other forms

As of 2004, the United States of America has a military budget larger than that of the next twenty nations combined. In cultural and economic spheres it is also dominant. Thus some observers have termed this a hyperpower era in which other powers are having to learn how to deal with the United States, while the United States has to learn how to wield its power responsibly. Others, such as Samuel P. Huntington, disagree with this account, seeing ours as a uni-multipolar world, with one superpower and several major World powers, as well as a greater influ ...

See also:

Hyperpower, Hyperpower - Origin, Hyperpower - United States

Read more here: » Hyperpower: Encyclopedia II - Hyperpower - United States

Although deeply involved in the Seminary, Lieberman was personally a traditionally observant Jew, who would not pray in a synagogue with mixed pews. His daily schedule resembled that of a European rabbi of old, studying in his office to the wee hours of the morning. He studied in a chavrusa (learning partnership) with Prof.David Weiss Halivni, who eventually broke with the Seminary and went on to the department of Religion in Columbia University and to found the Union for Traditional Conservative Judaism. Lieberman's style in learning ...

See also:

Saul Lieberman, Saul Lieberman - Biography, Saul Lieberman - Work, Saul Lieberman - The Agunah issue, Saul Lieberman - Personal Paradoxes, Saul Lieberman - Judith Lieberman

Read more here: » Saul Lieberman: Encyclopedia II - Saul Lieberman - Personal Paradoxes

Much of the foundation of the field of instructional design was laid in World War Two, when the U.S. military faced the need to rapidly train large numbers of people to perform complex technical tasks, from field-stripping a carbine to navigating across the ocean to building a bomber. Drawing on the research and theories of B.F. Skinner on stimulus-response learning, training programs focused on observable behaviors. Tasks were broken down into subtasks, and each subtask treated as a separate learning goal. Training was designed to re ...

See also:

Instructional design, Instructional design - History, Instructional design - Influential researchers and theorists, Instructional design - Instructional design models, Instructional design - Related resources

Read more here: » Instructional design: Encyclopedia II - Instructional design - History

BIOFEEDBACK: A method of monitoring minute metabolic changes in one's own body with the aid of sensitive machines.

The technique is used especially for stress-related conditions such as asthma, migraines, insomnia, and high blood pressure. Clients learn to make subtle adjustments to move toward a more balanced internal state by consciously visualizing, relaxing, or imagining while observing light, sound, or metered feedback.

(See also: Biofeedback, Alternative Health, Body Mind and Soul)

The source of the model of organization incorporating drills, curfews and tea was most likely observed by the leaders of the movement whilst working in plantations far away from the Papuan Gulf, where they also picked up Tok Pisin. It is likely that there they also learned about the war with Germany, since the glossolalia was described as "djaman". It has been suggested that ideas about 'cargo' - specifically, the belief that it was diverted from the ancestors by whites - emerged wi ...

See also:

Vailala Madness, Vailala Madness - Name, Vailala Madness - Return of the Ancestors, Vailala Madness - White Ancestors, Vailala Madness - Regulation of Life after Colonial Fashion, Vailala Madness - Strict Moral Code, Vailala Madness - Abandonment of Ceremonies, Vailala Madness - Source of these Beliefs, Vailala Madness - Observers and the End of the Movement

Read more here: » Vailala Madness: Encyclopedia II - Vailala Madness - Source of these Beliefs

Background knowledge the reader may need to learn: What is wavelength? What is frequency? What is the electromagnetic spectrum? Gravitational redshift is often denoted as the variable z. Where: λo is the wavelength of the photon as measured by a distant observer. λe is the wavelength o ...

See also:

Gravitational redshift, Gravitational redshift - Definition, Gravitational redshift - Important things to stress, Gravitational redshift - Initial verification, Gravitational redshift - Application, Gravitational redshift - Exact Solutions, Gravitational redshift - Gravitational Redshift vs. Gravitational Time Dilation, Gravitational redshift - General Relativity for experts, Gravitational redshift - Primary Sources

Read more here: » Gravitational redshift: Encyclopedia II - Gravitational redshift - Definition

Background knowledge the reader may need to learn: What is wavelength? What is frequency? What is the electromagnetic spectrum? Gravitational redshift is often denoted as the variable z. Where: λo is the wavelength of the photon as measured by a distant observer. λe is the wavelength o ...

See also:

Gravitational redshift, Gravitational redshift - Definition, Gravitational redshift - History, Gravitational redshift - Important things to stress, Gravitational redshift - Initial verification, Gravitational redshift - Application, Gravitational redshift - Exact Solutions, Gravitational redshift - Gravitational Redshift vs. Gravitational Time Dilation, Gravitational redshift - General Relativity for experts, Gravitational redshift - Primary Sources

Read more here: » Gravitational redshift: Encyclopedia II - Gravitational redshift - Definition

Definition and meaning of Behaviorism

Behaviorism - [Psychology]

Behaviorism was pioneered by John Watson, an American psychologist who argued that psychology should concern itself only with the observable facts of behavior. Behavior could then be linked to prior experience. Psychologists who study observable behavior are called behaviorists. Behavior therapy concentrates on the present. Therapists help patients understand how they learned to behave badly and how this caused them to be disturbed. The reasons why something was learned is less important than helping the patient change the behavior.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Definition and meaning of Behaviorism

Behaviorism - [Psychology]

Behaviorism was pioneered by John Watson, an American psychologist who argued that psychology should concern itself only with the observable facts of behavior. Behavior could then be linked to prior experience. Psychologists who study observable behavior are called behaviorists. Behavior therapy concentrates on the present. Therapists help patients understand how they learned to behave badly and how this caused them to be disturbed. The reasons why something was learned is less important than helping the patient change the behavior.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap