Observational learning or social learning is learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating behavior observed in others. It is most associated with the work of psychologist Albert Bandura, who implemented some of the seminal studies in the area and initiated social learning theory. Although observational learning can take place at any stage in life, it is thought to be particularly important d ...

Including:

• Observational learning - Required conditions
• Observational learning - Effect on behavior

Read more here: » Observational learning: Encyclopedia - Observational learning

Definition and meaning of observational learning:

observational learning - a learning process where an animal learns by copying the behavior of other animals

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

Also see these pages: Oceanography, Oceanography Sitemap, Coral Reef, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change,

Those who saw the adult’s behaviour being reinforced for displaying aggressive behaviour performed significantly more imitative aggressive acts than the group who saw the model being punished and the group who saw no specific consequences. Comparatively, the group of children who saw the model punished for behaving aggressively showed the least imitative responses. However, when the children from the group who had not been shown the model being rewarded were themselves offered rewards for behaving aggressively, they showed th ...

See also:

Bobo doll experiment, Bobo doll experiment - Procedure, Bobo doll experiment - Results

Read more here: » Bobo doll experiment: Encyclopedia II - Bobo doll experiment - Results

Conditioning is a psychological term for what Ivan Pavlov described as the learning of "conditional" behavior. Most psychologists believe that there are two types of conditioning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. As psychologists use the term, conditioning is less prescriptive than descriptive. While Pavlov explicitly conditioned his dogs to salivate to tones, the interest in Pavlov's work is that his explicit conditioning procedures are considered useful laboratory models for what happens in the natural ...

Including:

• Conditioning - Pavlov's dogs
• Conditioning - Classical conditioning
• Conditioning - Operant conditioning

Read more here: » Conditioning: Encyclopedia - Conditioning

Curiosity is any natural inquisitive behaviour, evident by observation in many animal species, and is the emotional aspect of living beings that engenders exploration, investigation and learning. In essence, "curiosity" is a term that describes an unknown number of behavioural and psychological mechanisms, which have the effect of impelling beings to seek information and interaction with their envi ...

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Awareness Through Movement is the name Moshe Feldenkrais gave to a series of demonstrations he began to devise when some of his scientific colleagues wanted to know how he was learning to walk normally with a seriously damaged knee. Being an experimental scientist himself, he gave them literal directions on how to move to discover for themselves what he was learning. This is a small example: Cup your hands so you could drink from them and bring them to your mouth. Observe how you place your fingers. Which set of fingers lies in ...

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Vedanā (Pāli word) meaning feeling or sensation.One of the five aggregates (khandha). Described by the Buddha as having both mental and physical aspects; therefore vedanā offers a means to examine the totality of the mental-physical phenomenon. In the Chain of Conditioned Arising (paţicca samuppada), the Buddha explained that tanhā, the cause of suffering, arises as a reaction to vedanā. By learning to observe vedanā objectively one can avoid any new reactions, and can experience directly within oneself the reality of impermanence (anicca). This experience is essential for the development of d ...

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Imitation is an advanced animal behaviour whereby an individual observes another's behaviour and replicates it itself. It has been argued by Susan Blackmore in The Meme Machine, that imitation is what makes humans unique among animals. Imitation might have been selected as fit by evolution because those who were good at it had a wider arsenal of learned cultural behavior at their disposal, such as tool making or even language. In anthropology, diffusion theories explain why cultures imitate the ideas or practices of othe ...

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Pancanga (written as Panchanga often) is Hindu almanac, following traditional Vedic cosmology, and presents important astronomical data in tabulated form. Pancangas are published in India by many learned authors, societies, academies, and even Universities. Different publications differ only minutely, at least for a casual or un-trained reader. Pancanga (Sanskrit) may be translated as as "having five limbs". The five limbs are: Tithi - the lunar day Var - the day of week Naksatra - asterism of the day, that is, the stellar mansion in which Moon in located for an observer on Earth Yog ...

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Al-Khidr (Arabic: الخضر) or "the Green Man" has a disputed status amongst scholars; some say he's a Saint while others say he's a Prophet in Islam. He is assumed to be referred to in Qur'an sura Al-Kahf (18:66), in an encounter with Moses, where Moses, the Biblical prophet, meets him and asks Al-Khidr to allow him to accompany him so Moses can learn from Al-Khidr's knowledge. Al-Khidr, realizing that Moses had the Torah and divine knowledge to draw upon, informed him in a stern manner that their knowledge is of different nature and that Moses wouldn't bear to observe him without asking questions. Moses promised to ...

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During the experiment, groups of children were shown a film where an adult (the Model in psychological terminology) acted violently towards a Bobo Doll. The film begins with the Model in a room full of toys, including a bobo doll. The Model then repeatably hits the doll, says abusive language at it, and even hits it with a hammer. This film had one of three endings, and the three groups of children were each shown a different ending. One showed the model being punished for his behaviour, one showed him rewarded, and the other showed no negative or positive co ...

See also:

Bobo doll experiment, Bobo doll experiment - Procedure, Bobo doll experiment - Results

Read more here: » Bobo doll experiment: Encyclopedia II - Bobo doll experiment - Procedure

Main article: Basic learning processes The most basic learning process is imitation, one's personal repetition of an observed process, such as a smile. Thus an imitation will take one's time (attention to the details), space (a location for learning), skills (or practice), and other resources (for example, a protected area). Through copying, most infants learn how to hunt (i.e., direct one's attention), feed and perform most basic tasks necessary for survival. Attention Habituation Classical conditioning Instrumental conditioning ...

See also:

Learning, Learning - Learning - Neuroscience, Learning - Basic learning processes, Learning - Learning by example, Learning - Learning by teaching, Learning - Formal learning methods, Learning - Learning by worked examples, Learning - Learning which alternative methods exist, Learning - Learning which shortcuts exist to solve specific problems, Learning - Other dimensions of learning

Read more here: » Learning: Encyclopedia II - Learning - Basic learning processes

See also: Operant conditioning Operant conditioning, also called "instrumental conditioning", involves the modification of behavior due to the consequences of behavior. When a response or act is followed by a reinforcing consequence, the future probability of the response increases. When a response or act is followed by a punishing consequence, the future probability of the response decreases. Operant conditioning is generally associated with B.F. Skinner (1938, 1953, 1957). During reinforcement and punishment, the ...

See also:

Conditioning, Conditioning - Pavlov's dogs, Conditioning - Classical conditioning, Conditioning - Operant conditioning

Read more here: » Conditioning: Encyclopedia II - Conditioning - Operant conditioning

See also: Classical conditioning Classical conditioning--also called "Pavlovian conditioning" or "respondent conditioning"--involves learning about the association of two or more (usually external) stimuli. Classical conditioning is generally associated with Ivan Pavlov. When two things generally occur together, encountering one can bring the other to mind (cf., Aristotle's law of contiguity). Thus, when Pavlov's dog hears the tone, salivation and other food-related responses occur because the tone and food ...

See also:

Conditioning, Conditioning - Pavlov's dogs, Conditioning - Classical conditioning, Conditioning - Operant conditioning

Read more here: » Conditioning: Encyclopedia II - Conditioning - Classical conditioning

Environments in which agents operate can be defined in different ways. It is helpful to view the following definitions as referring to the way the environment appears from the point of view of the agent itself. Agent environment - Observable & partially observable. In order for an agent to be considered an agent some part of the environment - relevant to the action being considered - must be observable. In some cases (particularly in software) all of the environment will be observable by the agent. This, while useful to the agent, will generall ...

See also:

Agent environment, Agent environment - Agents, Agent environment - Environments, Agent environment - Observable & partially observable, Agent environment - Deterministic stochastic & strategic, Agent environment - Episodic & sequential, Agent environment - Static & dynamic, Agent environment - Discrete & continuous, Agent environment - Single-agent & multiple agent, Agent environment - Overview of environments, Agent environment - Reference

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For a behaviour to be considered cultural it must be shared extragenetically; that is, it must be taught. If a trained dog is introduced to a puppy that doesn't know not to eliminate in a house, it cannot teach it not to do so. A particularly intelligent puppy might eventually learn not to eliminate in people's houses by observing the older dog, but no active teaching would have taken place. Contrast this with an observed group of Macaque monkeys. Some scientists wanted to learn about eating behaviours in Macaque monkeys, so they put ...

See also:

Cultural behavior, Cultural behavior - Learned Behaviour, Cultural behavior - Concepts Generalisations Abstractions and Ideas, Cultural behavior - Behaviour Shared through Extragenetic Transmission, Cultural behavior - Artifacts Concrete and Abstract

Read more here: » Cultural behavior: Encyclopedia II - Cultural behavior - Behaviour Shared through Extragenetic Transmission

Statistics - Experimental and observational studies. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality, and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on a response or dependent variable. There are two major types of causal statistical studies, experimental studies and observational studies. In both types of studies, the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the tw ...

See also:

Statistics, Statistics - Origin, Statistics - Statistical methods, Statistics - Experimental and observational studies, Statistics - Levels of measurement, Statistics - Statistical techniques, Statistics - Probability, Statistics - Important contributors to statistics, Statistics - Specialized disciplines, Statistics - Software, Statistics - Additional references

Read more here: » Statistics: Encyclopedia II - Statistics - Statistical methods

Montessori lessons work in a methodical way. Each step leads directly to a new level of learning or concept. When a child plays, he or she is really learning the basis for later concepts. Repetition of activities is considered an integral part of this learning process. Children are encouraged to repeat activities as often as they wish until they tire of them. For young children, Montessori is a hands-on approach to learning. It encourages children to develop their observation skills by doing many types of activities. These activities ...

See also:

Montessori method, Montessori method - Philosophy, Montessori method - Implementation, Montessori method - Goals, Montessori method - Montessori in the USA, Montessori method - The term 'Montessori', Montessori method - On Pedagogical Materials, Montessori method - Montessori programs in public schools of USA, Montessori method - Criticisms, Montessori method - Observation, Montessori method - Notable Montessori students, Montessori method - Quote

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Statistics makes extensive use of the concept of probability. The probability of an event is often defined as a number between one and zero. In reality however there is virtually nothing that has a probability of 1 or 0. You could say that the sun will certainly rise in the morning, but what if an extremely unlikely event destroys the sun? What if there is a nuclear war and the sky is covered in ash and smoke? We often round the probability of such things up or down because they are so likely or unlikely to occur, that it's easier to recog ...

See also:

Statistics, Statistics - Origin, Statistics - Statistical methods, Statistics - Experimental and observational studies, Statistics - Levels of measurement, Statistics - Statistical techniques, Statistics - Probability, Statistics - Important contributors to statistics, Statistics - Specialized disciplines, Statistics - Software, Statistics - Additional references

Read more here: » Statistics: Encyclopedia II - Statistics - Probability

Modern statistics is supported by computers to perform some of the very large and complex calculations required. Whole branches of statistics have been made possible by computing, for example neural networks. The computer revolution has implications for the future of statistics, with a new emphasis on 'experimental' and 'empirical' statistics. Statistical packages in common use include: R programming language Statistics Online Computational Resource (UCLA) Mondrian (Software for Exploratory ...

See also:

Statistics, Statistics - Origin, Statistics - Statistical methods, Statistics - Experimental and observational studies, Statistics - Levels of measurement, Statistics - Statistical techniques, Statistics - Probability, Statistics - Important contributors to statistics, Statistics - Specialized disciplines, Statistics - Software, Statistics - Additional references

Read more here: » Statistics: Encyclopedia II - Statistics - Software