Oxalic acid also combines with metals such as calcium in the body to form oxalate crystals which further irritate the gut and kidneys. The most common kind of kidney stone is made of calcium oxalate. Because it binds vital nutrients such as calcium, long-term consumption of foods high in oxalic acid can lead to nutrient deficiencies. Healthy individuals can safely consume such foods in moderation, but those with kidney disorders, gout, or rheumatoid arthritis are typicall ...

See also:

Oxalic acid, Oxalic acid - Biological hazards, Oxalic acid - Role as an organometallic, Oxalic acid - Food Science, Oxalic acid - Industrial and household applications, Oxalic acid - Other uses

Read more here: » Oxalic acid: Encyclopedia II - Oxalic acid - Role as an organometallic

Most of the world's supply of infant formula is produced in the United States. The nutrient content is regulated by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) based on recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. The following must be included in all formulas produced in the U.S.: Protein Fat Linoleic acid Vitamins: A, C, D, E, K, thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), B6, B12 Niacin Folic acid Pantothenic acid Calcium Metals: phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper Iodine

There are a variety of techniques employed in hydroponics. Some, while dispensing with soil, use relatively inert material as a physical support for the plant roots. Other techniques dispense altogether with any growing medium, delivering nutrient solution directly to the roots by a variety of methods. Hydroponics - Passive hydroponics. The simplest method: the plant is planted in a container (pot or bag) of growing medium, and the container stands in a tray of nutrient solution. The medium generally has l ...

See also:

Hydroponics, Hydroponics - Uses, Hydroponics - History, Hydroponics - Techniques, Hydroponics - Passive hydroponics, Hydroponics - Flood and Drain or Ebb and Flow, Hydroponics - Deep Water CultureDWC, Hydroponics - Drip feeding, Hydroponics - Wick feeding, Hydroponics - Raft cultivation, Hydroponics - Nutrient film technique NFT, Hydroponics - Aeroponics, Hydroponics - Media, Hydroponics - Expanded Clay, Hydroponics - Rockwool, Hydroponics - Coco Coir, Hydroponics - Perlite, Hydroponics - Vermiculite, Hydroponics - Commercial, Hydroponics - Problems with hydroponics, Hydroponics - Present and future

Read more here: » Hydroponics: Encyclopedia II - Hydroponics - Techniques

Termites do not physically resemble ants; their "white ant" name is probably due to their similar size and social habits. Termites have biting mouthparts and their soft bodies are small, rarely over 10 mm in length. They typically inhabit dark nests and tunnels, only venturing out when the winged alates emerge to leave their parent colony, when constructing shelter or, in the case of grass-eaters, when harvesting grass stems. The bodies of flying individuals are dark, while termites which remain in the nest are whitish with only their ...

See also:

Termite, Termite - Appearance and Morphological Behaviour, Termite - Social Structure, Termite - Diet, Termite - Mounds, Termite - Human Interaction, Termite - Ecology and Natural History, Termite - Relationships and Evolutionary History

Read more here: » Termite: Encyclopedia II - Termite - Appearance and Morphological Behaviour

Before the arrival of white settlers, the areas surrounding Lassen Peak, especially in the east and south, were the traditional home of the (Northeastern) Maidu. Lassen Peak was named in honor of Danish blacksmith Peter Lassen who guided immigrants past the peak to Sacramento Valley in the 1830s. Lassen's trail, however, never found general long-term use because it was considered unsafe. Nobles Emigrant Trail, named after William Nobles, which linked Applegate Trail in Nevada to N ...

See also:

Lassen Peak, Lassen Peak - Geology, Lassen Peak - History, Lassen Peak - Reference

Read more here: » Lassen Peak: Encyclopedia II - Lassen Peak - History

Lichens live on various surfaces: soil, trees, rocks, and walls. They are often the first to settle in places lacking soil, constituting the sole vegetation in some extreme environments such as found at high mountain elevations and at high latitudes. Some survive in the tough conditions of deserts, and others on frozen soil of the arctic regions. Recent NASA research shows that lichen can even endure extended exposure to space. Some lichens have the aspect of leaves (foliose lichens); others cover the substratum like a crust (crustose lichens); others adopt shrubby forms (fruticose lichens); and the ...

See also:

Lichen, Lichen - Morphology and structure, Lichen - Reproduction, Lichen - Ecology, Lichen - Classification

Read more here: » Lichen: Encyclopedia II - Lichen - Morphology and structure

This is a particularly poisonous element with 50 mg being the average fatal dose (white phosphorus is generally considered to be the lethal form of phosphorus while phosphate and orthophosphate are essential nutrients). The allotrope white phosphorus should be kept under water at all times as it presents a significant fire hazard due to its extreme reactivity to atmospheric oxygen, and it should only be manipulated with forceps since contact with skin can cause severe burns. Chronic white phosphorus poisoning of unprotected workers leads to ...

See also:

Phosphorus, Phosphorus - Notable characteristics, Phosphorus - Forms, Phosphorus - Applications, Phosphorus - Biological role, Phosphorus - Occurrence, Phosphorus - Precautions, Phosphorus - Isotopes, Phosphorus - Spelling, Phosphorus - Compounds

Read more here: » Phosphorus: Encyclopedia II - Phosphorus - Precautions

Lichens live on various surfaces, such as soil, wood, and rock. They are often the first to settle in places lacking soil, constituting the sole vegetation in some extreme environments such as those found at high mountain elevations and at high latitudes. Some survive in the tough conditions of deserts, and others on frozen soil of the arctic regions. Recent NASA research shows that lichens can even endure extended exposure to space. Some lichens have the aspect of leaves (foliose lichens); others cover the substratum like a crust (crustose lichens); others adopt shrubby forms (fruticose lichens); and the ...

See also:

Lichen, Lichen - Morphology and structure, Lichen - Reproduction, Lichen - Ecology, Lichen - Growth Form

Read more here: » Lichen: Encyclopedia II - Lichen - Morphology and structure

As social insects, termites live in colonies that number from several hundred to several million individuals at maturity. They are a prime example of decentralised, self-organised systems using swarm intelligence and use this cooperation to exploit food sources and environments that could not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both sexes, often containing several egg-laying quee ...

See also:

Termite, Termite - Appearance and Morphology, Termite - Social Structure and Behaviour, Termite - Queen and King, Termite - Workers, Termite - Soldiers, Termite - Hiding, Termite - Diet, Termite - Mounds, Termite - Human interaction, Termite - Fighting termites, Termite - Ecology, Termite - Relationships and Evolutionary History

Read more here: » Termite: Encyclopedia II - Termite - Social Structure and Behaviour

Although often inconspicuous, fungi occur in every environment on earth and play very important roles in most ecosystems. Some fungi are major decomposers of dead plant and animal matter in forests and many other environments. Some types of fungi are parasites on plants and animals, including humans. They are responsible for numerous diseases, such as athlete’s foot and ringworm in humans and Dutch elm disease in plants. Other fungi are partners in symbiotic relationships with other organisms. For example, lichens are formed by a symbiotic relationship between algae or cyanobacteria and fungi. Most vascular plants benefit from a symbi ...

See also:

Fungus, Fungus - Phylogeny of fungi, Fungus - Overview, Fungus - Types of Fungi, Fungus - Structure, Fungus - Reproduction, Fungus - Edible and poisonous fungi

Read more here: » Fungus: Encyclopedia II - Fungus - Overview

Soil science - Justus von Liebig. The early concepts of soil were based on ideas developed by a German chemist, Justus von Liebig (1803 – 1873), and modified and refined by agricultural scientists who worked on samples of soil in laboratories, greenhouses, and on small field plots. The soils were rarely examined below the depth of normal tillage. These chemists held the "balance-sheet" theory of plant nutrition. Soil was considered a more or less static storage bin for plant nutrients—the soils could be used ...

See also:

Soil science, Soil science - History of Soil Science, Soil science - Justus von Liebig, Soil science - V.V. Dokuchaev, Soil science - C. F. Marbut, Soil science - Hans Jenny, Soil science - Guy Smith, Soil science - Soil Science Practice, Soil science - Fields of study in soil science, Soil science - Fields of application in soil science, Soil science - Related disciplines

Read more here: » Soil science: Encyclopedia II - Soil science - History of Soil Science

Signal transduction - Transmembrane receptors. Transmembrane receptors are proteins that span the thickness of the plasma membrane of the cell, with one end of the receptor outside (extracellular domain) and one inside (intracellular domain) the cell. When the extracellular domain recognizes the hormone, the whole receptor undergoes a structural shift that affects the intracellular domain, leading to further action. In this case the hormone itself does notSee also:

Signal transduction, Signal transduction - Overview, Signal transduction - Stimuli, Signal transduction - Responses, Signal transduction - Types of signals, Signal transduction - Extracellular, Signal transduction - Intracellular, Signal transduction - Intercellular, Signal transduction - Hormones, Signal transduction - Types of receptors, Signal transduction - Transmembrane receptors, Signal transduction - Nuclear receptors, Signal transduction - Signal amplification, Signal transduction - Signal amplification at the transmembrane hormone receptor, Signal transduction - Intracellular signal transduction, Signal transduction - Ca²⁺ as a second messenger, Signal transduction - Lipophilic second messenger molecules, Signal transduction - Nitric oxide NO as second messenger, Signal transduction - Research questions, Signal transduction - Further information, Signal transduction - Bibliography, Signal transduction - Sources used in article or earlier version, Signal transduction - External links

Read more here: » Signal transduction: Encyclopedia II - Signal transduction - Types of receptors

There are hundreds of secondary metabolites in the plant kingdom, and many are known to be phytotoxic (Einhellig, 2002). Allelopathic effects of these compounds are often observed to occur early in the life cycle, causing inhibition of seed germination and/or seedling growth. The compounds exhibit a wide range of mechanisms of action, from affects on DNA (alkaloids), photosynthetic and mitochondrial function (quinones), phytohormone activity, ion uptake, and water balance (phenolics). Interpretations of mechanisms of action are complicated by the fact that individual compounds can ...

See also:

Allelopathy, Allelopathy - Mechanisms of action, Allelopathy - Demonstrating allelopathy in nature, Allelopathy - Role of plant stress, Allelopathy - Examples of allelopathy

Read more here: » Allelopathy: Encyclopedia II - Allelopathy - Mechanisms of action

Humans continue to represent the single greatest threat to coral reefs. In particular, land-based pollution and over-fishing are the most serious threats to these ecosystems. Physical destruction of reefs due to boat and shipping traffic is also a problem. The live food fish trade has been implicated as a driver of decline due to the use of cyanide and other chemicals in the capture of small fishes. Finally, above normal water temperatures, due to climate phenomena such as El Niño and global warming, can cause coral bleaching. According to ...

See also:

Coral reef, Coral reef - Coral Reef Biology, Coral reef - Coral Reef Formations, Coral reef - World-wide distribution of reefs, Coral reef - Ecology and biodiversity, Coral reef - Threats to Reefs, Coral reef - Land development and pollution, Coral reef - Live reef fish trade, Coral reef - Coral bleaching, Coral reef - Destruction worldwide, Coral reef - Protection and restoration of reefs, Coral reef - Marine Protected Areas

Read more here: » Coral reef: Encyclopedia II - Coral reef - Threats to Reefs

A physical examination may reveal a mass or distention of the abdomen. Tests which may be useful for diagnosis include: Abdominal x-ray Abdominal CT scan Contrast enema study ...

See also:

Blind loop syndrome, Blind loop syndrome - Physiology, Blind loop syndrome - Causes, Blind loop syndrome - Symptoms, Blind loop syndrome - Signs and tests, Blind loop syndrome - Treatment

Read more here: » Blind loop syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Blind loop syndrome - Signs and tests

ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E00-E07 Thyroid gland / Thyroid hormone. (E00) Congenital iodine-deficiency syndrome (E01) Iodine-deficiency-related thyroid disorders and allied conditions (E010) Iodine-deficiency-related diffuse (endemic) goitre (E011) Iodine-deficiency-related multinodular (endemic) goitre (E012) Iodine-deficiency-related (endemic) goitre, unspecified (E018) Other iodine-deficiency-related thyroid dis ...

See also:

ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E00-E07 Thyroid gland / Thyroid hormone, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E10-E16 Pancreas / Insulin glucagon, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E20-E21 Parathyroid gland / PTH, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E22-E23 Pituitary gland / ADH oxytocin GH ACTH TSH LH FSH prolactin, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E24-E27 Adrenal gland / Aldosterone cortisol epinephrine norepinephrine, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E28-E30 Gonads / Estrogen androgens testosterone etc., ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E31-E35 Other, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E40-68 - Nutritional diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E40-E46 Malnutrition, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E50-E64 Other nutritional deficiencies, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E65-E68 Obesity and other hyperalimentation, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E70-E90 - Metabolic diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E70-E79 Metabolic disorders of proteins fats and carbohydrates, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E79-E90 Other metabolic disorders

Read more here: » ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases: Encyclopedia II - ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases

Liebig improved organic analysis. He downplayed the role of humus in plant nutrition and discovered that plants feed on nitrogen compounds and carbon dioxide derived from the air, as well as on minerals in the soil. One of his most recognized and far-reaching accomplishments was the invention of nitrogen-based fertilizer. He also formulated the Law of the Minimum, stating that a plant's development is limited by the one essential mineral that is in the relatively shortest supply, visualized as "Liebig's barrel". This concept is a qualitative version of the principles used to ...

See also:

Justus von Liebig, Justus von Liebig - Biography, Justus von Liebig - Research and development, Justus von Liebig - Major works, Justus von Liebig - Notes

Read more here: » Justus von Liebig: Encyclopedia II - Justus von Liebig - Research and development

Vegetation scientists study the causes of the patterns and processes observed in vegetation at various scales of space and time. Of particular interest and importance are questions of the relative roles of climate, soil, topography, and history on vegetation characteristics, including both species composition and structure. Such questions are often large scale, and so cannot be addressed by experimentation in a meaningful way. Observational studies supplemented by knowledge of botany, paleobotany, ecology, soil science etc, are thus the rule in vegetation science. ...

See also:

Vegetation, Vegetation - Importance, Vegetation - Classification, Vegetation - Vegetation Structure, Vegetation - Vegetation Processes, Vegetation - Temporal Dynamics, Vegetation - Spatial Dynamics, Vegetation - Global Vegetation Patterns and Determinants, Vegetation - Scientific Study, Vegetation - History, Vegetation - More Recent Concepts Theories and Approaches, Vegetation - References and Further Reading

Read more here: » Vegetation: Encyclopedia II - Vegetation - Scientific Study

The causes of water pollution can be divided into two groups: anthropogenic sources of pollution are those due to human choices, and natural sources are those resulting from forces intrinsic to the environment. Anthropogenic sources include: discharge of poorly-treated or untreated sewage; runoff from construction sites, farms, or paved and other impervious surfaces e.g. silt discharge of contaminated and/or heated water used for industrial processes acid rain caused by industrial discharge of s ...

See also:

Water pollution, Water pollution - Causes, Water pollution - Contaminants, Water pollution - Consequences

Read more here: » Water pollution: Encyclopedia II - Water pollution - Causes

There are a variety of techniques employed in hydroponics. Some, while dispensing with soil, use relatively inert material as a physical support for the plant roots. Other techniques dispense altogether with any growing medium, delivering nutrient solution directly to the roots by a variety of methods. Hydroponics - Passive hydroponics. The simplest method: the plant is planted in a container (pot or bag) of growing medium, and the container stands in a tray of nutrient solution. The medium generally has l ...

See also:

Hydroponics, Hydroponics - Uses, Hydroponics - History, Hydroponics - Techniques, Hydroponics - Passive hydroponics, Hydroponics - Flood and Drain or Ebb and Flow, Hydroponics - Deep Water Culture DWC, Hydroponics - Drip feeding, Hydroponics - Wick feeding, Hydroponics - Raft cultivation, Hydroponics - Nutrient film technique NFT, Hydroponics - Aeroponics, Hydroponics - Media, Hydroponics - Expanded Clay, Hydroponics - Rockwool, Hydroponics - Coco Coir, Hydroponics - Perlite, Hydroponics - Vermiculite, Hydroponics - Oasis Root Cubes, Hydroponics - Nutrient Solutions, Hydroponics - Commercial, Hydroponics - Problems with hydroponics, Hydroponics - Present and future

Read more here: » Hydroponics: Encyclopedia II - Hydroponics - Techniques

Banksias grow as trees or woody shrubs. The largest trees, the Coast Banksia, B. integrifolia, and the River Banksia, B. seminuda, often grow over 15 metres tall, and may be up to 25 metres tall. Banksia species that grow as shrubs are usually erect, but there are several species that are prostrate, with branches that grow on or below the soil. The leaves of Banksia vary greatly between species. Sizes vary from the narrow, 1–1½ centimetre long leaves of the Heath-leaved Banksia, B.
...

See also:

Banksia, Banksia - Description, Banksia - Distribution and Habitat, Banksia - Ecological aspects, Banksia - Taxonomy, Banksia - Uses and cultural references, Banksia - Gallery

Read more here: » Banksia: Encyclopedia II - Banksia - Description