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nuristani, Nuristani, Nuristani - List of Nuristani langugaes, Nuristani - Literature, Nuristani - Nuristani languages, Dardic languages, Pamir languages, Garhwali, Kalash, Indo-Greek kingdom, Kafirs of Hindukush
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ARTICLES RELATED TO Nuristani | |
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| | |  Nuristani: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCEBetween 2000-1200 BCE, a branch of Indo-European-speaking tribes known as the Aryans or Indo-Iranians began migrating into the region. They appear to have split into Iranian, Nuristani, and Indo-Aryan groups at an early stage, possibly between 1500 and 1000 BCE in what is today Afghanistan or much earlier as eastern remnants of the Indo-Aryans drifted much further west as with the Mitanni. The Iranians and Nuristanis dominated the Iranian plateau, while the Indo-Aryans ultimately headed towards the Indian subcontinent, but probably not befor ...
See also:Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Prehistory, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Early Indo-Aryans prior to their move to India, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Alexander the Great Seleucid-Mauryan rivalry and Greco-Bactrian Rule 330 BCE - ca. 150 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Shahi Kings ca. 650 - 1013, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Archaeological remnants from Afghanistan's pre-Islamic period Read more here: » Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCE |
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| | | | Nuristani: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion In addition to the worship of the Classical pantheon of the Greek deities found on their coins (Zeus, Herakles, Athena, Apollo...), the Indo-Greeks were involved with local faiths, particularly with Buddhism, but also with Hinduism and Zoroastrianism.
Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism.
Main article: Greco-Buddhism
The Edicts of Ashoka, inscribed during the reign of the Indian emperor Ashoka (273-232 BCE), claim that the Greek populations of the northwestern Indian subcontinent (in today's Afghani ...
See also:Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Early History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Evidence of the initial invasion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation and rise of Menander I, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Bactrian invasions against Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Armed forces, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Later History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Enduring legacy of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - List of the Indo-Greek kings and their territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion |
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| | | | Nuristani: Encyclopedia II - Afghan people - History For more information see:History of Afghanistan and Durrani Empire
Afghans as a whole draw their modern national identity from the founding of the Durrani Empire in the mid 1700's. From 1747 until 1823 Ahmad Shah and his sons and grandsons held the monarchy. They were the first Pashtun rulers of Afghanistan, from the Sadozai line of the Abdali (known as the Durrani since Ahmad Shah's reign) group of clans. It was under the leadership of Ahmad Shah that the nation of Afghanistan began to take shape following centuries of fragmentation and exploitation. However each ethnic group has its own unique history ...
See also:Afghan people, Afghan people - History, Afghan people - Pashtun, Afghan people - Tajik, Afghan people - Hazara, Afghan people - Uzbek, Afghan people - Turkmen, Afghan people - Baluch, Afghan people - Nuristani, Afghan people - Culture, Afghan people - Contributions to Humanity, Afghan people - Language, Afghan people - Religion, Afghan people - Symbols, Afghan people - Identity Read more here: » Afghan people: Encyclopedia II - Afghan people - History |
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| | | | Nuristani: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Buddhism Main article: Greco-Buddhism
The Edicts of Ashoka, inscribed during the reign of the Indian emperor Ashoka (273-232 BCE), claim that the Greek populations of the northwestern Indian subcontinent (in today's Afghanistan and ancient Gandhara) had already welcomed Buddhism by around 250 BCE:
"Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions ...
See also:Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Historical outline, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Occupation of Northern India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Indian culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The conversion of Menander, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhist proselytism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhist symbolism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Representation of the Buddha, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and other faiths, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Scythian and Kushan invasions, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Aftermaths, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Main Indo-Greek kings timeline and territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greek princelets Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Buddhism |
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| | | | Nuristani: Encyclopedia II - List of languages - F
Faeroese (Germanic)
Fars (Iranian)
Fijian
Filipino
Finnish (Finno-Ugric)
Finnish Sign Language
Fon
French Créole
French (Romance)
French Sign Language
Frisian (Germanic)
Friulian (Romance)
Fulani
Fur
...
See also:List of languages, List of languages - A, List of languages - B, List of languages - C, List of languages - D, List of languages - E, List of languages - F, List of languages - G, List of languages - H, List of languages - I, List of languages - J, List of languages - K, List of languages - L, List of languages - M, List of languages - N, List of languages - O, List of languages - P, List of languages - Q, List of languages - R, List of languages - S, List of languages - T, List of languages - U, List of languages - V, List of languages - W, List of languages - X, List of languages - Y, List of languages - Z Read more here: » List of languages: Encyclopedia II - List of languages - F |
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| | | | Nuristani: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art
Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art.
Main article: Greco-Buddhist art
In general, the art of the Indo-Greeks is poorly documented, and few works of art (apart from their coins and a few stone palettes) are directly attributed to them. Traditionally, no sculptural remains have been attributed to the Indo-Greeks, although their Hellenistic heritage and artistic proficiency would naturally have encouraged such creations (as neighbouring and contemporary Ai-Khanoum abundantly suggests). On ...
See also:Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Early History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Evidence of the initial invasion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation and rise of Menander I, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Bactrian invasions against Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Armed forces, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Later History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Enduring legacy of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - List of the Indo-Greek kings and their territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art |
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| | | | Nuristani: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Armed forces The coins of the Indo-Greeks provide rich clues on their uniforms and weapons. Typical Hellenistic uniforms are depicted, with helmets being either round in the Greco-Bactrian style, or the flat kausia of the Macedonians (coins of Apollodotus I).
Their weapons were spears, swords, longbow (on the coins of Agathokleia) and arrows. Interestingly, around 130 BCE the Central Asian recurve bow of the steppes with its gorytos box starts to appear for the first time on the coins of Zoilos I, suggesting strong interactions (and apparently an ...
See also:Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Early History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Evidence of the initial invasion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation and rise of Menander I, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Bactrian invasions against Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Armed forces, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Later History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Enduring legacy of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - List of the Indo-Greek kings and their territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Armed forces |
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| | | | Nuristani: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy Very little is known about the economy of the Indo-Greeks. The abundance of their coins would tend to suggest large mining operations, particularly in the mountainous area of the Hindu-Kush, and an important monetary economy. The Indo-Greek did strike bilingual coins both in the Greek "round" standard and in the Indian "square" standard, suggesting that monetary circulation extended to all parts of society. The adoption of Indo-Greek monetary conventions by neighbouring kingdoms, such as the Kunindas to the east and the Satavahanas to the south, would also suggest that Indo-Greek coins ...
See also:Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Early History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Evidence of the initial invasion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation and rise of Menander I, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Bactrian invasions against Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Armed forces, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Later History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Enduring legacy of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - List of the Indo-Greek kings and their territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy |
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| | | | Nuristani: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE The city of Bactria (which later became Balkh), is believed to have been the home of Zarathustra, who founded the Zoroastrian religion. The Avesta refers to eastern Bactria as being the home of the Zoroastrian faith, but this can be a reference to either a region in modern Afghanistan or northeastern Iran. Regardless of the debate as to where Zoroaster was from, Zoroastrianism spread to become one of the world's most influencial religions and became the main faith of the southern Iranian peoples for centuries. It remained the official religi ...
See also:Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Prehistory, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Early Indo-Aryans prior to their move to India, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Alexander the Great Seleucid-Mauryan rivalry and Greco-Bactrian Rule 330 BCE - ca. 150 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Shahi Kings ca. 650 - 1013, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Archaeological remnants from Afghanistan's pre-Islamic period Read more here: » Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE |
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| | | | Nuristani: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE In the third and second centuries BC, the Parthians, a nomadic Iranian people, arrived in ancient Afghanistan. The Parthians established control in most of what is Iran as early as the middle of the 3rd century BC; about 100 years later another Indo-European group from the north - the Tocharian Kushans (a subgroup of the tribe called the Yuezhi by the Chinese) - entered the region that is now Afghanistan and established an empire lasting almost four centuries.
The Kushan Empire spread from the Kabul River valley to defeat other Centra ...
See also:Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Prehistory, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Early Indo-Aryans prior to their move to India, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Alexander the Great Seleucid-Mauryan rivalry and Greco-Bactrian Rule 330 BCE - ca. 150 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Shahi Kings ca. 650 - 1013, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Archaeological remnants from Afghanistan's pre-Islamic period Read more here: » Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE |
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| | | | Nuristani: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650 In the 3rd century, Kushan control fragmented into semi-independent kingdoms that became easy targets for conquest by the rising Iranian dynasty, the Sassanians (ca. 224 - 561) which annexed Afghanistan by 300 CE. Sassanian control was tenuous at times as numerous challenges from Central Asian tribes led to instability and constant warfare in the region.
The disunited Kushan and Sassanian kingdoms were in a poor position to meet the threat of a new wave of nomadic, Indo-European invaders from the north. The Hepthalites (or White Huns) ...
See also:Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Prehistory, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Ancient Afghanistan: From the Aryans to the Medes. 1500 BCE - 551 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Early Indo-Aryans prior to their move to India, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Achaemenid Rule and rise of Zoroastrianism ca. 550 BCE - 331 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Alexander the Great Seleucid-Mauryan rivalry and Greco-Bactrian Rule 330 BCE - ca. 150 BCE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Kushan Empire ca. 150 BCE - 300 CE, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - The Shahi Kings ca. 650 - 1013, Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Archaeological remnants from Afghanistan's pre-Islamic period Read more here: » Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Sassanian Rule ca. 300 - 650 |
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