1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. (see link for calendar) 1946 - Events. 1946 - January. January 2 - Unable to resume his rule over Albania after World War II, King Zog abdicated but retained his claim to the throne. January 4 - Theodore Schurch becomes the last person to be executed for offences committed under the Treachery Act of 1940 January 7 - Allied recognize Austrian republic with 1937 borders - the country is divided in ...

Including:

• 1946 - Events
• 1946 - January
• 1946 - February
• 1946 - March
• 1946 - April
• 1946 - May
• 1946 - June-July
• 1946 - August-November
• 1946 - December
• 1946 - Unknown dates
• 1946 - Births
• 1946 - January
• 1946 - February
• 1946 - March
• 1946 - April
• 1946 - May
• 1946 - June
• 1946 - July
• 1946 - August
• 1946 - September
• 1946 - October
• 1946 - November
• 1946 - December
• 1946 - Unknown date
• 1946 - Fictional
• 1946 - Deaths
• 1946 - Nobel Prizes

Read more here: » 1946: Encyclopedia - 1946

Chester William Nimitz (February 24, 1885 – February 20, 1966) was the Commander in Chief of Pacific Forces for the United States and Allied forces during World War II. He was the nation's leading authority on submarines, as well as Chief of the Navy's Bureau of Navigation (now called the Bureau of Naval Personnel) in 1939. He was America's last surviving fleet admiral. Chester Nimitz - Early life. Chester William Nimitz, son of Chester Bernhard and Anna (Henke) Nimitz, was born in Fredericksburg, Texas, ...

Including:

• Chester Nimitz - Early life
• Chester Nimitz - Military Career
• Chester Nimitz - Dates of Rank
• Chester Nimitz - Decorations and Awards
• Chester Nimitz - Early Career
• Chester Nimitz - World War I
• Chester Nimitz - Between the Wars
• Chester Nimitz - World War II
• Chester Nimitz - Post War
• Chester Nimitz - Civilian Life
• Chester Nimitz - Memorials
• Chester Nimitz - Reference

Read more here: » Chester Nimitz: Encyclopedia - Chester Nimitz

Alan Louis Charles Bullock, Baron Bullock of Leafield (December 13, 1914 - February 2, 2004), British historian, was the author of an influential biography of Adolf Hitler and many other works. Bullock was born near Bath in Wiltshire, England, where his father worked as a gardener and a Unitarian preacher. He won a scholarship to Oxford University, where he studied classics and modern history. After graduating in 1938, he worked as a research assistant for Winston Churchill, who was writing his History of the English- ...

Including:

• Alan Bullock - Reference

Read more here: » Alan Bullock: Encyclopedia - Alan Bullock

The Nazi Ahnenerbe Forschungs und Lehrgemeinschaft organization was founded by Heinrich Himmler, Hermann Wirth, and Walter Darré on July 1st 1935 as a research foundation. It was incorporated into the larger SS in January 1939. The name of the society literally means "ancestral heritage", and it was originally devoted to research concerning the anthropological and cultural history of the German ra ...

Including:

• Ahnenerbe - History
• Ahnenerbe - Travels Operations and Expeditions
• Ahnenerbe - Medical Experiments
• Ahnenerbe - Involvement of German soldiers
• Ahnenerbe - End of the War
• Ahnenerbe - Fantasy vs. reality
• Ahnenerbe - Resources
• Ahnenerbe - Notes

Read more here: » Ahnenerbe: Encyclopedia - Ahnenerbe

Alfred Jodl (May 10, 1890 - October 16, 1946) was a Wehrmacht officer. During WWII he was Chief of the Operations Staff and deputy to Wilhelm Keitel. He was born in Würzburg, Germany. Educated at Cadet School in Munich, he graduated in 1910 and joined the bavarian army as an artillery officer. During World War I he was a battery officer and served on the Western Front 1914-1916, twice being wounded. In 1917 he served briefly on the Eastern Front before returning to the west as a staff officer. After the war Jodl remained in the armed fo ...

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The aerial bombing of cities became a common tactic in World War II. Aerial bombing of cities - Italian-Turkish War of 1911-1912. The very first aerial act of aggression occurred during the Italian-Turkish War of 1911-1912 in North Africa. Italy had been using aircraft to monitor enemy troop movements and search for Turkish artillery positions. One Italian pilot, a Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti, realized that the airplane could be used for more than simple reconnaissance. The event occurred over a ...

Including:

• Aerial bombing of cities - Italian-Turkish War of 1911-1912
• Aerial bombing of cities - Balkan Wars
• Aerial bombing of cities - World War I
• Aerial bombing of cities - Inter war years 1919–1938
• Aerial bombing of cities - World War II
• Aerial bombing of cities - Is aerial bombardment state terrorism?
• Aerial bombing of cities - The Cold War
• Aerial bombing of cities - Aerial bombing since World War II
• Aerial bombing of cities - Notes

Read more here: » Aerial bombing of cities: Encyclopedia - Aerial bombing of cities

The prison, initially designed for a prison population in the hundreds, was an old brick building enclosed by one wall of 15 feet in height, another of 30 feet, a 10 foot high wall of electrified wire, followed by a wall of barbed wire. In addition, 9 machine-gun armed guards towers were manned 24 hours a day by a some of the 60 strong soldiers on guard duty. Due to the superfluous number of cells available, an empty cell was left in between each of the prisoners' cells, so as to avoid the possibility of prisoners communicating in morse code ...

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Spandau Prison, Spandau Prison - The prison, Spandau Prison - Garden, Spandau Prison - Controversy, Spandau Prison - Life in the prison, Spandau Prison - Prison regulation, Spandau Prison - Daily life, Spandau Prison - The Spandau Seven, Spandau Prison - Trivia, Spandau Prison - Resources, Spandau Prison - Notes, Spandau Prison - References

Read more here: » Spandau Prison: Encyclopedia II - Spandau Prison - The prison

Since then, the accusation of victor's justice has arisen in every subsequent conflict where war crimes prosecutions have been made. Examples of include the wars in the former Yugoslavia, in Rwanda and Afghanistan. The International Criminal Court was set up in 2003 as a treaty arrangement between member states in an attempt to provide a neutral international court that avoids the accusation of "victor's justice", and that would prosecute all alleged war crimes, on either side of any conflict. The United States has currently refused t ...

See also:

Victor's justice, Victor's justice - Why should victors be just?, Victor's justice - Allegations of victor's justice, Victor's justice - Attempts to ensure the fairness of war crimes prosecutions, Victor's justice - Current allegations of victor's justice

Read more here: » Victor's justice: Encyclopedia II - Victor's justice - Attempts to ensure the fairness of war crimes prosecutions

The prisoners, still subject to the petty personal rivalries and battles for prestige that characterized the party politics of the Nazi regime, divided themselves up into a few groups: Albert Speer and Rudolf Hess were the loners, generally un-liked by the others -- the former for his admission of guilt and repudiation of Hitler at the Nuremberg trials, and the latter for his anti-social personality and perceived mental instability. The two former Grand Admirals, Erich Raeder and Karl Dönitz, stayed together as a matter of seniority, despit ...

See also:

Spandau Prison, Spandau Prison - The prison, Spandau Prison - Garden, Spandau Prison - Controversy, Spandau Prison - Life in the prison, Spandau Prison - Prison regulation, Spandau Prison - Daily life, Spandau Prison - The Spandau Seven, Spandau Prison - Trivia, Spandau Prison - Resources, Spandau Prison - Notes, Spandau Prison - References

Read more here: » Spandau Prison: Encyclopedia II - Spandau Prison - The Spandau Seven

The concept that a victor should be just appears to be a recent idea, possibly being part of the just war doctrine. In previous times, victors did as they liked with their defeated enemies, killing, torturing, mutilating and enslaving their populations. This was accepted as the way the world was. For example, Viriathus was assassinated by traitors on Roman orders. When the traitors tried to get their pay, the Roman general ordered ...

See also:

Victor's justice, Victor's justice - Why should victors be just?, Victor's justice - Allegations of victor's justice, Victor's justice - Attempts to ensure the fairness of war crimes prosecutions, Victor's justice - Current allegations of victor's justice

Read more here: » Victor's justice: Encyclopedia II - Victor's justice - Why should victors be just?

October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in Leap years). There are 91 days remaining. October 1 - Events. 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. 959 - Edgar the Peaceable becomes king of all England. 965 - John XIII becomes Pope. 1788 - Nguyen Hue declares himself emperor of Viet Nam. 1791 - First session of the French Legislative Assembly. 1795 - Belgium is conquered by Fran ...

Including:

• October 1 - Events
• October 1 - Fictional Events
• October 1 - Births
• October 1 - Deaths
• October 1 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » October 1: Encyclopedia - October 1

Some have accused the IMTFE of having an American bias, because unlike the Nuremberg Trials, there was only a single prosecution team, which was led by Joseph B. Keenan, an American (though the members of the tribunal represented eleven different Allied countries). Also, because the IMTFE only prosecuted officials of the defeated Japanese forces, some have felt that possible Allied violations of the laws of war were ignored. For example, the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the firebombing of Tokyo and other cities have been desc ...

See also:

International Military Tribunal for the Far East, International Military Tribunal for the Far East - Prosecutors, International Military Tribunal for the Far East - Judges, International Military Tribunal for the Far East - Charges, International Military Tribunal for the Far East - Sentences, International Military Tribunal for the Far East - Criticism

Read more here: » International Military Tribunal for the Far East: Encyclopedia II - International Military Tribunal for the Far East - Criticism

Universal jurisdiction or universality principle is a controversial principle in international law whereby states claim criminal jurisdiction over persons whose alleged crimes were committed outside the boundaries of the prosecuting state, regardless of nationality, country of residence, or any other relation with the prosecuting country. The state backs its claim on the grounds that the crime committed is considered a crime against humanity, which any state is authorised to punish. This controversed concept received a great de ...

Including:

• Universal jurisdiction - Debate over universal jurisdiction & progress of international law
• Universal jurisdiction - Extraterritorial jurisdiction and international courts throughout the 20th century
• Universal jurisdiction - Belgium's 1993 law of universal jurisdiction & Spain's 2005 court decision
• Universal jurisdiction - A new concept ?
• Universal jurisdiction - Applicable jurisdictions
• Universal jurisdiction - Notes

Read more here: » Universal jurisdiction: Encyclopedia - Universal jurisdiction

The Holy Roman Empire emerged from the eastern part of the Carolingian Empire after its division in the Treaty of Verdun of 843, and lasted almost a millennium until its dissolution in 1806. It was never a unitary state; from the beginning it was made up of many ethnicities and languages and would at its height comprise territories ranging from eastern France to northern Italy and western Poland. Its unifying characteristic was its Carolingian heritage and strong religious connotations, it ...

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Military history of Germany, Military history of Germany - Ancient times, Military history of Germany - The Holy Roman Empire 843-1806, Military history of Germany - The Napoleonic Wars 1805-1815, Military history of Germany - The making of a united Germany 1815-1871, Military history of Germany - German Empire 1871-1914, Military history of Germany - The First World War 1914-1918, Military history of Germany - The Interwar Period 1918-1939, Military history of Germany - The Second World War 1939-1945, Military history of Germany - The Cold War 1945-1989, Military history of Germany - Military today

Read more here: » Military history of Germany: Encyclopedia II - Military history of Germany - The Holy Roman Empire 843-1806

1857 Mistreatment of prisoners of war. Approximately 257,000 soldiers were killed. Nothing is ever done until this date, for details see Indian rebellion of 1857. 1865 Mistreatment of prisoners of war. About 13,000 of the 50,000 prisoners held at Andersonville Prison died from disease and starvation. The commandant of Andersonville, Maj. Henry Wirz, was tried, convicted, and executed for mistreatment of Union captives under his command. President Andrew Johnson or ...

See also:

List of war crimes, List of war crimes - Criteria for inclusion, List of war crimes - Format, List of war crimes - Alleged and Actual Incidents

Read more here: » List of war crimes: Encyclopedia II - List of war crimes - Alleged and Actual Incidents

As a left wing historian who has written strongly on the horrors committed by the German state under the Nazis, Friedrich's position has, in the past, always been assumed to be anti-Nazi with anti-war tendencies focused towards Germany taking responsibility for its actions during the war. "his previous work examining Wehrmacht crimes and Nazi justice enables him to approach the subject without risking automatic dismissal as a right-wing apologist." (from the Peifer review of Der Brand)^{See also:}

Jörg Friedrich, Jörg Friedrich - Life and career, Jörg Friedrich - Analysis of Friedrich's position, Jörg Friedrich - Other related historians, Jörg Friedrich - Influence on German and international debate on the war, Jörg Friedrich - Bibliography, Jörg Friedrich - Reviews, Jörg Friedrich - Notes

Read more here: » Jörg Friedrich: Encyclopedia II - Jörg Friedrich - Analysis of Friedrich's position

National Socialist German Workers Party - Origins. In the beginning of 1918, a party called the Freier Ausschuss für einen deutschen Arbeiterfrieden (Free Committee for a German Workers' Peace) was created in Bremen, Germany. (6) Anton Drexler, locksmith and poet, formed a branch of this league on March 7, 1918, in Munich. In 1919, Drexler, with Gottfried Feder, Dietrich Eckart and Karl Harrer, changed its name to the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (German Workers' Party, abbreviated DAP< ...

See also:

National Socialist German Workers Party, National Socialist German Workers Party - Party history, National Socialist German Workers Party - Origins, National Socialist German Workers Party - Struggle for power, National Socialist German Workers Party - Reborn Nazi Party, National Socialist German Workers Party - Seizure of Power, National Socialist German Workers Party - Consolidation of power, National Socialist German Workers Party - Post World War II Nazi Party, National Socialist German Workers Party - Nazi Party Structure, National Socialist German Workers Party - 1921 – 1923, National Socialist German Workers Party - 1925 – 1933, National Socialist German Workers Party - 1933 – 1938, National Socialist German Workers Party - 1938 – 1939, National Socialist German Workers Party - 1939 – 1945, National Socialist German Workers Party - Party composition, National Socialist German Workers Party - General membership, National Socialist German Workers Party - Military membership, National Socialist German Workers Party - Paramilitary groups, National Socialist German Workers Party - Party symbols, National Socialist German Workers Party - Sayings mottos and slogans, National Socialist German Workers Party - Election statistics

Read more here: » National Socialist German Workers Party: Encyclopedia II - National Socialist German Workers Party - Party history

The Gestapo was established on April 26, 1933, in Prussia, from the existing organization of the Prussian Secret Police. The Gestapo was first simply a branch of the Prussian Police, known as "Department 1A of the Prussian State Police". Its first commander was Rudolf Diels who recruited members from professional police departments and ran the Gestapo as a federal police agency, comparable to several modern examples such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Gestapo's role as a political police force was only established after H ...

See also:

Gestapo, Gestapo - History, Gestapo - Increasing power under the SS, Gestapo - Keeping Hitler in power, Gestapo - Opposition from within Germany, Gestapo - Nuremberg Trials, Gestapo - Today, Gestapo - Organization, Gestapo - Referat N: Central Intelligence Office, Gestapo - Department A Enemies, Gestapo - Department B Sects and Churches, Gestapo - Department C Administration and Party Affairs, Gestapo - Department D Occupied Territories, Gestapo - Department E Counter-Intelligence, Gestapo - Department F Frontier and Border Police, Gestapo - Local Offices, Gestapo - Auxiliary Duties, Gestapo - The Daily Operations of the Gestapo, Gestapo - Gestapo counterintelligence, Gestapo - Notable individuals, Gestapo - Agents and officers of the Gestapo, Gestapo - People executed by the Gestapo, Gestapo - Other

Read more here: » Gestapo: Encyclopedia II - Gestapo - History

Nuremberg - Middle Ages. From 1050 to 1571, the city was a regular stop on the progression of the Holy Roman Emperor, particularly because Reichstage (Imperial Diets) and courts met at Nuremberg Castle. The Diets of Nuremberg were an important part of the administrative structure of the empire. In 1219 Nuremberg became an Imperial Free City under Emperor Frederick II. Nuremberg soon became, with Augsburg, one of the two great trade centers on the route from Italy to Northern Europe. Nuremberg is notorious for owning the first (and only during Medieval ...

See also:

Nuremberg, Nuremberg - History, Nuremberg - Middle Ages, Nuremberg - Early Modern, Nuremberg - 20th century, Nuremberg - Economy, Nuremberg - Culture, Nuremberg - Arts and Architecture, Nuremberg - Sister cities, Nuremberg - Nuremberg Districts, Nuremberg - Famous denizens

Read more here: » Nuremberg: Encyclopedia II - Nuremberg - History

The novel focuses upon one man named Winston Smith who stands, seemingly alone, against the corrupted reality of his world: hence its original working name of The Last Man in Europe. Although the storyline is unified, it could be described as having three parts, and indeed has been published by some in such a fashion. The first part deals with the world of Nineteen Eighty-Four as seen through the eyes of Winston; the second part deals with Winston's forbidden sexual relationship with Julia and his eagerness to rebel against the ...

See also:

Nineteen Eighty-Four, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Novel history, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Title, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Orwell's inspiration, Nineteen Eighty-Four - The world of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Nineteen Eighty-Four - History according to 1984, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Ministries of Oceania, Nineteen Eighty-Four - The Party, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Political geography, Nineteen Eighty-Four - The war, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Living standards, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Newspeak, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Technology, Nineteen Eighty-Four - The themes of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Nationalism, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Sexual repression, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Futurology, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Religiosity, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Appendix on Newspeak, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Controversy, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Adaptations, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Films, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Radio, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Television, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Opera, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Related works, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Literature, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Television, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Video games, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Recordings, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Big Brother Awards, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Bibliography

Read more here: » Nineteen Eighty-Four: Encyclopedia II - Nineteen Eighty-Four - The world of Nineteen Eighty-Four

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor by President Paul von Hindenburg after attempts by General Kurt von Schleicher to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son Oskar, as well as intrigue from former Chancellor Franz von Papen following his collection of participating financial interests. Even though the Nazi Party had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two Reichstag general elections of 1932, they had slim majority in parliament within the Papen-propos ...

See also:

Nazi Germany, Nazi Germany - Chronology of events, Nazi Germany - Pre-War Politics 1933-1939, Nazi Germany - Consolidation of power, Nazi Germany - Social policy, Nazi Germany - Economic policy, Nazi Germany - World War II, Nazi Germany - Aftermath, Nazi Germany - Organization of the Third Reich, Nazi Germany - Head of State and Chief Executive, Nazi Germany - Cabinet and national authorities, Nazi Germany - Reich Offices, Nazi Germany - Reich Ministries, Nazi Germany - Occupation authorities, Nazi Germany - Legislative Branch, Nazi Germany - Military, Nazi Germany - Paramilitary organisations, Nazi Germany - National police, Nazi Germany - Political organizations, Nazi Germany - Service organizations, Nazi Germany - Religious organisations, Nazi Germany - Academic organizations, Nazi Germany - Prominent persons in Nazi Germany, Nazi Germany - Nazi Party and Nazi government leaders and officials, Nazi Germany - SS personnel, Nazi Germany - Military, Nazi Germany - Other, Nazi Germany - Noted victims, Nazi Germany - Noted refugees, Nazi Germany - Noted survivors

Read more here: » Nazi Germany: Encyclopedia II - Nazi Germany - Pre-War Politics 1933-1939