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numerical aperture | A Wisdom Archive on numerical aperture | | numerical aperture A selection of articles related to numerical aperture | |
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numerical aperture
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO numerical aperture | | | |  numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - Microscope - Optical resolutionA lens magnifies by bending light (see refraction). Optical microscopes are restricted in their ability to resolve features by a phenomenon called diffraction which, based on the numerical aperture (NA or AN) of the optical system and the wavelengths of light used (λ), sets a definite limit (d) to the optical resolution. Assuming that optical aberrations are negligible, the resolu ...
See also:Microscope, Microscope - Simple optical microscope, Microscope - Compound optical microscope, Microscope - Stereo microscope, Microscope - Special designs, Microscope - Optical resolution, Microscope - History of the microscope, Microscope - Other types of microscopes Read more here: » Microscope: Encyclopedia II - Microscope - Optical resolution |
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| | | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - Blu-ray Disc - Variations and sizes A single-layer Blu-ray disc (BD) can fit 23.3, 25, or 27 GB; this is enough for approximately four hours of high-definition video with audio. A dual-layer BD can fit 46.6, 50, or 54 GB, enough for approximately eight hours of HD video. Capacities of 100 GB and 200 GB, using four and eight layers respectively, are currently being researched; TDK has already announced a prototype four-layer 100 GB disc. [2]
The BD-RE (rewritable) standard is available, along with the BD-R (recordable) and BD-ROM ...
See also:Blu-ray Disc, Blu-ray Disc - Variations and sizes, Blu-ray Disc - Technology, Blu-ray Disc - Laser and optics, Blu-ray Disc - Hard-coating technology, Blu-ray Disc - Codecs, Blu-ray Disc - Java Software Support, Blu-ray Disc - Compatibility, Blu-ray Disc - Region codes, Blu-ray Disc - Digital Rights Management, Blu-ray Disc - Applications, Blu-ray Disc - Stand-alone recorders and games consoles, Blu-ray Disc - PC data storage, Blu-ray Disc - Corporate support, Blu-ray Disc - Complete List of Announced BD Launch Releases, Blu-ray Disc - Alternatives, Blu-ray Disc - Trivia Read more here: » Blu-ray Disc: Encyclopedia II - Blu-ray Disc - Variations and sizes |
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| | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - Blu-ray Disc - Applications
Blu-ray Disc - Stand-alone recorders and games consoles.
The first Blu-ray recorder was unveiled by Sony on March 3, 2003, and was introduced to the Japanese market in April that year. On September 1, 2003, JVC and Samsung Electronics announced Blu-ray based products at IFA in Berlin, Germany. Both indicated that their products would be on the market in 2005.
In March 2004, both Sony and Matsushita announced plans to ship 50 GB Blu-ray recorders the same year. The Matsushita product is to ship in July 2004 ...
See also:Blu-ray Disc, Blu-ray Disc - Variations and sizes, Blu-ray Disc - Technology, Blu-ray Disc - Laser and optics, Blu-ray Disc - Hard-coating technology, Blu-ray Disc - Codecs, Blu-ray Disc - Java Software Support, Blu-ray Disc - Compatibility, Blu-ray Disc - Region codes, Blu-ray Disc - Digital Rights Management, Blu-ray Disc - Applications, Blu-ray Disc - Stand-alone recorders and games consoles, Blu-ray Disc - PC data storage, Blu-ray Disc - Corporate support, Blu-ray Disc - Complete List of Announced BD Launch Releases, Blu-ray Disc - Alternatives, Blu-ray Disc - Trivia Read more here: » Blu-ray Disc: Encyclopedia II - Blu-ray Disc - Applications |
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| | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - DVD - Region codes Each DVD-Video disc contains one or more region codes (sometimes called zones), denoting the area(s) of the world in which distribution and playback are intended. The commercial DVD-Video player specification dictates that a player must only play discs that contain its region code. In theory, this allows the motion picture studios to control the various aspects of a release (including content, date and price) on a region-by-region basis. In practice, many DVD players allow playback of any disc, or can be modified to do so. Entirely independent of encryption, region coding pertains to regional lockout, which or ...
See also:DVD, DVD - History, DVD - Technical information, DVD - DVD-Video, DVD - Restrictions, DVD - Region codes, DVD - DVD-Audio, DVD - Security, DVD - Players and recorders, DVD - Competitors and successors, DVD - Direct-to-DVD Read more here: » DVD: Encyclopedia II - DVD - Region codes |
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| | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - Optical fiber - Fiber Optic Sensors Optical fibers can be used as sensors to measure strain, temperature, pressure and other parameters. The small size and the fact that no electrical power is needed at the remote location gives the fiber optic sensor advantages to conventional electrical sensor in certain applications.
Optical fibers are used as hydrophones for seismic or SONAR applications. Hydrophone systems with more than 100 sensors per fiber cable have been developed. Hydrophone sensor systems are used by oil industry as well as a few countries navy. Both bottom m ...
See also:Optical fiber, Optical fiber - Optical description, Optical fiber - Optical fiber communication, Optical fiber - Comparison with electrical transmission, Optical fiber - Governing standards, Optical fiber - Other uses of optical fibers, Optical fiber - Fiber Optic Sensors, Optical fiber - Manufacture, Optical fiber - Optical fiber cables, Optical fiber - History, Optical fiber - Footnotes Read more here: » Optical fiber: Encyclopedia II - Optical fiber - Fiber Optic Sensors |
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| | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - Optical fiber - Manufacture Optical fiber is made by first constructing a large-diameter preform, with a carefully controlled refractive index profile, and then pulling the preform to form the long, thin optical fiber. The preform is commonly made by three chemical vapor deposition methods: inside vapor deposition, outside vapor deposition, and vapor axial deposition.
In inside vapor deposition, a hollow glass tube approximately 40 cm in length known as a "preform" is placed horizontally and rotated slowly on a lathe, and gases ...
See also:Optical fiber, Optical fiber - Optical description, Optical fiber - Optical fiber communication, Optical fiber - Comparison with electrical transmission, Optical fiber - Governing standards, Optical fiber - Other uses of optical fibers, Optical fiber - Fiber Optic Sensors, Optical fiber - Manufacture, Optical fiber - Optical fiber cables, Optical fiber - History, Optical fiber - Footnotes Read more here: » Optical fiber: Encyclopedia II - Optical fiber - Manufacture |
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| | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - Optical fiber - Optical fiber cables In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a tough resin buffer layer, which may be further surrounded by a jacket layer, usually plastic. These layers add strength to the fiber but do not contribute to its optical wave guide properties.
For indoor applications, the jacketed fiber is generally enclosed, with a bundle of flexible fibrous polymer (e.g. Kevlar) strength members, in a lightweight plastic cover to form a simple cable. Each end of the cable may be terminated with a specialized optical fiber connector to allow it to be easily connected and d ...
See also:Optical fiber, Optical fiber - Optical description, Optical fiber - Optical fiber communication, Optical fiber - Comparison with electrical transmission, Optical fiber - Governing standards, Optical fiber - Other uses of optical fibers, Optical fiber - Fiber Optic Sensors, Optical fiber - Manufacture, Optical fiber - Optical fiber cables, Optical fiber - History, Optical fiber - Footnotes Read more here: » Optical fiber: Encyclopedia II - Optical fiber - Optical fiber cables |
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| | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - Optical fiber - History The history of dielectric optical lightguides goes back to Victorian times, when the total internal reflection principle was used to illuminate streams of water in elaborate public fountains. Later development, in the early-to-mid twentieth century, focused on the development of fiber bundles for image transmission, with the primary application being the medical gastroscope. The first fiber optic semi-flexible gastroscope was patented by Basil Hirschowitz, C. Wilbur Peters, and Lawrence E. Curtiss in 1956. In the process of developing the ga ...
See also:Optical fiber, Optical fiber - Optical description, Optical fiber - Optical fiber communication, Optical fiber - Comparison with electrical transmission, Optical fiber - Governing standards, Optical fiber - Other uses of optical fibers, Optical fiber - Fiber Optic Sensors, Optical fiber - Manufacture, Optical fiber - Optical fiber cables, Optical fiber - History, Optical fiber - Footnotes Read more here: » Optical fiber: Encyclopedia II - Optical fiber - History |
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| | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - Optical fiber - Other uses of optical fibers Fibers are widely used in illumination applications. They are used as light guides in medical and other applications where bright light needs to be brought to bear on a target without a clear line-of-sight path. In some buildings, optical fibers are used to route sunlight from the roof to other parts of the building (see non-imaging optics). Optical fiber illumination is also used for decorative appli ...
See also:Optical fiber, Optical fiber - Optical description, Optical fiber - Optical fiber communication, Optical fiber - Comparison with electrical transmission, Optical fiber - Governing standards, Optical fiber - Other uses of optical fibers, Optical fiber - Fiber Optic Sensors, Optical fiber - Manufacture, Optical fiber - Optical fiber cables, Optical fiber - History, Optical fiber - Footnotes Read more here: » Optical fiber: Encyclopedia II - Optical fiber - Other uses of optical fibers |
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| | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - Optical fiber - Optical description
Optical fiber is a cylindrical structure that transmits light along its axis. The fiber consists of a core surrounded by a cladding layer. Like other glasses, the glass used in optical fiber has a refractive index of about 1.5. For the fiber to guide the optical signal the refractive index of the core must be slightly higher than that of the cladding, though typically the difference is less than one per cent. The boundary between the core and cladding may either be abrupt, in step-index ...
See also:Optical fiber, Optical fiber - Optical description, Optical fiber - Optical fiber communication, Optical fiber - Comparison with electrical transmission, Optical fiber - Governing standards, Optical fiber - Other uses of optical fibers, Optical fiber - Fiber Optic Sensors, Optical fiber - Manufacture, Optical fiber - Optical fiber cables, Optical fiber - History, Optical fiber - Footnotes Read more here: » Optical fiber: Encyclopedia II - Optical fiber - Optical description |
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| | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - DVD - Players and recorders Modern DVD recorders often support additional formats, including DVD+/-R/RW, CD-R/RW, MP3, WMA, SVCD, JPEG, PNG, SVG, KAR and MPEG-4 (DivX/XviD). Some also include USB ports or flash memory readers. Many players are priced from under $/€ 50 and recorders from $/€ 200.
DVD drives for computers usually come with one of two kinds of Regional Playback Control (RPC), either RPC-1 or RPC-2; This is used to enforce the publisher's restrictions on what regions of the world ...
See also:DVD, DVD - History, DVD - Technical information, DVD - DVD-Video, DVD - Restrictions, DVD - Region codes, DVD - DVD-Audio, DVD - Security, DVD - Players and recorders, DVD - Competitors and successors, DVD - Direct-to-DVD Read more here: » DVD: Encyclopedia II - DVD - Players and recorders |
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| | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - DVD - Competitors and successors There are several possible successors to DVD being developed by different consortiums: Sony/Panasonic's Blu-ray Disc (BD), Toshiba's HD DVD, the Holographic Versatile Disc, and Maxell's holographic disc.
The first generation of holographic media with 300 GB of storage capacity and a 160 Mbit/s transfer rate is scheduled for release in late 2006 by Maxell and its partner, InPhase.
On November 18, 2003, the Chinese news agency Xinhua reported the final standard of the Chinese government-sponsored Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD), and several patents for it. However, since then the forma ...
See also:DVD, DVD - History, DVD - Technical information, DVD - DVD-Video, DVD - Restrictions, DVD - Region codes, DVD - DVD-Audio, DVD - Security, DVD - Players and recorders, DVD - Competitors and successors, DVD - Direct-to-DVD Read more here: » DVD: Encyclopedia II - DVD - Competitors and successors |
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| | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - DVD - Direct-to-DVD The popularity of DVDs has caused the term "direct-to-DVD" to widely replace "Direct-to-video" (see main article). However, the lucrative market for DVDs has resulted in less stigma for direct-to-DVD releases as compared to direct-to-video releases. Some minor films can be made with a small budget and turn a profit on DVD sales alone, and some are made specifically for this purpose.
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See also:DVD, DVD - History, DVD - Technical information, DVD - DVD-Video, DVD - Restrictions, DVD - Region codes, DVD - DVD-Audio, DVD - Security, DVD - Players and recorders, DVD - Competitors and successors, DVD - Direct-to-DVD Read more here: » DVD: Encyclopedia II - DVD - Direct-to-DVD |
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| | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - DVD - DVD-Audio DVD-Audio is a format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. It offers many channels (from mono to 5.1 surround sound) at various sampling frequencies and sample rates. Compared to the CD format, the much higher capacity DVD format enables the inclusion of either considerably more music (with respect to total running time and quantity of songs) or far higher audio quality (reflected by higher linear sampling rates and higher vertical bit-rates, and/or additional channels ...
See also:DVD, DVD - History, DVD - Technical information, DVD - DVD-Video, DVD - Restrictions, DVD - Region codes, DVD - DVD-Audio, DVD - Security, DVD - Players and recorders, DVD - Competitors and successors, DVD - Direct-to-DVD Read more here: » DVD: Encyclopedia II - DVD - DVD-Audio |
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| | | | | numerical aperture: Encyclopedia II - Blu-ray Disc - Variations and sizes A single-layer Blu-ray disc (BD) can fit 23.3, 25, or 27 GB; this is enough for approximately four hours of high-definition video with audio. A dual-layer BD can fit 46.6, 50, or 54 GB, enough for approximately eight hours of HD video. Capacities of 100 GB and 200 GB, using four and eight layers respectively, are currently being researched; TDK has already announced a prototype four-layer 100 GB disc. [ ...
See also:Blu-ray Disc, Blu-ray Disc - Variations and sizes, Blu-ray Disc - Technology, Blu-ray Disc - Laser and optics, Blu-ray Disc - Hard-coating technology, Blu-ray Disc - Codecs, Blu-ray Disc - Java Software Support, Blu-ray Disc - Compatibility, Blu-ray Disc - Region codes, Blu-ray Disc - Digital Rights Management, Blu-ray Disc - Applications, Blu-ray Disc - Stand-alone recorders and games consoles, Blu-ray Disc - PC data storage, Blu-ray Disc - Corporate support, Blu-ray Disc - Complete List of Announced BD Launch Releases, Blu-ray Disc - Alternatives, Blu-ray Disc - Trivia Read more here: » Blu-ray Disc: Encyclopedia II - Blu-ray Disc - Variations and sizes |
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