numerical aperture - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Microscope: Encyclopedia - Microscope
A microscope (Greek: micron = small and scopos = aim) is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy: Encyclopedia - Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM or LSCM) is a valuable tool for obtaining high resolution images and 3-D reconstructions. The ke...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blu-ray Disc: Encyclopedia - Blu-ray Disc
Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a next-generation optical disc format meant for storage of high-definition video and high-density data. The Blu-ray ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dvd: Encyclopedia - Dvd
DVD (sometimes known as "Digital Versatile Disc" or "Digital Video Disc") is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for da...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dvd-r: Encyclopedia - Dvd-r
A DVD-Recordable or DVD-R (pronounced "DVD Are" or "DVD Dash Are") is an optical disc with a larger storage capacity than a CD-R, typical...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Optical Fiber Communication
The optical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication and networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. Altho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microscope: Encyclopedia Ii - Microscope - The Parts Of The Microscope
There are eleven main parts to a microscope. At the top of the microscope there is a cylinder that is called the ocular or eyepiece. That...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hd Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Hd Dvd - History
On November 19, 2003, the DVD Forum decided with eight to six votes that the HD DVD will be the HDTV successor of the DVD. At this m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Dvd - History
In the early 1990s two high density optical storage standards were being developed: one was the MultiMedia Compact Disc (MMCD), backed by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Optical Fiber Communication
The optical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication and networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. Altho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hd Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Hd Dvd - Partial List Of Announced Hd Dvd Launch Releases
During the 2005 Consumer Electronics Show, Universal Pictures, Warner Home Video, and Paramount Home Entertainment announced their respec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blu-ray Disc: Encyclopedia Ii - Blu-ray Disc - Technology
Blu-ray Disc - Laser and optics. Blu-ray systems use blue-violet laser operating at a wavelength of 405 nm to read and write data. Conv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Professional Disc For Data: Encyclopedia Ii - Professional Disc For Data - Technology
PDD uses a 405nm wavelength and a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.85 for the laser, allowing 23GB of data to be stored on one 12cm disc - th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy: Encyclopedia Ii - Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy - Image Formation
In a laser scanning confocal microscope a laser beam passes a light source aperture and then is focused by an objective lens into a small...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microscope: Encyclopedia Ii - Microscope - Compound Optical Microscope
The diagrams below show compound microscopes. In its simplest form—as used by Robert Hooke, for example—the compound microscope would...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hd Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Hd Dvd - History
On November 19, 2003, the DVD Forum decided with eight to six votes that the HD DVD will be the HDTV successor of the DVD. At this m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microscope: Encyclopedia Ii - Microscope - Stereo Microscope
The stereo, binocular or dissecting microscope is designed differently from the diagrams above, and serves a different purpose. It uses t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blu-ray Disc: Encyclopedia Ii - Blu-ray Disc - Corporate Support
HD DVD initially received more support than Blu-ray from film studios and distributors. One commonly cited reason is that it is less expe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Optical Description
An optical fiber (american spelling) or fibre (english spelling) is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide that transmits light along its axi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Fiber Optic Sensors
Optical fibers can be used as sensors to measure strain, temperature, pressure and other parameters. The small size and the fact that no ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microscope: Encyclopedia Ii - Microscope - Optical Resolution
A lens magnifies by bending light (see refraction). Optical microscopes are restricted in their ability to resolve features by a phenomen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hd Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Hd Dvd - Protection Technology
Commercialized HD DVD's will integrate protection technology that is expected to be developed by AACS LA (Advanced Access Content System ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Optical Description
An optical fiber (american spelling) or fibre (english spelling) is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide that transmits light along its axi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Other Uses Of Optical Fibers
Fibers are widely used in illumination applications. They are used as light guides in medical and other applications where bright light n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Fiber Optic Sensors
Optical fibers can be used as sensors to measure strain, temperature, pressure and other parameters. The small size and the fact that no ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Manufacture
Optical fiber is made by first constructing a large-diameter preform, with a carefully controlled refractive index profile, and then pull...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Optical Fiber Cables
In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a tough resin buffer layer, which may be further surrounded by a jacket layer, u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blu-ray Disc: Encyclopedia Ii - Blu-ray Disc - Complete List Of Announced Bd Launch Releases
20th Century Fox: Behind Enemy Lines Fantastic Four Ice Age Kiss of the Dragon LXG Artisan Entertainment: Basic Instinct* Lions Gate ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Optical Description
Optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide that transmits light along its axis. The fiber consists of a core surrounded by a cla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - History
The history of dielectric optical lightguides goes back to Victorian times, when the total internal reflection principle was used to illu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Dvd - Dvd-audio
DVD-Audio is a format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. It offers many channels (from mono to 5.1 surround sound) at v...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Dvd - Players And Recorders
Modern DVD recorders often support additional formats, including DVD+/-R/RW, CD-R/RW, MP3, WMA, SVCD, JPEG, PNG, SVG, KAR and MPEG-4 (Div...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Dvd - Competitors And Successors
There are several possible successors to DVD being developed by different consortiums: Sony/Panasonic's Blu-ray Disc (BD), Toshiba's HD D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microscope: Encyclopedia Ii - Microscope - History Of The Microscope
It is impossible to say who invented the compound microscope. Dutch spectacle-makers Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias Janssen are often...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hd Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Hd Dvd - Controversies
See also: Fear, uncertainty and doubt Sources at Hewlett Packard and other industry groups claim that Microsoft and Intel are misleading ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blu-ray Disc: Encyclopedia Ii - Blu-ray Disc - Alternatives
The primary rival to Blu-ray is HD DVD, championed by Toshiba, NEC Corporation, Microsoft, and Intel. It has a lower data density and thu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy: Encyclopedia Ii - Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy - Resolution Enhancement By The Confocal Principle
As laser scanning confocal microscopy is a scanning imaging technique the way the resolution is obtained might be best explained by compa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Dvd - Technical Information
DVDs are made from a 0.6 mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic coated with a much thinner reflective layer of aluminium or gold. Two suc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Dvd - Dvd-video
DVD-Video discs require a DVD-drive with an MPEG-2 decoder (e.g. a DVD-player or a DVD computer drive with a software DVD player). Commer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blu-ray Disc: Encyclopedia Ii - Blu-ray Disc - Complete List Of Announced Bd Launch Releases
20th Century Fox: Behind Enemy Lines Fantastic Four Ice Age Kiss Of The Dragon League Of Extraordinary Gentlemen Artisan Entertainment:...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blu-ray Disc: Encyclopedia Ii - Blu-ray Disc - Corporate Support
HD-DVD initially received more support than Blu-ray from film studios and distributors. One commonly cited reason is that it is less expe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microscope: Encyclopedia Ii - Microscope - Optical Resolution
A lens magnifies by bending light (see refraction). Optical microscopes are restricted in their ability to resolve features by a phenomen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microscope: Encyclopedia Ii - Microscope - History Of The Microscope
It is impossible to say who invented the compound microscope. Dutch spectacle-makers Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias Janssen are often...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blu-ray Disc: Encyclopedia Ii - Blu-ray Disc - Variations And Sizes
A single-layer Blu-ray disc (BD) can fit 23.3, 25, or 27 GB; this is enough for approximately four hours of high-definition video with au...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blu-ray Disc: Encyclopedia Ii - Blu-ray Disc - Applications
Blu-ray Disc - Stand-alone recorders and games consoles. The first Blu-ray recorder was unveiled by Sony on March 3, 2003, and was intr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Dvd - Region Codes
Each DVD-Video disc contains one or more region codes (sometimes called zones), denoting the area(s) of the world in which distribution a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Fiber Optic Sensors
Optical fibers can be used as sensors to measure strain, temperature, pressure and other parameters. The small size and the fact that no ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Manufacture
Optical fiber is made by first constructing a large-diameter preform, with a carefully controlled refractive index profile, and then pull...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Optical Fiber Cables
In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a tough resin buffer layer, which may be further surrounded by a jacket layer, u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - History
The history of dielectric optical lightguides goes back to Victorian times, when the total internal reflection principle was used to illu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Other Uses Of Optical Fibers
Fibers are widely used in illumination applications. They are used as light guides in medical and other applications where bright light n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Fiber - Optical Description
Optical fiber is a cylindrical structure that transmits light along its axis. The fiber consists of a core surrounded by a cladding laye...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Dvd - Players And Recorders
Modern DVD recorders often support additional formats, including DVD+/-R/RW, CD-R/RW, MP3, WMA, SVCD, JPEG, PNG, SVG, KAR and MPEG-4 (Div...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Dvd - Competitors And Successors
There are several possible successors to DVD being developed by different consortiums: Sony/Panasonic's Blu-ray Disc (BD), Toshiba's HD D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Dvd - Direct-to-dvd
The popularity of DVDs has caused the term "direct-to-DVD" to widely replace "Direct-to-video" (see main article). However, the lucrative...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Dvd - Dvd-audio
DVD-Audio is a format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. It offers many channels (from mono to 5.1 surround sound) at v...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blu-ray Disc: Encyclopedia Ii - Blu-ray Disc - Variations And Sizes
A single-layer Blu-ray disc (BD) can fit 23.3, 25, or 27 GB; this is enough for approximately four hours of high-definition video with au...   » Read the article