The economy of the NFR was mainly based on farming and cattle breeding. Hunting, beekeeping, and fishing were also widely spread. In most of the regions of the republic, these different "industries" were combined with farming. They used to mine iron on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. Staraya Russa and other localities of the NFR were known for their saltworks. Flax and hop cultivation were also of significant importance. Countryside products, such as furs, beeswax, honey, fish, lard, flax, and hop, were sold on the market and exported to other Russian cities or abroad. The Novgorodian merchants tra ...

See also:

Novgorod Republic, Novgorod Republic - Internal organization, Novgorod Republic - Economy, Novgorod Republic - Foreign relations, Novgorod Republic - The Fall of the Republic

Read more here: » Novgorod Republic: Encyclopedia II - Novgorod Republic - Economy

Main article: Novgorod Republic Novgorod is the most ancient Slavic city recorded in Russia. The chronicle first mentions it in 859, when it was already a major station on the trade route from the Baltics to Byzantium. The Varangian name of the city Holmgard (also Holmgarðr, Hólmgarður, Holmgaard, Holmegård) is mentioned in Norse Sagas as existing substantially earlier, but it is impossible to separate the historical facts from the surrounding myth. Later in history, Holmgard referred only ...

See also:

Novgorod, Novgorod - History, Novgorod - Sights, Novgorod - Sister Cities

Read more here: » Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Novgorod - History

The city of Arkhangelsk (Архангельск, formerly in English Archangel) lies on the Northern Dvina River near its exit into the White Sea in the far north of European Russia, at 64°32′N 40°32′E. It is the capital of the Arkhangelsk Oblast and was the chief sea port of medieval Russia. It has a population of 355,500 (2002). Arkhangelsk - History. The area where Arkhangelsk is situated was known to the Vikings as Bjarmaland. In the 12th century, the Novgorodians established the Arc ...

Including:

• Arkhangelsk - History
• Arkhangelsk - The modern city
• Arkhangelsk - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Arkhangelsk: Encyclopedia - Arkhangelsk

No other Russian or Ukrainian city may compete with Novgorod in the variety and age of its medieval monuments. The foremost among these is the St Sophia Cathedral, built in the 1040s at the behest of Yaroslav the Wise. It is the best preserved of 11th century churches, and the first one to represent original features of Russian architecture (austere stone walls, five helmet-like cupolas). Its frescoes were painted in the 12th century and renovated in the 1860s. The cathedral features famous bronze gates, made in Magdeburg in 1156 and reportedly snatched by Novgorodians from t ...

See also:

Novgorod, Novgorod - History, Novgorod - Sights, Novgorod - Sister Cities

Read more here: » Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Novgorod - Sights

Vologda (Russian: Во́логда) is a city in Russia, administrative center of Vologda Oblast. It is located at 59°12′N 39°51′E, and has a population of 293,046 (2002). Vologda takes its name from the Vologda River which flows through the city. Its name means "the pure one" in the language of indigenous Finno-Ugric population. Vologda was first mentioned in Novgorod chronicles for 1147, when Saint Gerasim found a church and village already standing there. Surrounded by impassable wo ...

Read more here: » Vologda: Encyclopedia - Vologda

Gdov | Ivangorod | Izborsk | Kirillov | Koporye | Korela | Kronstadt | Ladoga | New Dvina Fort | Novgorod | Oreshek | Porkhov | Pskov | Smolensk | Solovki | St Petersburg | Vyborg | Yamburg ...

See also:

Novgorod, Novgorod - History, Novgorod - Sights, Novgorod - Sister Cities

Read more here: » Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Novgorod - Sister Cities

This time the invaders came to stay, and they built for themselves a capital, called Sarai, on the lower Volga. Here the commander of the Golden Horde, as the western section of the Mongol empire was called, fixed his golden headquarters and represented the majesty of his sovereign the grand khan who lived with the Great Horde in the Orkhon Valley of the Amur. Here they had their headquarters and held Russia in subjection for nearly three centuries. The term by which this subjection is commonly designated, the Mongol or Tatar yoke, su ...

See also:

Mongol invasion of Rus, Mongol invasion of Rus - Background, Mongol invasion of Rus - Invasion of Batu Khan, Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke, Mongol invasion of Rus - 13th-century Mongol punitive expeditions to Russia, Mongol invasion of Rus - Influence, Mongol invasion of Rus - Successors of the Golden Horde

Read more here: » Mongol invasion of Rus: Encyclopedia II - Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke

List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by geographical location. In and around what is now Bulgaria Third Bulgarian Kingdom (1878-1944) Principality of Bulgaria (1878-1908) Commonwealth of England - (non-existant) In and around what is now Scandinavia Grand Duchy of Finland Kalmar Union - (dissolved) Denmark-Norway - (dissolved) Sweden-Norway - (dissolved) In and around what is n ...

See also:

List of extinct states, List of extinct states - Ancient and medieval states, List of extinct states - Ancient Europe North Africa and the Near East, List of extinct states - South Asia, List of extinct states - China and South East Asia, List of extinct states - Pre-Columbian Americas, List of extinct states - Medieval Europe North Africa and the Near East, List of extinct states - Modern states, List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by geographical location, List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by type

Read more here: » List of extinct states: Encyclopedia II - List of extinct states - Modern states

This time the invaders came to stay, and they built for themselves a capital, called Sarai, on the lower Volga. Here the commander of the Golden Horde, as the western section of the Mongol empire was called, fixed his golden headquarters and represented the majesty of his sovereign the grand khan who lived with the Great Horde in the Orkhon Valley of the Amur. Here they had their headquarters and held Russia in subjection for nearly three centuries. The term by which this subjection is commonly designated, the Mongol or Tatar yoke, su ...

See also:

Mongol invasion of Rus, Mongol invasion of Rus - Background, Mongol invasion of Rus - Invasion of Batu Khan, Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke, Mongol invasion of Rus - Mongol punitive expeditions to Russia, Mongol invasion of Rus - Influence, Mongol invasion of Rus - Successors of the Golden Horde

Read more here: » Mongol invasion of Rus: Encyclopedia II - Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke

The name of the city, originally spelled Pleskov, may be loosely translated as "the town of purling waters". Its earliest mention comes in 903, which records that Igor of Kiev married a local lady, St. Olga. Pskovians sometimes take this year as the city's foundation date, and in 2003 a great jubilee took place to celebrate Pskov's 1,100th anniversary. The first prince of Pskov was St. Vladimir's younger son Sudislav. Once imprisoned by his brother Yaroslav, he wasn't released until the latter's death several decades later. In th ...

See also:

Pskov, Pskov - Early history, Pskov - Pskovian Republic, Pskov - Modern history, Pskov - Landmarks and sights, Pskov - Copyrighted photos, Pskov - External link

Read more here: » Pskov: Encyclopedia II - Pskov - Early history

Ivan (or Ioann, as his name is rendered in Church Slavonic) was a long-awaited son of Vasily III. Upon his father's death, he formally came to the throne at the age of three, but his minority was dominated by the strong personality of his mother Elena Glinskaya. According to his own letters, Ivan customarily felt neglected and offended by the mighty boyars from the Shuisky and Belsky families. In one letter, he painfully recalls an episode when one drunken boyar put his dirty boots on Ivan's bed. These traumatic experiences doubtlessly contributed to his ha ...

See also:

Ivan IV of Russia, Ivan IV of Russia - Early reign, Ivan IV of Russia - Later reign, Ivan IV of Russia - Death and legacy, Ivan IV of Russia - Sobriquet

Read more here: » Ivan IV of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Ivan IV of Russia - Early reign

If the name Ruthenia has any connection to the name Rus, it is in the west generally held to derive from the Varangians whom the early Slavic and Finnic tribes called Rus' and this name is derived from the Old Norse root roðs- or roths- referring to the domain of rowing and still existing in the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden, Ruotsi and Rootsi. Later the name came to denote not only the Scandinavian aristocracy in Eastern Europe but also the ...

See also:

Ruthenia, Ruthenia - Early Middle Ages, Ruthenia - Late Middle Ages, Ruthenia - Modern age, Ruthenia - Belarusians, Ruthenia - Ukrainians, Ruthenia - Places, Ruthenia - People, Ruthenia - Language, Ruthenia - Reference

Read more here: » Ruthenia: Encyclopedia II - Ruthenia - Early Middle Ages

In the Viking age/late Iron Age, from the 750s and on, Ingria was a bridgehead on the Varangian trade route to Eastern Europe. A Varangian aristocracy developed, that would ultimately rule over Novgorod and Kievan Rus'; allegedly bringing peace between the warring Finnic and Slavic tribes. The ancient Novgorodian land of Vod was called Ingermanland by the Swedes, Latinized to "Ingria". It is said to be named after Ingegerd Olofsdotter, the daughter of the Swedish king Olof Skötkonung (995-1022). Upon her marriage to Yar ...

See also:

Ingria, Ingria - History, Ingria - Swedish Ingria, Ingria - Russian Ingria, Ingria - Demographics

Read more here: » Ingria: Encyclopedia II - Ingria - History

The Republic is located in the north-western part of the Russian Federation, taking intervening position between the basins of White and Baltic seas. The White Sea shore line is 630 km. The most part of the republic's territory (148,000 km², or 85%) is comprised of state forest stock. The total growing stock of timber resources in the forests of all categories and ages is 807 million m³. The mature and overmature tree stock amounts to 411.8 million m³, of which 375.2 million m³ is coniferous. Area: 172,400 km² ...

See also:

Republic of Karelia, Republic of Karelia - Geography, Republic of Karelia - Time zone, Republic of Karelia - Rivers, Republic of Karelia - Lakes, Republic of Karelia - Natural Resources, Republic of Karelia - Administrative divisions, Republic of Karelia - Demographics, Republic of Karelia - History, Republic of Karelia - Politics, Republic of Karelia - Culture, Republic of Karelia - Religion

Read more here: » Republic of Karelia: Encyclopedia II - Republic of Karelia - Geography

Main article: History of Karelia. Karelia was bitterly fought over by Sweden and Novgorod Republic in the 13th century. The Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 divided Karelia between the two. Viborg became the capital of the new Swedish province. The Treaty of Nystad in 1721, between Imperial Russia and Sweden, ceded most of Karelia to Russia. After Finland had been conquered by Russia in the Finnish War, parts of the ceded provinces (Old Finland) were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1917 Finland became independent and the border was confir ...

See also:

Karelia, Karelia - History, Karelia - Politics, Karelia - Geography, Karelia - Towns and cities, Karelia - Demographics, Karelia - Culture

Read more here: » Karelia: Encyclopedia II - Karelia - History

Ivan (or Ioann, as his name is rendered in Church Slavonic) was a long-awaited son of Vasily III. Upon his father's death, he formally came to the throne at the age of three, but his minority was dominated by the strong personality of his mother Elena Glinskaya. According to his own letters, Ivan customarily felt neglected and offended by the mighty boyars from the Shuisky and Belsky families. In one letter, he painfully recalls an episode when one drunken boyar put his dirty boots on Ivan's bed. These traumatic experiences doubtlessly contributed to his hatred for the boy ...

See also:

Ivan IV of Russia, Ivan IV of Russia - Early reign, Ivan IV of Russia - Later reign, Ivan IV of Russia - Death and legacy, Ivan IV of Russia - Sobriquet

Read more here: » Ivan IV of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Ivan IV of Russia - Early reign

The area where Arkhangelsk is situated was known to the Vikings as Bjarmaland. In the 12th century, the Novgorodians established the Archangel Michael Monastery in the estuary of the Northern Dvina. In 1478 the area passed to Muscovy with the rest of Novgorod Republic. The main trade centre of the area at that time was Kholmogory, located slightly upstream. In 1555 Ivan the Terrible granted trade privileges to English merchants who founded the Company of Merchant Adventurers and began sending ships annually into the estuary of ...

See also:

Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk - History, Arkhangelsk - The modern city, Arkhangelsk - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Arkhangelsk: Encyclopedia II - Arkhangelsk - History

Thought to have originated in the mid-10th century, Staraya Russa was first mentioned in chronicles for the year 1076 as one of three main towns of the Novgorod Republic, alongside Pskov and Ladoga. Its name is derived from the time of the Varangians, who called themselves Rus and settled in the vicinity to control important trade routes leading from Novgorod to Polotsk and Kiev. The wooden settlement of Russa was burned to ashes in 1190 and 1194. In 1478, it was incorporated into Muscovy together with Novgorod. The word Staraya (Old) was prefixed to the name in the 15th century, to distinguis ...

See also:

Staraya Russa, Staraya Russa - History, Staraya Russa - Attractions

Read more here: » Staraya Russa: Encyclopedia II - Staraya Russa - History

Early years of Yaroslav's life are enshrouded in mystery. He was one of the numerous sons of Vladimir the Great, presumably his second by Rogneda of Polotsk, although his actual age (as stated in the Primary Chronicle and corroborated by the examination of his skeleton in the 1930s) would place him among the youngest children of Vladimir. It was speculated that he was a child begotten out of wedlock after Vladimir's divorce with Rogneda and his marriage to Anna Porphyrogeneta. Yaroslav figures prominently in the Norse Sagas under the name of Jarisleif the Lame; his legendary lameness (probably result of an arrow wound ...

See also:

Yaroslav I the Wise, Yaroslav I the Wise - His way to the throne, Yaroslav I the Wise - His reign, Yaroslav I the Wise - Family life and posterity, Yaroslav I the Wise - Sources

Read more here: » Yaroslav I the Wise: Encyclopedia II - Yaroslav I the Wise - His way to the throne

In 862, the legendary Varangian leader Rurik arrived to Ladoga and made it his capital. Rurik's successors later moved to Novgorod and then to Kiev, thus laying foundations for the powerful state of Kievan Rus. There are several huge kurgans, or royal funerary barrows, at the outskirts of Ladoga. One of them is said to be Rurik's grave, and another one—that of his successor Oleg. Ladoga's next mention in chronicles is dated to 1019, when Ingigerd of Sweden married Yaroslav of Novgorod. Under the terms of marriage settlement, Yarosla ...

See also:

Staraya Ladoga, Staraya Ladoga - Origin and name, Staraya Ladoga - Ladoga under Rurik and Rurikids, Staraya Ladoga - Sights and landmarks

Read more here: » Staraya Ladoga: Encyclopedia II - Staraya Ladoga - Ladoga under Rurik and Rurikids