Novgorod

Novgorod Oblast - Districts. Novgorod Oblast consists of the following districts (raions): Batetsky (Батецкий) Borovichsky (Боровичский) Chudovsky (Чудовский) Demyansky (Демянский) Kholmsky (Холмский) Khvoyninsky (Хвойнинский) Krestetsky (Крестецкий) Lyubytinsky (Любытинский) Malovishersky (Маловишерский) Maryovsky (Марё� ...

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Novgorod Oblast, Novgorod Oblast - Geography, Novgorod Oblast - Time zone, Novgorod Oblast - Administrative divisions, Novgorod Oblast - Districts, Novgorod Oblast - External link

Read more here: » Novgorod Oblast: Encyclopedia II - Novgorod Oblast - Administrative divisions

His first enterprise was a war with the republic of Novgorod, which, alarmed at the growing dominancy of Muscovy, had placed herself beneath the protection of Casimir IV, king of Poland, an alliance regarded at Moscow as an act of apostasy from orthodoxy. Ivan took the field against Novgorod in 1470, and after his generals had twice defeated the forces of the republic, at Shelona and on the Dvina, during the summer of 1471, the Novgorodians were forced to sue for peace, which they obtained on engaging to abandon for ever the Polish alliance, ceding a considerable portion of their ...

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Ivan III of Russia, Ivan III of Russia - Background, Ivan III of Russia - Gathering of Russian lands, Ivan III of Russia - Foreign policies, Ivan III of Russia - Internal policies

Read more here: » Ivan III of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Ivan III of Russia - Gathering of Russian lands

There is debate as to the temporal and geographic extent of Khazar polities following Sviatoslav's sack of Atil in 967/9, or even whether any such states existed. The Khazars may have retained control over some areas in the Caucasus for another two centuries, but sparse historical records make this difficult to confirm. The evidence of later Khazar polities includes the fact that Sviatoslav did not occupy the Volga basin after he destroyed Atil, and departed relatively quickly to embark on his campaign in Bulgaria. The permanent conquest of the Volga basin seems to have bee ...

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Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915

Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Late references to the Khazars

Herzen was an illegitimate child of a rich Russian landowner, Ivan Yakovlev, by a young German Protestant of Jewish extraction from Stuttgart, who gave her son the German surname stemming from the word herz, i.e., heart. He was born at Moscow, a very short time before the occupation of that city by the French. His father, after a personal interview with Napoleon, was allowed to leave, when the invaders arrived, as the bearer of a letter from the French to the Russian emperor. His ...

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Alexander Herzen, Alexander Herzen - Life, Alexander Herzen - Writings, Alexander Herzen - Free Russian Press, Alexander Herzen - Influence in the 20th century, Alexander Herzen - External link

Read more here: » Alexander Herzen: Encyclopedia II - Alexander Herzen - Life

Eastern Front World War II - Invasion: Summer 1941. ██ to 9 July 1941 ██ to 1 September 1941 ██ to 9 September 1941 See also:

Eastern Front World War II, Eastern Front World War II - Overview, Eastern Front World War II - Background, Eastern Front World War II - Operations, Eastern Front World War II - Invasion: Summer 1941, Eastern Front World War II - Moscow and Rostov: Autumn 1941, Eastern Front World War II - Soviet counter-offensive: Winter 1941, Eastern Front World War II - Don Volga and Caucasus: Summer 1942, Eastern Front World War II - Stalingrad: Winter 1942, Eastern Front World War II - Kursk: Summer 1943, Eastern Front World War II - Eastern Front in Fall and Winter 1943, Eastern Front World War II - Eastern Front in Summer 1944, Eastern Front World War II - Eastern Europe: January–March 1945, Eastern Front World War II - End of War: April–May 1945, Eastern Front World War II - Leadership, Eastern Front World War II - Occupation and repression, Eastern Front World War II - Industrial output, Eastern Front World War II - Casualties

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Main article: Charles IX of Sweden Prehistoric Sweden Early History Kalmar Union Modern Sweden A New Great Power Swedish Empire "Age of Liberty" Gustav's Absolutism Union with Norway Modernization Industrialization World War II Not till March 6, 1604, after Duke John son of John III of Sweden and brother of Sigismund III of Poland, had formally renounced his hereditary right to th ...

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Rise of Sweden as a Great Power, Rise of Sweden as a Great Power - Charles IX, Rise of Sweden as a Great Power - The Ingrian War, Rise of Sweden as a Great Power - The Polish War, Rise of Sweden as a Great Power - The Thirty Years' War

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History of democracy - Prehistoric democracies. The earliest forms of democracy may have originated in the bands and tribes of prehistoric times. These groups of people, related by blood and marriage, often assigned the most senior man in each group to be its leader. As groups became larger, a method of selecting a ruler from among the elders of various family lines had to be developed. This process began to take on more of a religious nature and could become either more or less democratic. Larger societies tende ...

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History of democracy, History of democracy - Origins, History of democracy - Prehistoric democracies, History of democracy - Ancient Greece, History of democracy - Local popular institutions, History of democracy - Rise of democracy in modern national governments, History of democracy - Pre-Eighteenth century milestones, History of democracy - Eighteenth and nineteenth century milestones, History of democracy - The secret ballot, History of democracy - 20th century waves of democracy, History of democracy - Main competitors to democracy, History of democracy - Contemporary trends, History of democracy - Ideas, History of democracy - Documents, History of democracy - People, History of democracy - Events

Read more here: » History of democracy: Encyclopedia II - History of democracy - Origins

The Old East Slavic name, Polotesk, is derived from the Polota river, that flows into Dvina nearby. The Vikings rendered that name as Palteskja, or Paltejsborg. Polatsk is one of the most ancient cities of the Eastern Slavs. It was mentioned for the first time by the Primary Chronicle in 862 (as Полотескъ, /poloteskŭ/), together with Murom and Beloozero. The Norse sagas describe the city as the mo ...

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Polatsk, Polatsk - History, Polatsk - Cultural heritage, Polatsk - Princes of Polotsk, Polatsk - Various, Polatsk - People

Read more here: » Polatsk: Encyclopedia II - Polatsk - History

Ivan (or Ioann, as his name is rendered in Church Slavonic) was a long-awaited son of Vasily III. Upon his father's death, he formally came to the throne at the age of three, but his minority was dominated by the strong personality of his mother Elena Glinskaya. According to his own letters, Ivan customarily felt neglected and offended by the mighty boyars from the Shuisky and Belsky families. In one letter, he painfully recalls an episode when one drunken boyar put his dirty boots on Ivan's bed. These traumatic experiences doubtlessly contributed to his hatred for the boy ...

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Ivan IV of Russia, Ivan IV of Russia - Early reign, Ivan IV of Russia - Later reign, Ivan IV of Russia - Death and legacy, Ivan IV of Russia - Sobriquet

Read more here: » Ivan IV of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Ivan IV of Russia - Early reign

The political unification of the region into the state called Kievan Rus, from which modern Belarus, Russia and Ukraine trace their origins, occurred approximately a century before the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the establishment of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and literary language. Documentation of the language of this period is scanty, making it difficult at best fully to deter ...

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Old East Slavic language, Old East Slavic language - General considerations, Old East Slavic language - Literary language of Kievan Rus, Old East Slavic language - Primary Chronicle, Old East Slavic language - Tale of Igor's Campaign, Old East Slavic language - Old East Slavic Literature, Old East Slavic language - Notable texts

Read more here: » Old East Slavic language: Encyclopedia II - Old East Slavic language - Literary language of Kievan Rus

Count Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov (1734-1783), who carved for his family so illustrious a place in the Russian history, was the son of Gregory Orlov, governor of Great Novgorod. He was educated in the corps of cadets at St Petersburg, began his military career in the Seven Years' War, and was wounded at Zorndorf. While serving in the capital as an artillery officer he caught the fancy of Grand Duchess Catherine Alekseyevna, and was the leader of the conspiracy which resulted in the det ...

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Orlov, Orlov - Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov, Orlov - Alexey Grigoryevich Orlov, Orlov - Fyodor Grigoryevich Orlov, Orlov - Ivan Grigorievich Orlov, Orlov - Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov, Orlov - Other Orlovs

Read more here: » Orlov: Encyclopedia II - Orlov - Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov

Feofan Grek or Theophanes the Greek (ca. 1340-ca. 1410) was one of the greatest Russian icon painters, or iconographers. He was the teacher of great Andrei Rublev. Feofan was born in the Byzantine Empire and worked in Constantinople. In 1370 he moved to Novgorod, and in 1395 to Moscow. He frescoed the walls of many churches including: the church of 'Transfiguration of Christ on Il'in Street in Novgorod (1378) the church of Nativity of Mary (1395) of the Moscow Kremlin together with Semen Cher ...

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Feofan Grek, Feofan Grek - Biography, Feofan Grek - Some Works

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Eymund's saga - Eymund's father Aki. The Yngvars saga víðförla relates that Eric the Victorious, the king of Sweden, had a daughter with Sigrid the Haughty. A Swedish chieftain named Aki proposed to her, but the king did not consent and instead he married her to one of his vassal kings in Russia. Aki did not accept this and sailed to Russia, slew the vassal king and kidnapped the princess. Aki then made an alliance with eight Swedish district kings, which deterred king Eric from attacking Aki, since he did not want to risk a bloody civil war in Sweden ...

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Eymund's saga, Eymund's saga - Synopsis, Eymund's saga - Eymund's father Aki, Eymund's saga - Eymund's career, Eymund's saga - The Kings' truce, Eymund's saga - The Runestone

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The economy of the NFR was mainly based on farming and cattle breeding. Hunting, beekeeping, and fishing were also widely spread. In most of the regions of the republic, these different "industries" were combined with farming. They used to mine iron on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. Staraya Russa and other localities of the NFR were known for their saltworks. Flax and hop cultivation were also of significant importance. Countryside products, such as furs, beeswax, honey, fish, lard, flax, and hop, were sold on the market and exported to other Russian cities or abroad. The Novgorodian merchants tra ...

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Novgorod Republic, Novgorod Republic - Internal organization, Novgorod Republic - Economy, Novgorod Republic - Foreign relations, Novgorod Republic - The Fall of the Republic

Read more here: » Novgorod Republic: Encyclopedia II - Novgorod Republic - Economy

The French army was under the supreme command of Emperor Napoleon, with Marshal Louis Alexandre Berthier as his chief of staff. The overall strength of the French army during the battle is estimated to have been about 73,000 men of all arms and 139 artillery pieces. This number also includes three battalions of men which made up the Army's train d'artillerie. Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Garde Impériale French Imperial Guard. Strength: 5,500 men and 24 guns. Marshal Jean-Bapt ...

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Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - La Grande Armée d'Allemagne, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Garde Impériale French Imperial Guard, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - I Corps, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - III Corps, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - IV Corps, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - V Corps, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Grenadier Division, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Cavalry Reserve, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Army of the Third Coalition, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - The Russian Imperial Guard, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Advanced Guard of the Tsar's Army, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Advance Guard of General Frederick William Buxhowden, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - First Column, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Second Column, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Third Column, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Fourth Column, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Fifth Cavalry Column

Read more here: » Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign: Encyclopedia II - Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - La Grande Armée d'Allemagne

Håkon's mother was Inga from Varteig. She claimed he was the illegitimate son of Håkon III of Norway, the leader of the birkebeiner faction in the ongoing civil war against the bagler. Håkon III had visited Varteig, in what is now Østfold county, the previous year. He was dead by the time Håkon was born, but Inga's claim was supported by several of Håkon III's followers, and the birkebeiner recognized Håkon as a king's son. The civil wars period of Norwegian history lasted from 1130 to 1240. During this period there were ...

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Haakon IV of Norway, Haakon IV of Norway - Background and childhood, Haakon IV of Norway - Early reign, Haakon IV of Norway - Later reign, Haakon IV of Norway - Views on Håkon's reign, Haakon IV of Norway - Descendants

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Old Novgorod dialect - A criminal case: Novgorod birch-bark letter no. 109. (between end of 11th century and 1110s; excavated 1954) грамота : отъ жизномира : къ микоуле : коупилъ еси : робоу : плъскове : а ныне мя : въ томъ : яла кънягыни : а ныне ся дроужина : по мя пороучила : а ныне ка : посъли къ томоу : мо� ...

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Old Novgorod dialect, Old Novgorod dialect - Linguistic features, Old Novgorod dialect - Examples, Old Novgorod dialect - A criminal case: Novgorod birch-bark letter no. 109, Old Novgorod dialect - An invitation: Novgorod birch-bark letter no. 497, Old Novgorod dialect - Literature

Read more here: » Old Novgorod dialect: Encyclopedia II - Old Novgorod dialect - Examples

High Middle Ages - Britain. Main article: Britain in the Middle Ages In England, the Norman Conquest of 1066 resulted in a kingdom ruled by a French-speaking nobility. The Normans invaded Ireland in force in 1169 and soon established themselves throughout most of the country, though their stronghold was the southeast. Likewise, Scotland and Wales were subdued to vassalage at about the same time, though Scotland later regained her independence. The Exchequer was founded in the 12th centu ...

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High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, High Middle Ages - Britain, High Middle Ages - Scandinavia, High Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, High Middle Ages - Southern Europe, High Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, High Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, High Middle Ages - The Rise of Chivalry, High Middle Ages - Religion, High Middle Ages - The Church, High Middle Ages - The Crusades, High Middle Ages - Scholasticism, High Middle Ages - Golden age of monasticism, High Middle Ages - Mendicant orders, High Middle Ages - Heretical movements, High Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, High Middle Ages - Technology, High Middle Ages - Culture, High Middle Ages - Art, High Middle Ages - Architecture, High Middle Ages - Literature, High Middle Ages - Music, High Middle Ages - Timeline

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The "Normanist" theory suggests that Kievan Rus' may have been named after its Scandinavian overlords, much as was the case with Normandy. According to the Primary Chronicle, a historical compilation attributed to the 12th century, Rus was a group of Varangians who lived on the other side of the Baltic sea, in Scandinavia. The Varangians were first expelled, then invited to rule the warring Slavic and Finnic tribes of Novgorod: The four tribes who had been forced to pay tribute to the Varangians - Chuds, Slavs, Merians ...

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Rus' people, Rus' people - The Normanist theory, Rus' people - The Antinormanist theories, Rus' people - External link

Read more here: » Rus' people: Encyclopedia II - Rus' people - The Normanist theory

The origins of the League are generally traced to the foundation of the new town of Lübeck in 1158/1159 after the capture of the area by Henry the Lion of Saxony. There had been exploratory trading adventures, raids and piracy throughout this area—the sailors of Gotland sailed up rivers as far away as Novgorod—but the scale of international economy in the Baltic area was insignificant before the Hanseatic League. German domination of trade in the Baltic was achieved with striking speed over the next century and Lübeck became a central node in all the sea trade that linked the ar ...

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Hanseatic League, Hanseatic League - History, Hanseatic League - Foundation, Hanseatic League - Expansion, Hanseatic League - Zenith, Hanseatic League - Downfall, Hanseatic League - The End, Hanseatic League - Lists of former Hanse cities, Hanseatic League - Members of the Hanseatic League, Hanseatic League - Counting Houses, Hanseatic League - Other cities with a Hanse community, Hanseatic League - External link

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Andrey Petrovich Ryabushkin was born in the village Stanichnaya sloboda, Borisoglebskiy uezd, Tambov gubernia in 1861. His father and brother were icon-painters, and he started to help them from his early childhood. At 14 years old he became an orphan. A student of Moscow School of painting, sculpturing and architecture A. Kh. Preobrazhensky, who used to spend the summer in the village, happened to see the boy’s drawings and was greatly impressed by them. He started to give him lessons and helped him to enter the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Ryabushkin was one of t ...

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Andrei Ryabushkin, Andrei Ryabushkin - Biography, Andrei Ryabushkin - Works, Andrei Ryabushkin - Sources

Read more here: » Andrei Ryabushkin: Encyclopedia II - Andrei Ryabushkin - Biography

Rochester is home to a number of cultural institutions including the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra, the George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, the Memorial Art Gallery, the Rochester Museum & Science Center, the Strong Museum, the A|V Room, the Strasenburg Planetarium, and numerous arts organizations. Rochester's Geva Theatre Center is the city's largest professional theatre. The city's Victorian era Mt. Hope Cemetery includes the final resting place of several famous Americans, including Susan B. An ...

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Rochester New York, Rochester New York - Geography and climate, Rochester New York - Demographics, Rochester New York - Economy, Rochester New York - Major area shopping centers, Rochester New York - Top 5 employers, Rochester New York - Education, Rochester New York - Culture and recreation, Rochester New York - Media, Rochester New York - Points of interest, Rochester New York - Sports, Rochester New York - Transportation, Rochester New York - Airport, Rochester New York - Mass transit, Rochester New York - Roads, Rochester New York - Citizens of note, Rochester New York - Sister cities

Read more here: » Rochester New York: Encyclopedia II - Rochester New York - Culture and recreation