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Novgorod | A Wisdom Archive on Novgorod | | Novgorod A selection of articles related to Novgorod | |
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novgorod, Novgorod, Novgorod - History, Novgorod - Sights, Novgorod - Sister Cities, Novgorod Republic, Old Novgorod dialect, Birch bark documents
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Novgorod | | | |  Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Rise of MuscovyWhen the Mongols invaded the lands of Kievan Rus', Moscow was an insignificant trading outpost in the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal'. Though Mongols burnt down Moscow in the winter 1238 and pillaged it in 1293, the outpost's remote, forested location offered some security from Mongol attack and occupation, and a number of rivers provided access to the Baltic and Black Seas and to the Caucasus region. More important to Moscow's development in what became the state of Muscovy, however, was its rule by a series of princes who were ambitious, ...
See also:Muscovy, Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Autocracy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy, Muscovy - Ivan IV, Muscovy - Time of Troubles, Muscovy - Romanovs, Muscovy - Expansion, Muscovy - Western European knowledge of Muscovy, Muscovy - Early Imperial Russia Read more here: » Muscovy: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy |
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| | | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Cwen - The people The term Kven (a.k.a. Kveeni, Kvaen, Cwen, Quen, Quain, Qwaen) refers to the northern Scandinavian people, who are of a pre 20th century Finnish origin. In modern terminology, however, only those of Finnish background living in Northern Norway are called Kvens.
The towns and communities around the Varanger Fjord in notheastern Norway still today possess the most visible and strong Kven (Cwen) culture, traditions and population anywhere. In many ways, the Varanger ...
See also:Cwen, Cwen - The people, Cwen - History, Cwen - Wars in Cwenland, Cwen - Varangian and other Viking connections, Cwen - Cwens today - the Finns of Northern Norway, Cwen - Tornedalians - the Finns of Northern Sweden, Cwen - Bjarms - the Finns of Northwestern Russia, Cwen - Cwenland languages today, Cwen - Historical usage of the term Read more here: » Cwen: Encyclopedia II - Cwen - The people |
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| | | | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Danylo of Halych - Biography In 1205, after the death of his father, Roman Mstyslavych, the ruler of Galicia and Volhynia, the boyars of Galicia forced the four-year-old Danylo into exile with his mother Anna (probably of Greek extraction) and brother Vasylko. After the boyars proclaimed one of their own as prince in 1213, the Poles and Hungarians invaded the principality, ostensibly to support the claims of young Danylo and Vasylko, and divided it between themselves. In 1219 he renounced his claims to Halych in ...
See also:Danylo of Halych, Danylo of Halych - Biography, Danylo of Halych - Family, Danylo of Halych - Mother, Danylo of Halych - Father, Danylo of Halych - Wives, Danylo of Halych - Brother, Danylo of Halych - Sisters, Danylo of Halych - Sons, Danylo of Halych - Daughters Read more here: » Danylo of Halych: Encyclopedia II - Danylo of Halych - Biography |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - List of wars and disasters by death toll - Deaths caused by humans
List of wars and disasters by death toll - War and military action.
These figures include deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, and atrocities as well as deaths of soldiers in battle.
62,000,000 - World War II (1937–1945), (see World War II casualties)
36,000,000 - An Lushan Rebellion (756–763)
30,000,000–60,000,000 - Mongol Conquests (13th century)
25,000,000 - Manchu Conquest of Ming China (1616–1644)
20,000,000–50,000,000 - Taiping Rebellion (1851 ...
See also:List of wars and disasters by death toll, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Deaths caused by humans, List of wars and disasters by death toll - War and military action, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Genocide and democide, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Terrorism, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Murder by individuals other than through terrorism, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Human sacrifice and mass suicide, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Riot or political demonstration, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Deaths caused by natural disasters, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Earthquake, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Volcanic eruption, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Tsunami, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Limnic eruption, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Extreme weather, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Hurricane typhoon and tropical cyclone, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Floods, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Blizzards, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Contractible disease, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Famine, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Death from other causes, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Fire, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Explosion, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Coal mine disasters, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Aviation, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Maritime, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Space travel, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Sporting events, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Industrial accidents, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Stampedes and Panics, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Other accidents, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Nuclear accidents Read more here: » List of wars and disasters by death toll: Encyclopedia II - List of wars and disasters by death toll - Deaths caused by humans |
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| | | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova - Early life and coup d'etat Born Countess Catherine Vorontsova, she was the third daughter of Count Roman Vorontsov, a member of the Senate, distinguished for his intellectual gifts. Her uncle Mikhailo Illarionovich and brother Alexander both served as Imperial Chancellors, while her brother Semyon was a celebrated Anglophile. She received an exceptionally good education, having displayed from very early age the masculine ability and masculine tastes which made her whole career so singular. She was well versed in mathematics, which she studied at the University of Moscow. In general liter ...
See also:Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova, Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova - Early life and coup d'etat, Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova - Foreign travels, Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova - Management of the Academy, Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova - Exile and legacy Read more here: » Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova: Encyclopedia II - Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova - Early life and coup d'etat |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy When the Mongols invaded the lands of Kievan Rus', Moscow was an insignificant trading outpost in the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal'. Though Mongols burnt down Moscow in the winter 1238 and pillaged it in 1293, the outpost's remote, forested location offered some security from Mongol attack and occupation, and a number of rivers provided access to the Baltic and Black Seas and to the Caucasus region. More important to Moscow's development in what became the state of Muscovy, however, was its rule by a series of princes who were ambitious, ...
See also:Muscovy, Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Autocracy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy, Muscovy - The time of Ivan IV, Muscovy - Time of Troubles, Muscovy - Romanovs, Muscovy - Expansion, Muscovy - Western European knowledge of Muscovy, Muscovy - Early Imperial Russia, Muscovy - See Also Read more here: » Muscovy: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Russian culture - Art
Russian culture - Icon painting.
Russian icon painting was inherited from the art of the Byzantine churches, and it soon became an offshooot version of the mosaic and fresco traditions. Icon paintings in Russia attempt to help people with their prayers without idolizing the figure in the painting. The most comprehensive collection of Icon art is found at the Tretyakov Gallery.[1]
Rather than being a mere imitation, Russian icons had a peculiar style and took the icon to new heights by p ...
See also:Russian culture, Russian culture - History of Russian culture, Russian culture - Art, Russian culture - Icon painting, Russian culture - Russian avant-garde, Russian culture - Soviet Art, Russian culture - Architecture, Russian culture - Cinema, Russian culture - Dance, Russian culture - Music of Russia, Russian culture - Opera, Russian culture - Matryoshka doll and other handicraft, Russian culture - Other art related subjects of interest, Russian culture - Language, Russian culture - Literature, Russian culture - Formalism, Russian culture - Poetry, Russian culture - Cuisine, Russian culture - Martial Arts, Russian culture - Media, Russian culture - Religion, Russian culture - Tourism, Russian culture - Humor, Russian culture - Anecdote, Russian culture - Chastushka, Russian culture - Reference, Russian culture - External link Read more here: » Russian culture: Encyclopedia II - Russian culture - Art |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Russian ruble - History
Russian ruble - First Ruble -1922.
The ruble has been the Russian unit of currency for about 500 years. From 1710, the ruble has been divided into 100 kopek.
The amount of precious metal in a ruble varied over time. In a 1704 currency reform, Peter I standardized the ruble to 28 grams of silver. While ruble coins were silver, there were higher denominations minted of gold and platinum. The gold ruble introduced in 1897 was equal to ...
See also:Russian ruble, Russian ruble - Etymology, Russian ruble - History, Russian ruble - First Ruble -1922, Russian ruble - Second Ruble 1922-1923, Russian ruble - Third Ruble 1923-1924, Russian ruble - Fourth Gold Ruble 1924-1947, Russian ruble - Fifth Ruble 1947-1961, Russian ruble - Sixth Ruble 1961-1998, Russian ruble - Seventh Ruble 1998-, Russian ruble - Denominations, Russian ruble - Currently Circulating Currency, Russian ruble - Coins, Russian ruble - Banknotes, Russian ruble - Ruble in Russian/Soviet subdivisions, Russian ruble - Replacement Currencies in the Former Soviet Union, Russian ruble - Note on spelling Read more here: » Russian ruble: Encyclopedia II - Russian ruble - History |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Russian architecture - Medieval Rus' 988–1230 The medieval state of Kievan Rus' incorporated parts of what is now Ukraine and was centered around Kiev. Its influence on architectural tradition extended to the modern states of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. The status of Kievan Rus' as a precursor state to Russia is a somewhat politically charged issue after the fall of Soviet Union and the independence of Ukraine and Belarus.
The great churches of Kievan Rus', built after the adoption of Christianity in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lan ...
See also:Russian architecture, Russian architecture - Medieval Rus' 988–1230, Russian architecture - Early Muscovite period 1230–1530, Russian architecture - Middle Muscovite period 1530–1630, Russian architecture - Late Muscovite period 1612–1712, Russian architecture - Imperial Russia 1712–1917, Russian architecture - Modern Russia since 1917 Read more here: » Russian architecture: Encyclopedia II - Russian architecture - Medieval Rus' 988–1230 |
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| | | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Golden Horde - Golden Age The Horde quickly lost its Mongol identity. While the descendants of Batu's original Mongol warriors constituted the upper class of society, most of the Horde's population were Kipchaks, Bulgar Tatars, Kyrghyz, Khwarezmians, and other Turkic peoples.
Golden Horde - Internal organization.
The Horde's supreme ruler was the khan, chosen by the kurultai among Batu Khan's descendants. The prime minister, also ethnically Mongol, was known as "prince of princes", or beqlare-beq. The ministers were called viziers. ...
See also:Golden Horde, Golden Horde - Name, Golden Horde - Mongol origins, Golden Horde - Golden Age, Golden Horde - Internal organization, Golden Horde - Vassals and allies, Golden Horde - Political evolution, Golden Horde - Disintegration and fall, Golden Horde - External link Read more here: » Golden Horde: Encyclopedia II - Golden Horde - Golden Age |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Shuisky - The Regency Vasily's grand nephew, Prince Vasily Vasilievich Nemoy ("the Mute") was Vasily III's taciturn aide-de-camp who accompanied him on every military campaign and came to become a grey cardinal of Muscovite politics. In 1517, he defeated Konstantin Ostrogski. Six years later, Vasily Nemoy led the Russian vessels along the Volga against Kazan. Upon the death of Vasily's widow, Elena Glinskaya, he challenged the authority of Prince Ivan Belsky, procured his incarceration, married Anastasia of Kazan (Ivan III's granddaughter) ...
See also:Shuisky, Shuisky - The Regency, Shuisky - Military heroes, Shuisky - The last of the Shuiskys, Shuisky - Trivia Read more here: » Shuisky: Encyclopedia II - Shuisky - The Regency |
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| | | | | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Ukrainian language - History
Ukrainian language - Perspective.
Before the eighteenth century the precursor to the modern Ukrainian language was a vernacular language used mostly by peasants and petit bourgeois, existing side-by-side with a literary language of foreign origin, the Church Slavonic evolved from the Old Slavonic language from Bulgaria. Although the spoken Ukrainian language was in no danger of extinction, it was only raised to the level of a language of literature, philosophy and science by being promoted ...
See also:Ukrainian language, Ukrainian language - History, Ukrainian language - Perspective, Ukrainian language - Origin, Ukrainian language - Ancient history, Ukrainian language - Kievan Rus' and Halych-Volhynia, Ukrainian language - Under Lithuania/Poland Muscovy/Russia and Austro-Hungary, Ukrainian language - Soviet era, Ukrainian language - Independence in the modern era, Ukrainian language - History of Ukrainian literature, Ukrainian language - Current usage, Ukrainian language - Dialects of Ukrainian, Ukrainian language - Ukrainophone population, Ukrainian language - Language structure, Ukrainian language - Comparative grammar, Ukrainian language - Phonetics, Ukrainian language - Alphabet Read more here: » Ukrainian language: Encyclopedia II - Ukrainian language - History |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - 1944 - Events
1944 - World War II.
January 4 - The Battle of Monte Cassino begins.
January 5 - Murder of Danish playwright Kaj Munk.
January 14 - The Soviet troops start the offensive at Leningrad and Novgorod.
January 17 - British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River.
January 17 - Meat Rationing ends in Australia.
January 20 - The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin. The U.S. Army 36th Infantry Division, in Italy, attempts to cross the Rapido R ...
See also:1944, 1944 - Events, 1944 - World War II, 1944 - Other events, 1944 - Unknown dates, 1944 - Ongoing events, 1944 - Births, 1944 - January, 1944 - February, 1944 - March, 1944 - April, 1944 - May, 1944 - June-October, 1944 - November-December, 1944 - Deaths, 1944 - January-May, 1944 - July-August, 1944 - September-December, 1944 - Date unknown, 1944 - Nobel Prizes Read more here: » 1944: Encyclopedia II - 1944 - Events |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Baltic Sea - Geophysical data The Baltic Sea is a brackish inland sea, the largest body of brackish water in the world. The fact that it does not come from the collision of plates, but is a glacially scoured river valley, accounts for its relative shallowness.
Baltic Sea - Dimensions.
The Baltic sea is about 1610 km (1000 mi) long, an average of 193 km (120 mi) wide, and an average of 55 m (180 ft, 30 fathoms) deep. The maximum depth is 459 m (1506 ft, 251 fathoms), on the Swedish side of the center. The surface area is about 377,000 s ...
See also:Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea - Name, Baltic Sea - Etymology, Baltic Sea - The name in other languages, Baltic Sea - Geophysical data, Baltic Sea - Dimensions, Baltic Sea - Icing in winter, Baltic Sea - Hydrography, Baltic Sea - Salinity, Baltic Sea - Regional emergence, Baltic Sea - Geographic data, Baltic Sea - Subdivisions, Baltic Sea - Land use, Baltic Sea - Demographics, Baltic Sea - Geologic history, Baltic Sea - Prehistory, Baltic Sea - History, Baltic Sea - Biology, Baltic Sea - Economy, Baltic Sea - Countries, Baltic Sea - Islands and Archipelagoes, Baltic Sea - Cities Read more here: » Baltic Sea: Encyclopedia II - Baltic Sea - Geophysical data |
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