Novgorod

During the industrial revolution several companies originated in the area of the textile industry. The most important industry company is the electric light bulb factory founded in 1904 Radium. Radium also is even today together with the armature factory VOSS the biggest employer in Wipperfürth. Here particularly the electric-working industry, plastic-working industry, metal working industry and paper-working industry is resident. See also:

Wipperfürth, Wipperfürth - History, Wipperfürth - The coat of arms of Wipperfürth, Wipperfürth - Geography, Wipperfürth - Geographical position, Wipperfürth - Neighbouring municipalities, Wipperfürth - Districts, Wipperfürth - Localities, Wipperfürth - Culture and places of interest, Wipperfürth - Spare time and sport, Wipperfürth - Economy and infrastructure, Wipperfürth - Traffic, Wipperfürth - Public facilities, Wipperfürth - Health service, Wipperfürth - Education, Wipperfürth - Personalities, Wipperfürth - Honorary citizen, Wipperfürth - In Wipperfürth born, Wipperfürth - Personalities in connection with the town, Wipperfürth - Twin town, Wipperfürth - Further sources of information, Wipperfürth - Literature German, Wipperfürth - External links

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High Middle Ages - Britain. Main article: Britain in the Middle Ages and Scotland in the High Middle Ages In England, the Norman Conquest of 1066 resulted in a kingdom ruled by a French-speaking nobility. The Normans invaded Ireland in force in 1169 and soon established themselves throughout most of the country, though their stronghold was the southeast. Likewise, Scotland and Wales were subdued to vassalage at about the same time, though Scotland later regained her independence. The Ex ...

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High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, High Middle Ages - Britain, High Middle Ages - Scandinavia, High Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, High Middle Ages - Southern Europe, High Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, High Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, High Middle Ages - The Rise of Chivalry, High Middle Ages - Religion, High Middle Ages - The Church, High Middle Ages - The Crusades, High Middle Ages - Scholasticism, High Middle Ages - Golden age of monasticism, High Middle Ages - Mendicant orders, High Middle Ages - Heretical movements, High Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, High Middle Ages - Technology, High Middle Ages - Culture, High Middle Ages - Art, High Middle Ages - Architecture, High Middle Ages - Literature, High Middle Ages - Music, High Middle Ages - Timeline

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Perkūnas and Pērkons have cognates outside of the Baltic languages, such as: Old Slavic - Perun Belarus - Pyarun Old Indian - Parjanya Hittite - Pirva Albanian - Perëndi (probably) Thracian - Περχων Moldovan - Pur'gine-paza Finnish and Lappish - Perkele (non Indo-European languages) Perkūnas' wife was named Perkūnija or Perkūnė. See Icelandic Fjorgyn, mother of Thor (the Thunderer ...

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Perkūnas, Perkūnas - Name origins, Perkūnas - Challenges in reconstructing the mythology, Perkūnas - Earliest written sources, Perkūnas - Representation

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The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise under the reign of Grand Duke Mindaugas (or Mindoŭh in Belarusian) beginning in 1238. Mindaugas was baptized in 1252 and crowned King of Lithuania in 1253 (in 1260, he abandoned Christianity). After him there was a fight among Lithuanian dukes, but the state survived. The duchy expanded southward and eastward, incorporating large parts of Ruthenia. The expansion reached its heights under Gediminas (Belarusian language: Hiedzimin), who created a strong central government and establish ...

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Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - History, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Military, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Religion, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Culture, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Legacy, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Sources

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The key historical trend of the High Middle Ages was the rapidly increasing population of Europe, which brought about great social and political change from the preceding era. From about the year 1000 onwards, Western Europe saw the last of the barbarian invasions and became more politically organized. With the brief exception of the Mongol incursions, major barbarian invasions ceased. In the 11th century, populations north of the Alps began to settle new lands, some of which had reverted to wilderness after the end of the Roman Empire. In w ...

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Renaissance of the 12th century, Renaissance of the 12th century - Context, Renaissance of the 12th century - Climate and agriculture, Renaissance of the 12th century - Historiography, Renaissance of the 12th century - Aspects of the renaissance of the 12th century, Renaissance of the 12th century - Trade and commerce, Renaissance of the 12th century - Science, Renaissance of the 12th century - Scholasticism, Renaissance of the 12th century - Technology

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Nikon's attitude on this occasion was not affectation, but the wise determination of a would-be reformer to secure a free hand. Ecclesiastical reform was already in the air. A number of ecclesiastical dignitaries, known as the party of the protopopes (deans), had accepted the responsibility for the revision of the church service-books inaugurated by the late Patriarch Joasaf, and a few other very trivial rectifications of certain ancient observances. But they were ...

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Patriarch Nikon, Patriarch Nikon - Rise to power, Patriarch Nikon - Nikon's reforms, Patriarch Nikon - His haughtiness and downfall

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In the Viking age/late Iron Age, from the 750s and on, Ingria was a bridgehead on the Varangian trade route to Eastern Europe. A Varangian aristocracy developed, that would ultimately rule over Novgorod and Kievan Rus'; allegedly bringing peace between the warring Finnic and Slavic tribes. The ancient Novgorodian land of Vod was called Ingermanland by the Swedes, Latinized to "Ingria". It is said to be named after Ingegerd Olofsdotter, the daughter of the Swedish king Olof Skötkonung (995-1022). Upon her marriage to Yar ...

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Ingria, Ingria - History, Ingria - Swedish Ingria, Ingria - Russian Ingria, Ingria - Demographics

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Gard Agdi - Sons of Gard. Gard was father of seven sons: Hörd (Hǫrðr), Rúgálf (Rúgálfr), Thrym (Þrymr), Végard (Végarðr), Freygard (Freygarðr), Thorgard (Þorgarðr), and Grjótgard (Grójtgarðr), According the Hversu, Hörd son of Gard, the eponym of Hördaland (the modern county of Hordaland) was father of Jöfur (Jǫfurr) or Jösur (Jǫsurr). The Hversu goes on to say that Rúgálf son of Gard, the eponym of Rogaland, was father of Rögnvald (Rögnvaldr), the father of Ögvald (< ...

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Gard Agdi, Gard Agdi - Descendants of Gard, Gard Agdi - Sons of Gard, Gard Agdi - Commentary, Gard Agdi - Alternative spellings

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The earliest inscriptions in Old Norse are runic, from the 8th century (although there are 200 inscriptions in Proto-Norse going as far back as the 2nd century), and runes continued to be used for a thousand years. The main literary texts are in the Latin alphabet, the great sagas and eddas of medieval Iceland. As Proto-Norse evolved into Old Norse, in the 8th century, the effects of the umlauts varied geographically. The typical umlauts (for example fylla from *fullian) were stronger in the West whereas those resulting ...

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Old Norse language, Old Norse language - Geographical distribution, Old Norse language - Modern descendants, Old Norse language - Sounds, Old Norse language - Vowels, Old Norse language - Consonants, Old Norse language - Orthography, Old Norse language - Dialects and texts, Old Norse language - Old West Norse, Old Norse language - Old East Norse, Old Norse language - Old Gutnish

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The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural center. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry. Perm is a home to several major universities including Perm State University, Perm State Technical University and Medical Academy. Perm is the sister city of (twinned with): Louisville, Kentucky, United States (1994)See also:

Perm, Perm - History, Perm - Modern city

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The oldest culture in the area is called Komsa, named after a mountain in Alta. The first people possibly came around 12-13,000 years ago, but it is uncertain as whether they came from southern Norway or from the Russian Peninsula. Today the rock carvings at Hjemmeluft in Alta or at Leiknes in Nordland are among the remainders of the Stone Age cultures, showing reindeer swimming across the fjords. A significant find area is between the river Tana and the fjord of Varanger, where the reindeer probably ran over the isthmus on the way between the winter and summer grazing. However, we do not know the ethnic identity of the Stone Age cultures. ...

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Nord-Norge, Nord-Norge - History, Nord-Norge - The people, Nord-Norge - Language, Nord-Norge - Cuisine, Nord-Norge - Geography, Nord-Norge - Famous people from the north

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The name of the city, originally spelled Pleskov, may be loosely translated as "the town of purling waters". Its earliest mention comes in 903, which records that Igor of Kiev married a local lady, St. Olga. Pskovians sometimes take this year as the city's foundation date, and in 2003 a great jubilee took place to celebrate Pskov's 1,100th anniversary. The first prince of Pskov was St. Vladimir's younger son Sudislav. Once imprisoned by his brother Yaroslav, he wasn't released until the latter's death several decades later. In th ...

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Pskov, Pskov - Early history, Pskov - Pskovian Republic, Pskov - Modern history, Pskov - Landmarks and sights, Pskov - Copyrighted photos, Pskov - External link

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Håkon's mother was Inga of Varteig. She claimed he was the illegitimate son of Håkon III of Norway, the leader of the birkebeiner faction in the ongoing civil war against the bagler. Håkon III had visited Varteig, in what is now Østfold county, the previous year. He was dead by the time Håkon was born, but Inga's claim was supported by several of Håkon III's followers, and the birkebeiner recognized Håkon as a king's son. The civil wars period of Norwegian history lasted from 1130 to 1240. During this period there were several ...

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Haakon IV of Norway, Haakon IV of Norway - Background and childhood, Haakon IV of Norway - Early reign, Haakon IV of Norway - Later reign, Haakon IV of Norway - Views on Håkon's reign, Haakon IV of Norway - Descendants

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The principality occupied vast territory in the North-East of Kievan Rus approximately bounded by Volga, Oka, and Northern Dvina. In the 11th century, the local capital was Rostov the Great, and the chief towns included Suzdal, Yaroslavl, and Belozersk. Vladimir Monomakh, on securing his rights to the principality in 1093, moved the capital from Rostov to Suzdal. Fifteen years later he founded the town of Vladimir on the Klyazma River, 31 km to the south from Suzdal. His son George I the Long-Armed moved the princely seat to Vladimir in 1157. The boyars of Rostov and Suzdal, however, were reluctant to concede ...

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Vladimir-Suzdal, Vladimir-Suzdal - Origin, Vladimir-Suzdal - Heyday, Vladimir-Suzdal - Mongol yoke

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Main article: Imperial Russia History of Russia - Peter the Great. Peter I, the Great (1672–1725), consolidated autocracy in Russia and played a major role in bringing his country into the European state system. From its modest beginnings in the 14th century principality of Moscow, Russia had become the largest state in the world by Peter's time. Three times the size of Europe, it spanned the Eurasian landmass from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Much of its expansion had taken place in the 1 ...

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History of Russia, History of Russia - Early history, History of Russia - Early East Slavs, History of Russia - Khazaria, History of Russia - Kievan Rus', History of Russia - Volga Bulgaria, History of Russia - Mongol Invasion, History of Russia - Golden Horde, History of Russia - Muscovy, History of Russia - The rise of Moscow, History of Russia - Ivan III the Great, History of Russia - Ivan IV the Terrible, History of Russia - Time of Troubles, History of Russia - The Romanovs, History of Russia - Peasant uprisings, History of Russia - Imperial Russia, History of Russia - Peter the Great, History of Russia - Ruling the Empire 1725–1825, History of Russia - Imperial Russia since the Decembrist Revolt 1825–1917, History of Russia - Russian Revolution, History of Russia - Russian Civil War, History of Russia - Soviet Union, History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union, History of Russia - War communism and the New Economic Policy, History of Russia - Changes in Russian society, History of Russia - Industrialization and collectivization, History of Russia - The Soviet Union on the international stage, History of Russia - The Khrushchev and Brezhnev years, History of Russia - Impending breakup of the Union, History of Russia - The emergence of the Russian republic in the Soviet Union, History of Russia - Russian Federation, History of Russia - Notes, History of Russia - Related histories

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The origins of vodka (and of its name) cannot be traced definitively, but it is believed to have originated in the grain-growing region that now embraces Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, and western Russia. It also has a long tradition in Scandinavia. Little is known about the early history of the drink in Europe. The first written record of vodka in Poland dates from 1405 in the Sandomierz Court Registry. In Russia, the first written usage of the word vodka in an official document in its modern meaning is dated by the decree of Empress Catherine I of June 8, 1751 that regulated the ...

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Vodka, Vodka - History, Vodka - Vodka production, Vodka - Differences in taste between brands, Vodka - Sources, Vodka - Vodka and politics

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The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise to the great power status under the reign of Grand Duke Mindaugas (or Mindoŭh in Belarusian) beginning in 1238. Mindaugas became baptized in 1252 and crowned King of Lithuania in 1253 (in 1260, he renounced Christianity). After him there was a fight among Lithuanian dukes, but the state survived. The duchy expanded southward and eastward, incorporating large parts of Rus. The expansion reached its height under Gediminas (Belarusian language: Hiedzimin), who created a strong central g ...

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Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - History, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Military, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Religion, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Culture, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Legacy, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Sources

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Ivan (or Ioann, as his name is rendered in Church Slavonic) was a long-awaited son of Vasily III. Upon his father's death, he formally came to the throne at the age of three, but his minority was dominated by the strong personality of his mother Elena Glinskaya. According to his own letters, Ivan customarily felt neglected and offended by the mighty boyars from the Shuisky and Belsky families. In one letter, he painfully recalls an episode when one drunken boyar put his dirty boots on Ivan's bed. These traumatic experiences doubtlessly contributed to his ha ...

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Ivan IV of Russia, Ivan IV of Russia - Early reign, Ivan IV of Russia - Later reign, Ivan IV of Russia - Death and legacy, Ivan IV of Russia - Sobriquet

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According to Westlund, Lindquist's attempts at deciphering the "bind runes" at the beginning of the inscription are misguided. In Westlund's opinion these are not complicated bind runes but elaborate forms of normal runes. To support his claim he compares the runes with an inscription found near Novgorod in 1983 and treated by the Russion runologist Elena Melnikova in 1987. It is interesting to note that this is ...

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Kvinneby amulette, Kvinneby amulette - Bruce E. Nilsson 1976, Kvinneby amulette - Ivar Lindquist 1987 a posthumous publication, Kvinneby amulette - Börje Westlund 1989, Kvinneby amulette - Ottar Grønvik 1992, Kvinneby amulette - Jonna Louis-Jensen 2001

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Historians first hear of him in 1661 on a diplomatic mission from the Don Cossacks to the Kalmyk Tatars. That same year Razin went on a long-distance pilgrimage to the great Solovetsky Monastery on the White Sea for the benefit of his soul. After that all trace of him is lost for six years, when he reappears as the leader of a robber community established at Panshinskoye, among the marshes between the rivers Tishina and Ilovlya, from whence he levied blackmail on ...

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Stenka Razin, Stenka Razin - Early life, Stenka Razin - Persian expedition, Stenka Razin - Open rebellion, Stenka Razin - Song

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Eastern Front World War II - Invasion: Summer 1941.    to 9 July 1941 See also:

Eastern Front World War II, Eastern Front World War II - Overview, Eastern Front World War II - Background, Eastern Front World War II - Operations, Eastern Front World War II - Invasion: Summer 1941, Eastern Front World War II - Moscow and Rostov: Autumn 1941, Eastern Front World War II - Soviet counter-offensive: Winter 1941, Eastern Front World War II - Don Volga and Caucasus: Summer 1942, Eastern Front World War II - Stalingrad: Winter 1942, Eastern Front World War II - Kursk: Summer 1943, Eastern Front World War II - Eastern Front in Fall and Winter 1943, Eastern Front World War II - Eastern Front in Summer 1944, Eastern Front World War II - Eastern Europe: January–March 1945, Eastern Front World War II - End of War: April–May 1945, Eastern Front World War II - Leadership, Eastern Front World War II - Occupation and repression, Eastern Front World War II - Industrial output, Eastern Front World War II - Casualties

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Thought to have originated in the mid-10th century, Staraya Russa was first mentioned in chronicles for the year 1076 as one of three main towns of the Novgorod Republic, alongside Pskov and Ladoga. Its name is derived from the time of the Varangians, who called themselves Rus and settled in the vicinity to control important trade routes leading from Novgorod to Polotsk and Kiev. The wooden settlement of Russa was burned to ashes in 1190 and 1194. In 1478, it was incorporated into Muscovy together with Novgorod. The word Staraya (Old) was prefixed to the name in the 15th century, to distinguis ...

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Staraya Russa, Staraya Russa - History, Staraya Russa - Attractions

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