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Novgorod | A Wisdom Archive on Novgorod | | Novgorod A selection of articles related to Novgorod | |
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novgorod, Novgorod, Novgorod - History, Novgorod - Sights, Novgorod - Sister Cities, Novgorod Republic, Old Novgorod dialect, Birch bark documents
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Novgorod | | | | |  Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Staraya Ladoga - Ladoga under Rurik and RurikidsIn 862, the legendary Varangian leader Rurik arrived to Ladoga and made it his capital. Rurik's successors later moved to Novgorod and then to Kiev, thus laying foundations for the powerful state of Kievan Rus. There are several huge kurgans, or royal funerary barrows, at the outskirts of Ladoga. One of them is said to be Rurik's grave, and another one—that of his successor Oleg.
Ladoga's next mention in chronicles is dated to 1019, when Ingigerd of Sweden married Yaroslav of Novgorod. Under the terms of marriage settlement, Yarosla ...
See also:Staraya Ladoga, Staraya Ladoga - Origin and name, Staraya Ladoga - Ladoga under Rurik and Rurikids, Staraya Ladoga - Sights and landmarks Read more here: » Staraya Ladoga: Encyclopedia II - Staraya Ladoga - Ladoga under Rurik and Rurikids |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - 1260s - War and politics
1260s - Europe.
1260 - The Baltic Samogatians and Curonians defeat the Teutonic knights in the Battle of Durbe.
1263 - October - King Alexander III of Scotland defeats the Viking armada of King Haakon IV of Norway in the Battle of Largs.
1263 - The chieftains of the eastern part of Iceland become the last to pledge fealty to the Norwegian king, bringing a more complete end to the Icelandic Commonwealth and the Icelandic civil war.
1266 - The war between Scotland an ...
See also:1260s, 1260s - War and politics, 1260s - Europe, 1260s - Asia and Africa, 1260s - Culture, 1260s - Science literature and industry, 1260s - Art architecture and music, 1260s - Cities and institutions, 1260s - Religion, 1260s - Births, 1260s - Deaths Read more here: » 1260s: Encyclopedia II - 1260s - War and politics |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke This time the invaders came to stay, and they built for themselves a capital, called Sarai, on the lower Volga. Here the commander of the Golden Horde, as the western section of the Mongol empire was called, fixed his golden headquarters and represented the majesty of his sovereign the grand khan who lived with the Great Horde in the Orkhon Valley of the Amur. Here they had their headquarters and held Russia in subjection for nearly three centuries.
The term by which this subjection is commonly designated, the Mongol or Tatar yoke, su ...
See also:Mongol invasion of Rus, Mongol invasion of Rus - Background, Mongol invasion of Rus - Invasion of Batu Khan, Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke, Mongol invasion of Rus - Mongol punitive expeditions to Russia, Mongol invasion of Rus - Influence, Mongol invasion of Rus - Successors of the Golden Horde Read more here: » Mongol invasion of Rus: Encyclopedia II - Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Kronstadt - History Kronstadt was founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703, when the first fortifications were constructed.
Kronstadt was thoroughly refortified in the 19th century. The old three-decker forts, five in number, which formerly constituted the principal defences of the place, and defied the Anglo-French fleets during the Crimean War, became of secondary importance. From the plans of Eduard Totleben a new fort, Constantine, and four batteries were constructed (1856-1871) to defend the principal ...
See also:Kronstadt, Kronstadt - History, Kronstadt - Features, Kronstadt - Demographics Read more here: » Kronstadt: Encyclopedia II - Kronstadt - History |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Karelians - History The Karelians were one of many Finnic-speaking tribes whose linguistical ancestors are believed to have been living in Finland since the Stone Age. By the year 500 A.D. these tribes inhabited the area South and North of the Gulf of Finland, later identified for instance as Vepses, Ingrians, Karelians and Tavastians. During the Viking Age, the Karelians living around the Ladoga Lake came into contact with Western Finns and Vikings.
Since the 13th century the Karelians have lived in the tension between East and West, between Eastern Ort ...
See also:Karelians, Karelians - History, Karelians - Language, Karelians - Religion, Karelians - Demographics, Karelians - Culture Read more here: » Karelians: Encyclopedia II - Karelians - History |
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| | | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yuan
Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire.
Temujin, later to be more prominently known as Genghis Khan, was the first in the line of Yuan rulers. He was the son of Yesügei, the tribal chief of the Kiyad — a tribe in fractured Mongolia. His father was killed in his early life by a rival tribe, the Tartars — this rendered him chief of the Kiyad. Many in the tribe did not take well to a boy-ruler, abandoning him. He and his family were thus reduced to a state of abject poverty — however, at the age o ...
See also:Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire, Yuan Dynasty - Aspirations to China, Yuan Dynasty - Northern Conquest, Yuan Dynasty - Golden Age of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Establishment of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Early Rule, Yuan Dynasty - Impact, Yuan Dynasty - Downfall of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Civil Unrest, Yuan Dynasty - Loss of China, Yuan Dynasty - Northern Yuan Read more here: » Yuan Dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yuan |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Viking Age - Geography There are various theories concerning the causes of the Viking invasions. For people living along the coast, it would seem natural to seek new land by the sea. Another reason was that during this period England, Wales and Ireland, which were divided into many different warring kingdoms, were in internal disarray, and became easy prey. The Franks, however, had well-defended coasts, and heavily fortified ports and harbours. Pure thirst for adventure may also have been a factor. A reason for the raids is believed by some to be over-population c ...
See also:Viking Age, Viking Age - Timeline, Viking Age - Geography, Viking Age - British Isles, Viking Age - Iceland, Viking Age - Greenland, Viking Age - Southern and Eastern Europe, Viking Age - America, Viking Age - Technology, Viking Age - Religion and Archaelogy, Viking Age - Trading Cities, Viking Age - Place names Read more here: » Viking Age: Encyclopedia II - Viking Age - Geography |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - History of Central Asia - Prehistory Recent genetic studies have concluded that humans arrived in the region around 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, making the region one of the oldest sites of human habitation. The archaeological evidence of population in this region is sparse, however, whereas evidence of human habitation in Africa and Australia prior to that of Central Asia is well-known. Some studies have also identified this region as the likeliest source of the populations who later inhabited Europe, Siberia, and North America.[1] The region is also often considered to be ...
See also:History of Central Asia, History of Central Asia - Prehistory, History of Central Asia - External influences, History of Central Asia - Return of indigenous rule, History of Central Asia - Conquest of the steppes, History of Central Asia - Foreign control of Turkestan, History of Central Asia - Russia's Campaigns, History of Central Asia - Chinese Influence, History of Central Asia - Revolution and Revolt, History of Central Asia - Soviet and PRC domination, History of Central Asia - Since 1991, History of Central Asia - Notes, History of Central Asia - References & further reading Read more here: » History of Central Asia: Encyclopedia II - History of Central Asia - Prehistory |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - White Russia - History Many other variants of this name appeared in ancient maps: for instance, Russia Alba, Russija Alba, Wit Rusland, Weiss Reussen, White Russia, Weiss Russland, Ruthenia Alba, Ruthenie Blanche and Weiss Ruthenien (Weißruthenien), assigned to various territories, often quite distant from that of present Belarus. For example, at one time the term was applied to Novgorod.
Only by the late 16th century did it become a name for the area of the present Belarus. Until this time and for a long time afterwards the population of thi ...
See also:White Russia, White Russia - The meaning of the name and its translation, White Russia - History Read more here: » White Russia: Encyclopedia II - White Russia - History |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Strasbourg - History At the site of Strasbourg, the Romans established a military outpost and named it Argentoratum. It belonged to the Germania Superior Roman province. From the 4th century, Strasbourg was the seat of a bishopric.
The Alamanni fought a battle against Rome in Strasbourg in 357. They were defeated by Julian, later Emperor of Rome, and their king Chonodomarius was taken prisoner. On January 2, 366 the Alamanni crossed the frozen Rhine in large numbers, to invade the Roman Empire. Early in the 5th century the Alamanni appear to have crossed the Rhine, conquered and then settled what is today A ...
See also:Strasbourg, Strasbourg - Geography, Strasbourg - Sights, Strasbourg - History, Strasbourg - Demography, Strasbourg - Education, Strasbourg - Transportation, Strasbourg - European role, Strasbourg - Miscellaneous, Strasbourg - Births, Strasbourg - Famous residents, Strasbourg - Twin towns Read more here: » Strasbourg: Encyclopedia II - Strasbourg - History |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Sergei Rachmaninoff - Life
Sergei Rachmaninoff - Youth.
Rachmaninoff was born in Semyonovo, near Novgorod in north-western Russia, into a noble family of Tatar descent which had been in the service of the Russian tsars since the 16th century. His parents were both amateur pianists, and he had his first piano lessons with his mother on their family estate at Oneg; however, his parents noticed no outstanding talent in the youngster. Because of financial difficulties, the family moved to Saint Petersburg where Rachmaninoff studied at the Cons ...
See also:Sergei Rachmaninoff, Sergei Rachmaninoff - Life, Sergei Rachmaninoff - Youth, Sergei Rachmaninoff - Initial setbacks, Sergei Rachmaninoff - Emigration to the US, Sergei Rachmaninoff - Death, Sergei Rachmaninoff - Works, Sergei Rachmaninoff - Style, Sergei Rachmaninoff - Recordings on shellac and paper rolls, Sergei Rachmaninoff - Music samples Read more here: » Sergei Rachmaninoff: Encyclopedia II - Sergei Rachmaninoff - Life |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - History of Belarus - Early history The history of Belarus, or, more correctly of the Belarusian ethnicity, begins with the migration and expansion of the Slavic peoples throughout Eastern Europe between the 6th and 8th centuries Anno Domini. East Slavs settled on the territory within present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, assimilating local Baltic (Belarus), Ugro-Finnic (Russia) and steppe nomads (Ukraine) already living there, early ethnic integrations that contributed to the gradual differentiation of the three East Slavic nations. These East Slavs were pagan, animistic, agrarian people whose economy included trade in agricul ...
See also:History of Belarus, History of Belarus - Early history, History of Belarus - First Belarusian states, History of Belarus - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, History of Belarus - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Belarus - Russian Empire, History of Belarus - 20th century, History of Belarus - BNR and LBSSR, History of Belarus - Belarusian Soviet Republic and West Belarus, History of Belarus - Belarus in World War II, History of Belarus - BSSR from 1945 to 1990, History of Belarus - Republic of Belarus, History of Belarus - Notes Read more here: » History of Belarus: Encyclopedia II - History of Belarus - Early history |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Viking - Etymology The etymology of "Viking" is somewhat unclear. One path might be from the Old Norse word, vík, meaning "bay," "creek," or "inlet," and the suffix -ing, meaning "coming from" or "belonging to." Thus, viking would be a 'person of the bay', or "bayling" for lack of a better word. In Old Norse, this would be spelled vikingr. Later on, the term, viking, became synonymous with "naval expedition" or "naval raid, and a vikingr was a member of such expeditions. A second etymology suggested that the term is derived from Old English, wíc, ie. "trading city" (cognat ...
See also:Viking, Viking - Etymology, Viking - Historical records, Viking - Adam of Bremen, Viking - Rune stones, Viking - Icelandic sagas, Viking - 13th century, Viking - Viking ships and Viking longships, Viking - The Viking Age, Viking - The Viking invasions: a commercial war?, Viking - Decline, Viking - Modern revivals, Viking - Romanticism, Viking - Fascism, Viking - Living History, Viking - Myths about Vikings, Viking - Horned helmets, Viking - Skull cups, Viking - Uncleanliness, Viking - Famous Vikings, Viking - Books, Viking - Movies, Viking - Culture, Viking - Historians, Viking - Archaeology, Viking - Place names, Viking - Military, Viking - Popular Culture, Viking - Bibliography Read more here: » Viking: Encyclopedia II - Viking - Etymology |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Vasili II of Russia - First ten years of internecine struggle Vasily II was the eldest son of Vasili I Dmitriyevich by Sofia, the only daughter of Vytautas the Great. On his father's death he was proclaimed Grand Duke at the tender age of 10. His uncle, Yuri of Zvenigorod (Prince of Galich-Mersky), and his two sons, Vasily the Cross-Eyed and Dmitry Shemyaka, seized on the opportunity to advance their own claims to the throne. Vasili's bid was supported by his maternal grandfather. The causes for the great feudal war that followed are disputed. There are reasons to believe that Yuri's family, whose Northern dominions were rich in salt and ...
See also:Vasili II of Russia, Vasili II of Russia - First ten years of internecine struggle, Vasili II of Russia - Vasili's fight with Kazan and Shemyaka, Vasili II of Russia - Later reign and policies, Vasili II of Russia - External link Read more here: » Vasili II of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Vasili II of Russia - First ten years of internecine struggle |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns Finnish and Sami — the language of Lapland's small indigenous minority — are both Finno-Ugric languages and are in the Uralic rather than the Indo-European family. The closest related language to the Finnish with an official status is Estonian. Both Finnish and Estonian are Baltic Finnish or Finnic languages, while other Finno-Ugric languages are more distant.
The origins of the Finnish people and their language are a matter of reinvigorated controversy. In the 19th century the Finnish researcher Castrén prevailed that "their ori ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Tsar - Russia In 1547, Ivan IV of Russia, of the Moscovian dynasty, changed his title from "Veliki Kniaz (Grand Duke) of the whole Rus" to "tsar of the whole Rus" as a symbol of change in the nature of the Russian state. In 1721 Peter I adopted the title Emperor (Император [Imperator]), by which he and his heirs were recognised, and which continued to be used informally as synonym of Tsar.
Actually the new style was adopted precisely to underline a claim that Russia, by now a rising major power in Europe, invoking a marriage ...
See also:Tsar, Tsar - Etymology and spelling, Tsar - Imperium maius, Tsar - History of usage, Tsar - Bulgaria, Tsar - Russia, Tsar - Full title of Russian tsars, Tsar - Titles for Russian Tsar's family, Tsar - Notes, Tsar - Serbia, Tsar - Sources an References Read more here: » Tsar: Encyclopedia II - Tsar - Russia |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation
History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR.
On June 16-17, 1940, the Soviet troops occupied the whole territory of Estonia and demanded a change to a new pro-Soviet puppet government. Similarly to the developments in neighboring Latvia and Lithuania, the occupation and change of government was then in the three countries followed by "parliamentary elections" where all but pro-Communist candidates were outlawed. The "parliament" so elected proclaimed Estonia a Socialist Republic on July 21, 1940 and unanimously ...
See also:History of Estonia, History of Estonia - Pre-history, History of Estonia - The Conquest, History of Estonia - The Middle Ages, History of Estonia - Swedish Period, History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia, History of Estonia - Independence, History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation, History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR, History of Estonia - German Occupation, History of Estonia - After World War II, History of Estonia - Regaining Independence, History of Estonia - Time line, History of Estonia - Prehistory, History of Estonia - Livonian Period, History of Estonia - Swedish period, History of Estonia - Russian Period, History of Estonia - Independent Estonia Read more here: » History of Estonia: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Ukrainian language - History
Ukrainian language - Perspective.
Before the eighteenth century the precursor to the modern Ukrainian language was a vernacular language used mostly by peasants and petit bourgeois, existing side-by-side with a literary language of foreign origin, the Church Slavonic evolved from the Old Slavonic language from Bulgaria. Although the spoken Ukrainian language was in no danger of extinction, it was only raised to the level of a language of literature, philosophy and science by being promoted ...
See also:Ukrainian language, Ukrainian language - History, Ukrainian language - Perspective, Ukrainian language - Origin, Ukrainian language - Ancient history, Ukrainian language - Kievan Rus' and Halych-Volhynia, Ukrainian language - Post-independence: Lithuania/Poland Muscovy/Russia and Austro-Hungary, Ukrainian language - Soviet era, Ukrainian language - Independence in the modern era, Ukrainian language - History of Ukrainian literature, Ukrainian language - Current usage, Ukrainian language - Dialects of Ukrainian, Ukrainian language - Ukrainophone population, Ukrainian language - Language structure, Ukrainian language - Comparative grammar, Ukrainian language - Phonetics, Ukrainian language - Alphabet Read more here: » Ukrainian language: Encyclopedia II - Ukrainian language - History |
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| | | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Varangian - The Varangian Guard Varangians first appear in the Byzantine world in 839, when the emperor Theophilus negotiated with the Varangians, whom he called Rhos, to provide a few mercenaries for his army. Although the Varangians often had peaceful trading relations with the Byzantines, they sometimes led attacks against Constantinople. Such attacks came in 860, 907, 911, 941, 945, 971, and finally 1043. These raids were successful only in causing the Byzantines to re-arrange their trading arrangements; militarily, the Varangians were always defeated by the superior Byzan ...
See also:Varangian, Varangian - The Varangian Rus, Varangian - The Varangian Guard, Varangian - Primary Sources, Varangian - Sources, Varangian - Notes Read more here: » Varangian: Encyclopedia II - Varangian - The Varangian Guard |
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