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Novgorod | A Wisdom Archive on Novgorod | | Novgorod A selection of articles related to Novgorod | |
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novgorod, Novgorod, Novgorod - History, Novgorod - Sights, Novgorod - Sister Cities, Novgorod Republic, Old Novgorod dialect, Birch bark documents
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Novgorod | | | | | |  Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Russkaya Pravda - Institutions“Pravda Yaroslavichey” increased responsibility of a given community for killing knyaz’es soldiers, tiuns (“tiun”, a privileged servant of knyazs or boyars), starostas (“starosta”, a representative from the low-ranking administration of a knyaz), otroks (“otrok”, a low-ranking soldier in the army of a knyaz) and other servants on their own territory. “Pravda Yaroslavichey” provided severe punishment for arson, deliberate cattle mutilation, and collective encroachment on rich people’s property. After the 1113 Riot in Kiev, an exorbitant interest law was introduced th ...
See also:Russkaya Pravda, Russkaya Pravda - Editions, Russkaya Pravda - Nomenclature, Russkaya Pravda - Genesis and evolution, Russkaya Pravda - Institutions, Russkaya Pravda - Excerpts, Russkaya Pravda - From the Vast Edition Read more here: » Russkaya Pravda: Encyclopedia II - Russkaya Pravda - Institutions |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Nizhny Novgorod - History
Nizhny Novgorod - A seat of medieval princes.
The city was founded by Grand Duke George II of Russia in 1221 at the confluence of two most important rivers of his principality, the Volga and the Oka. Its name literally means Newtown the Lower, to distinguish it from the older Novgorod. A major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage ...
See also:Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod - History, Nizhny Novgorod - A seat of medieval princes, Nizhny Novgorod - The strongest fortress of Muscovy, Nizhny Novgorod - Great trade centre, Nizhny Novgorod - City layout and landmarks, Nizhny Novgorod - Sister cities, Nizhny Novgorod - Other photos Read more here: » Nizhny Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Nizhny Novgorod - History |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Old Believers - Reform based on books used by Greeks unified with Rome Nikon, supported by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676), gathered a home council and convinced the clergy of the need to compare Russian typicons and missals with Greek ones. Monasteries from all over Russia were requested to send typicons and missals to Moscow in order to subject them to a comparative analysis. It is obvious that this would have taken many years of conscientious scientific research and would not give an unambiguous result, for it would only hav ...
See also:Old Believers, Old Believers - History, Old Believers - The rubrics of Studion, Old Believers - Reform based on books used by Greeks unified with Rome, Old Believers - Philosophy, Old Believers - Differences between the Old Believers and new style Russian Orthodoxy, Old Believers - Denominations, Old Believers - Break-off sects, Old Believers - Similarities between Old believers and Protestants, Old Believers - Modern situation, Old Believers - Old Believer Churches Read more here: » Old Believers: Encyclopedia II - Old Believers - Reform based on books used by Greeks unified with Rome |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Władysław II Jagiełło - Biography Jogaila was from the Gediminid dynasty of dukes and grand dukes of Lithuania. His father was Algirdas (or Olgierd, ruled 1345-1377), duke of Lithuania, a son of Gediminas. He was born in Vilnius, Lithuania.
With the Union of Krewo in 1385, Jogaila married Queen Jadwiga of Poland (who was then only 11 years old) and established the Jagiellonian dynasty, which would rule in Poland and Lithuania until 1572. At the same time, Jogaila accepted Roman Catholicism, as did some other Lithuanian nobles. Thus he became King Władysław II Jagie ...
See also:Władysław II Jagiełło, Władysław II Jagiełło - Royal title, Władysław II Jagiełło - Biography, Władysław II Jagiełło - Dynastic Relations, Władysław II Jagiełło - Mother, Władysław II Jagiełło - Father, Władysław II Jagiełło - Wives, Władysław II Jagiełło - Brothers, Władysław II Jagiełło - Sisters, Władysław II Jagiełło - Sons, Władysław II Jagiełło - Daughters, Władysław II Jagiełło - Bibliography Read more here: » Władysław II Jagiełło: Encyclopedia II - Władysław II Jagiełło - Biography |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Military settlement - Internal organization The quartered military forces were being formed from among married soldiers, who had already served in the army for no less than six years, and local men (mainly, peasants) between 18 and 45 years of age. Both of these categories were called master settlers (поселяне-хозяева). The rest of the locals of the same age, who had been fit for military service, but had not been chosen, were being enlisted as assistants to their masters and were a part of reserve military subdivisions. The children of the military settlers were ...
See also:Military settlement, Military settlement - The beginning of the reform, Military settlement - Internal organization, Military settlement - Riots in military settlements, Military settlement - Abolition Read more here: » Military settlement: Encyclopedia II - Military settlement - Internal organization |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Rochester New York - Culture and recreation Rochester is home to a number of cultural institutions including the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra, the George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, the Memorial Art Gallery, the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, the Strong Museum, the A|V Room, the Strasenburg Planetarium, and numerous arts organizations. Rochester's Geva Theatre Center is the city's largest professional theatre.
The city's Victorian era Mt. Hope Cemetery includes the final resting place of several famous Americans, including Susan B. An ...
See also:Rochester New York, Rochester New York - Geography and climate, Rochester New York - Demographics, Rochester New York - Economy, Rochester New York - Major area shopping centers, Rochester New York - Top 5 employers, Rochester New York - Education, Rochester New York - Culture and recreation, Rochester New York - Media, Rochester New York - Points of interest, Rochester New York - Sports, Rochester New York - Transportation, Rochester New York - Airport, Rochester New York - Mass transit, Rochester New York - Roads, Rochester New York - Citizens of note, Rochester New York - Sister cities Read more here: » Rochester New York: Encyclopedia II - Rochester New York - Culture and recreation |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Novaya Zemlya - Nuclear testing A nuclear testing site named North Test Site was constructed in the mid-1950s, and existed during much of the Cold War. "Site A", Chyornaya Guba (70.7N 54.6E), was used mostly in 1955–1962. "Site B", Matochkin Shar (73.4N 54.9E), was used for underground tests in 1964–1990. "Site C", Sukhoy Nos (73.7N 54.0E), was used in 1957–1962 and was the 1961 explosion site of Tsar Bomba, a record 50-megaton burst. Other tests occurred elsewhere throughout the islands, with an official testing range covering over half of the landmass. In 1989, ...
See also:Novaya Zemlya, Novaya Zemlya - Nuclear testing Read more here: » Novaya Zemlya: Encyclopedia II - Novaya Zemlya - Nuclear testing |
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| | | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Finnish Karelia - History Main article: History of Karelia
During the 13th century Karelia was fought over between Novgorod and Sweden. In some Swedish sources the Karelians are described as allies to the Novgorodians. The "Third Swedish crusade", led by the marshal Torkel Knutsson, which took place 1293–1295, resulted in the western parts of Karelia coming under Swedish rule, and in the building of the Castle of Vyborg.
The hostilities continued in 1300 when a Swedish force attacked the mouth of river Neva and built a fort near the current loc ...
See also:Finnish Karelia, Finnish Karelia - Provinces, Finnish Karelia - History, Finnish Karelia - Geography, Finnish Karelia - Culture, Finnish Karelia - Famous Karelians, Finnish Karelia - Heraldry Read more here: » Finnish Karelia: Encyclopedia II - Finnish Karelia - History |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Alexander Suvorov - Scourge of the Poles and the Turks From 1777 to 1783 Suvorov served in the Crimea and in the Caucasus, becoming a lieutenant-general in 1780, and general of infantry in 1783, on the conclusion of his work there. From 1787 to 1791 he again fought the Turks during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 and won many victories; he was wounded twice at Kinburn (1787), took part in the siege of Ochakov, and in 1788 won two great victories at Focsani and by the river Rimnik.
In both these battles an Austrian corps under Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg participated but at Rimnik Su ...
See also:Alexander Suvorov, Alexander Suvorov - Early life and career, Alexander Suvorov - Scourge of the Poles and the Turks, Alexander Suvorov - Suvorov's Italian campaign, Alexander Suvorov - His progeny and titles, Alexander Suvorov - Assessment, Alexander Suvorov - Note Read more here: » Alexander Suvorov: Encyclopedia II - Alexander Suvorov - Scourge of the Poles and the Turks |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Kronstadt - History Kronstadt was founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703, when the first fortifications were constructed. This fortifications, known as Kronstadt's Forts, were constructed very quickly. Gulf of Finland is not very deep, so during the winter workers used a thousands of carcasses, made of oak wood and filled with stones. They were carried by the horses across the frozen sea, and placed in a cuttings made in the ice. Thus several new small islands were created, and forts were erected on them, closing all access to the Saint-Petersburg by the sea. Only two narrow farvaters rema ...
See also:Kronstadt, Kronstadt - History, Kronstadt - Features, Kronstadt - Demographics Read more here: » Kronstadt: Encyclopedia II - Kronstadt - History |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Kievan Rus' - The Golden Age of Kiev The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus′ for the next two centuries. The grand prince (velikiy kniaz') of Kiev controlled the lands around the city, and his theoretically subordinate relatives ruled in other cities and paid him tribute. The zenith of the state's power came during the reigns of Prince Vladimir (Vladimir the Great, r. 980-1015) and Prince Yaroslav (the Wise; r. 1019-1054). Both rulers continued the steady ...
See also:Kievan Rus', Kievan Rus' - Early history of Rus′, Kievan Rus' - The Golden Age of Kiev, Kievan Rus' - The Rise of regional centers, Kievan Rus' - Novgorod Republic, Kievan Rus' - North-east, Kievan Rus' - South-west, Kievan Rus' - Influence, Kievan Rus' - Notes Read more here: » Kievan Rus': Encyclopedia II - Kievan Rus' - The Golden Age of Kiev |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - Biography Born at Tikhvin, near Novgorod, into an aristocratic family, Rimsky-Korsakov showed musical ability from an early age, but studied at the Russian Imperial Naval College in Saint Petersburg and subsequently joined the Russian Navy. It was only when he met Mily Balakirev in 1861 that he began to concentrate more seriously on music. Balakirev encouraged him to compose and taught him when he was not at sea. (A fictionalized episode of Rimsky-Korsakov's sea voyages forms the plot of the motion picture Song of Scheherezade, the musical scor ...
See also:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - Biography, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - Legacy, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - Overview of Compositions, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - Major Literary Works, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - Bibliographic Sources, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - Other Media Read more here: » Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov: Encyclopedia II - Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - Biography |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Russian ruble - History The amount of precious metal in a ruble varied over time. In a 1704 currency reform, Peter I standardized the ruble to 28 grams of silver. While ruble coins were silver, there were higher denominations minted of gold and platinum. The gold ruble introduced in 1897 was equal to 0.774235 g of gold.
The ruble became a paper currency as a result of the First World War, with old coins having a variable value relative to the paper money. The ruble was revalued three times in three years. The 1922 revaluation was at a rate of 1 "new" ruble f ...
See also:Russian ruble, Russian ruble - Origins, Russian ruble - History, Russian ruble - Denominations, Russian ruble - Russian banknotes, Russian ruble - Ruble in Russian/Soviet subdivisions, Russian ruble - Replacement Currencies in the Former Soviet Union, Russian ruble - Note on spelling Read more here: » Russian ruble: Encyclopedia II - Russian ruble - History |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Knyaz - Etymology The etymology is directly related to the English King, the German König, and the Scandinavian konung. It was probably borrowed early from the Proto-Germanic *Kuningaz, a form also borrowed by Finnish and Estonian (Kuningas).
The title is pronounced and written similarly in different Eastern European languages, Bulgarian: княз; Russian/Ukrainian: князь, in fem. княгиня (kniaginia/kniahynia); Serbian, Croatian, and Slovenian: knez; Romanian: cneaz, chinez; Hungarian: kenéz. In ...
See also:Knyaz, Knyaz - Etymology, Knyaz - Middle Ages, Knyaz - Russian title in modern times Read more here: » Knyaz: Encyclopedia II - Knyaz - Etymology |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Rus' people - The Normanist theory This theory is called the Normanist theory, as it suggests that Kievan Rus' may have been named after its Scandinavian overlords just as Normandy. According to the Primary Chronicle, a historical compilation attributed to the 12th century, Rus was a group of Varangians who lived on the other side of the Baltic sea, in Scandinavia. The Varangians were first expelled, then invited to rule the warring Slavic and Finnic tribes of Novgorod:
The four tribes who had been forced to pay tribute to the Varangians - Chuds, Slavs, ...
See also:Rus' people, Rus' people - The Normanist theory, Rus' people - The Antinormanist theories, Rus' people - External link Read more here: » Rus' people: Encyclopedia II - Rus' people - The Normanist theory |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean The rivers in this section are sorted east (Novaya Zemlya) to west (North Cape, Norway).
In Russia:
Pechora (north-east of Naryan-Mar)
Usa (west of Usinsk)
Kolva (near Usinsk)
Northern Dvina (in Severodvinsk)
Pinega (in Ust-Pinega)
Yomtsa (near Bolshaya Gora)
Vaga (near Bereznik)
Uftyuga (near Krasnoborsk)
Vychegda (in Kotlas)
Vishera
Yug (in Veliki Ustyug)
Sukhona (in Veliki Ustyug)
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See also:List of rivers of Europe, List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean, List of rivers of Europe - Atlantic Ocean, List of rivers of Europe - On Iceland, List of rivers of Europe - Norwegian coast, List of rivers of Europe - Scottish Irish Welsh and English coast, List of rivers of Europe - French Spanish and Portuguese coast, List of rivers of Europe - Baltic Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Black Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Caspian Sea, List of rivers of Europe - English Channel, List of rivers of Europe - North coast, List of rivers of Europe - South coast, List of rivers of Europe - Irish Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Mediterranean Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Western Mediterranean, List of rivers of Europe - Adriatic Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Ionian Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Aegean Sea, List of rivers of Europe - North Sea, List of rivers of Europe - European countries, List of rivers of Europe - Other contintents Read more here: » List of rivers of Europe: Encyclopedia II - List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke This time the invaders came to stay, and they built for themselves a capital, called Sarai, on the lower Volga. Here the commander of the Golden Horde, as the western section of the Mongol empire was called, fixed his golden headquarters and represented the majesty of his sovereign the grand khan who lived with the Great Horde in the Orkhon Valley of the Amur. Here they had their headquarters and held Russia in subjection for nearly three centuries.
The term by which this subjection is commonly designated, the Mongol or Tatar yoke, su ...
See also:Mongol invasion of Rus, Mongol invasion of Rus - Background, Mongol invasion of Rus - Invasion of Batu Khan, Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke, Mongol invasion of Rus - 13th-century Mongol punitive expeditions to Russia, Mongol invasion of Rus - Influence, Mongol invasion of Rus - Successors of the Golden Horde Read more here: » Mongol invasion of Rus: Encyclopedia II - Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Nicholas II of Russia - Family background and early life Nicholas was the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and his Empress Maria Fyodorovna (born Princess Dagmar of Denmark). His paternal grandparents were Alexander II of Russia and his first consort Maximilienne Wilhelmine Marie of Hesse and the Rhine. His maternal grandparents were Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse.
Nicholas was seen as too soft by his hard, demanding father who, not anticipating his own premature death, did nothing to prepare his son for the crown. Nicholas fell in love with Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhi ...
See also:Nicholas II of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia - Family background and early life, Nicholas II of Russia - Family, Nicholas II of Russia - Relationship with the Duma, Nicholas II of Russia - Tsarevich Alexei's illness, Nicholas II of Russia - The Great War, Nicholas II of Russia - Revolution and abdication, Nicholas II of Russia - Death, Nicholas II of Russia - Sainthood, Nicholas II of Russia - Footnotes Read more here: » Nicholas II of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Nicholas II of Russia - Family background and early life |
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| | | | | Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - List of flags - National flags
List of flags - A.
Flag of Afghanistan -
Flag of Albania -
Flag of Algeria -
Flag of American Samoa -
Flag of Andorra -
Flag of Angola -
Flag of Anguilla -
Flag of Antarctica -
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda -
Flag of Argentina -
Flag of Armenia -
Flag of Aruba -
Flag of Australia -
Flag of Austria -
Flag of Azerbaijan -
List of ...
See also:List of flags, List of flags - National flags, List of flags - A, List of flags - B, List of flags - C, List of flags - D, List of flags - E, List of flags - F, List of flags - G, List of flags - H, List of flags - I, List of flags - J, List of flags - K, List of flags - L, List of flags - M, List of flags - N, List of flags - O, List of flags - P, List of flags - Q, List of flags - R, List of flags - S, List of flags - T, List of flags - U, List of flags - V, List of flags - W, List of flags - Y, List of flags - Z, List of flags - Regional flags, List of flags - Australian states and territories, List of flags - Austrian states, List of flags - Regions communities and provinces of Belgium, List of flags - Regions and communities, List of flags - Provinces, List of flags - Brazilian states, List of flags - Canadian provinces and territories, List of flags - Provinces and territories, List of flags - Other, List of flags - Regions of England, List of flags - Regions of France, List of flags - Overseas regions, List of flags - German State flags, List of flags - Greek region of Macedonia, List of flags - Regions of Ireland, List of flags - Regions of Italy, List of flags - Provinces of the Netherlands, List of flags - Regions of Russia, List of flags - Russian republics, List of flags - Russian Krais, List of flags - Russian Oblasts, List of flags - Russian Federal cities, List of flags - Russian Autonomous oblasts, List of flags - Russian Autonomous districts, List of flags - Regions of Scotland, List of flags - States of Serbia and Montenegro, List of flags - Autonomous communities of Spain, List of flags - Cantons of Switzerland, List of flags - Subdivisions of the United Kingdom, List of flags - Constituencies, List of flags - Overseas territories, List of flags - Crown depencies, List of flags - U.S. States, List of flags - U.S. states, List of flags - Insular areas and the Federal District, List of flags - Other flags, List of flags - Historical flags, List of flags - Yugoslav Socialist Republic flags, List of flags - Soviet Republic flags, List of flags - Italian flags, List of flags - Other historical or otherwise, List of flags - Flags and Flag concepts of New Zealand, List of flags - Flags of the United States Armed Forces, List of flags - Political flags, List of flags - Religious flags, List of flags - City flags, List of flags - International flags, List of flags - Language flags, List of flags - Cultural flags, List of flags - Planets flags Read more here: » List of flags: Encyclopedia II - List of flags - National flags |
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