Main article: Novgorod Republic Novgorod is the most ancient Slavic city recorded in Russia. The chronicle first mentions it in 859, when it was already a major station on the trade route from the Baltics to Byzantium. The Varangian name of the city Holmgard (also Holmgarðr, Hólmgarður, Holmgaard, Holmegård) is mentioned in Norse Sagas as existing substantially earlier, but it is impossible to separate the historical facts from the surrounding myth. Later in history, Holmgard referred only ...

See also:

Novgorod, Novgorod - History, Novgorod - Sights, Novgorod - Sister Cities

Read more here: » Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Novgorod - History

1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). 1944 - Events. January 4 - The Battle of Monte Cassino begins. January 5 - Murder of Danish playwright Kaj Munk. January 14 - The Soviet troops start the offensive at Leningrad and Novgorod. January 17 - British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River. January 17 - Meat Rationing ends in Australia. January 20 - The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 to ...

Including:

• 1944 - Events
• 1944 - Other events
• 1944 - Unknown dates
• 1944 - Ongoing events
• 1944 - Births
• 1944 - January
• 1944 - February
• 1944 - March
• 1944 - April
• 1944 - May
• 1944 - June-October
• 1944 - November-December
• 1944 - Deaths
• 1944 - January-May
• 1944 - July-August
• 1944 - September-December
• 1944 - Date unknown
• 1944 - Nobel Prizes

Read more here: » 1944: Encyclopedia - 1944

Yuriy II (Юрий II), also known as George II of Vladimir or Georgy II Vsevolodovich (1189 - 1238), was the 4th Grand Prince of Vladimir (1212-16, 1218-38) who presided over Vladimir-Suzdal at the time of the Mongol invasion of Russia. The third and best-loved son of Vsevolod III, he first distinguished himself in the battles against Ryazan in 1208. His father wanted Yury to inherit Rostov and his elder brother Konstantin to succeed him in Vladimir. The latter, however, declared that he would rule both towns or nothing at all. Thereupon Vsevolod disinher ...

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Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy (Russian: Влади́миро-Су́здальское кня́жество), or Vladimir-Suzdal Rus (Влади́мирско-Су́здальская Русь), was a major principality which succeeded Kievan Rus as the most powerful East Slavic state in the late 12th century and lasted until the late 14th century. Traditionally perceived as a cradle of the Great Russian language and nationality, Vladimir-Suzdal gradually ev ...

Including:

• Vladimir-Suzdal - Origin
• Vladimir-Suzdal - Heyday
• Vladimir-Suzdal - Mongol yoke

Read more here: » Vladimir-Suzdal: Encyclopedia - Vladimir-Suzdal

Bylina (Russian: были́на, also Byliny and Stariny) is a traditional epic, heroic narrative poetry of early East Slavs of Kievan Rus, the tradition continued in Russia and Ukraine. Bylina comes from the Russian "byl'" (быль), a word which signifies a story of real events, as opposed to a fictional one. Bylinas are kind of poetry without rhyme (blank verse), but with a characteristic rhythm, a kind of free verse. Most of bylinas were preserved in northern regions of Russia, and their style ...

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The Book of Veles (also: Veles Book, Vles book, Vlesbook, Isenbeck's Planks, Велесова книга, Влес книга, Влескнига, Книга Велеса, Дощечки Изенбека, Дощьки Изенбека) is claimed to be a text of ancient Slavic religion and history. It contains religious passages and accounts of history interspersed with religious morals. The earliest events in the book could be dated around 7th c ...

Including:

• Book of Veles - Authenticity
• Book of Veles - The planks
• Book of Veles - History of the book's discovery
• Book of Veles - An alternative history of a forgery
• Book of Veles - Excerpts
• Book of Veles - Plank 2/B
• Book of Veles - From Plank 7/A
• Book of Veles - Plank 11/A
• Book of Veles - From Plank 26/B

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The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: 元朝 or 大元帝國) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty, was the name given to the significant ruling family of Borjigin in Asia. It invaded and ruled, during its hundred year life, over the Mongol Empire (stretching from Eastern Europe to the Middle-east to Russia), Korea and China. In the historiography of China, it followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty in China. Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yu ...

Including:

• Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yuan
• Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire
• Yuan Dynasty - Aspirations to China
• Yuan Dynasty - Northern Conquest
• Yuan Dynasty - Golden Age of the Yuan
• Yuan Dynasty - Establishment of the Yuan
• Yuan Dynasty - Early Rule
• Yuan Dynasty - Impact
• Yuan Dynasty - Downfall of the Yuan
• Yuan Dynasty - Civil Unrest
• Yuan Dynasty - Loss of China
• Yuan Dynasty - Northern Yuan

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Vodka is a typically colorless liquor, usually distilled from fermented grain. It is commonly thought that the term is a diminutive of the Slavic word "voda" (woda, вода) for "water." Except for insignificant amounts of flavorings, vodka consists of water and alcohol (ethanol). Vodka usually has an alcohol content ranging from 35 percent to 60 percent by volume. The classic Russian vodka is 40 percent (80 degrees proof), the number being attributed to the famous Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. According to the Vodka Museu ...

Including:

• Vodka - History
• Vodka - Vodka production
• Vodka - Differences in taste between brands
• Vodka - Sources
• Vodka - Vodka and politics

Read more here: » Vodka: Encyclopedia - Vodka

Volokolamsk (Russian: Волокола́мск) is an administrative center of the Volokolamsk Raion (district) of the Moscow Oblast (province) in Russia. Volokolamsk is located 129 km northwest of Moscow on the Gorodenka River, not far from its confluence with the Lama River. Population: 16,700 (2003). Volokolamsk was first mentioned in the Voskresensk Chronicle under the year of 1135. The town was built by Novgorodian merchants on a 5-kilometer portage (volok in Russian) on a ...

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The Cholera Riots (Холерные бунты in Russian) were the anti-serf riots of the urban population, peasants and soldiers in Russia in 1830-1831 during the cholera outbreak. The riots were caused by the anti-cholera measures, undertaken by the tsarist government, such as quarantine, armed cordons and migratory restrictions. Influenced by rumors of deliberate contamination of ordinary people by government officials and doctors, agitated mobs started raiding police departments and state hospitals, killing hated fu ...

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Vologda (Russian: Во́логда) is a city in Russia, administrative center of Vologda Oblast. It is located at 59°12′N 39°51′E, and has a population of 293,046 (2002). Vologda takes its name from the Vologda River which flows through the city. Its name means "the pure one" in the language of indigenous Finno-Ugric population. Vologda was first mentioned in Novgorod chronicles for 1147, when Saint Gerasim found a church and village already standing there. Surrounded by impassable wo ...

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Birger jarl ▶ (help·info) (English: "Earl Birger"), full name Birger Magnusson of Bjälbo (1210 – October 21, 1266), was a Swedish statesman and the founder of Stockholm. He was a member of the ancient noble family of the Folkung (Folkungaätten). Birger jarl - Biography. Birger was born in 1210 (exact date uncertain) as the son of Magnus Minnesköld of Bjälbo and Ingrid Ylva, nephew to the Earl Birger Brosa. In 12 ...

Including:

• Birger jarl - Biography
• Birger jarl - Children
• Birger jarl - Mother unknown
• Birger jarl - With Ingeborg Eriksdotter
• Birger jarl - With Mechtild doubtful

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Adam Olearius (born Adam Oehlschlaeger) (1603-1671), German scholar, mathematician, geographer and librarian. He became secretary to the ambassador sent by the duke of Holstein-Gottorp to the Shah of Persia, and published two books about the events and observations during his travels. Adam Olearius - Travels. He was born at Aschersleben, near Magdeburg. After studying at Leipzig he became librarian and court mathematician to Duke Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp, and in 1633 he was appointed secreta ...

Including:

• Adam Olearius - Travels
• Adam Olearius - Books

Read more here: » Adam Olearius: Encyclopedia - Adam Olearius

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages. 13th century - Events. Genghis Khan, Temujin by birth is claimed "Khan of Khans" by the Mongol tribes. Mongols under Genghis Khan conquer and rule over most of Asia and Eastern Europe by establishing Mongol Empire Ogedei Khan establish Mongolian dynasty in China. Some Mo ...

Including:

• 13th century - Events
• 13th century - Significant people
• 13th century - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 13th century - Decades and years

Read more here: » 13th century: Encyclopedia - 13th century

The Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia. With an area of 17,075,200 km² (6,595,600 mi²), it is the largest country in the world (by land mass), covering almost twice the territory of the next-largest country, Canada. I ...

Including:

• Russia - History
• Russia - Ancient Rus
• Russia - Imperial Russia
• Russia - Russia as part of Soviet Union
• Russia - Post-Soviet Russia
• Russia - Politics
• Russia - Subdivisions
• Russia - Geography and Climate
• Russia - Borders
• Russia - Spatial extent
• Russia - Cities
• Russia - Economy
• Russia - Demographics
• Russia - Culture
• Russia - Name
• Russia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Russia: Encyclopedia - Russia

Bogomilism is the Gnostic dualistic sect, the synthesis of Armenian Paulicianism and local Slavonic Church reform movement in Bulgaria between 950 and 1396. Bogomilism - The Origin. The now defunct Gnostic social-religious movement and doctrine originated in the time of Peter I of Bulgaria (927-969) as a reaction against state and clerical oppression. In spite of all measures of repression, it remained strong and popular until the fall of Bulgaria in the end of 14th century. It is difficult to ascert ...

Including:

• Bogomilism - The Origin
• Bogomilism - Doctrine
• Bogomilism - History
• Bogomilism - Name

Read more here: » Bogomilism: Encyclopedia - Bogomilism

Ögedei, (also Ögädäi, Ögedäi, Ogotai, etc.) (1186-1241), was the third son of Genghis Khan. He succeeded his father to rule as the second great Khan of the Mongol Empire. He continued the expansion the empire that his father had begun. Like all of Genghis' primary sons, he participated extensively in conquests in Western China and Central Asia. He was elected supreme khan in 1229, according to the kuriltai held after Genghis' death, although this was never really in doubt as it was Genghis' clear wish ...

Read more here: » Ögedei Khan: Encyclopedia - Ögedei Khan

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. 15th century - Events. 1401: Timur sacks Baghdad. 1402: The Ottoman and Timurid Empires fought at the Battle of Ankara resulting in Timur's capture of Bayezid I. The Ottoman Empire descends into civil war until 1413. 1402: The conquest of the Canary Islands signals the start of the Spanish Empire. 1402: Sultanate of Malacca founded by Par ...

Including:

• 15th century - Events
• 15th century - Significant people
• 15th century - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 15th century - Decades and years

Read more here: » 15th century: Encyclopedia - 15th century

The name Viking is a borrowed word from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, the British Isles, and other parts of Europe from the late 8th century to the 11th century. Vikings traveled to the west and Varangians, who were best known as the Varangian Guards of the Byzantine emperors, to the east. This period of European history (generally dated to 793 - 1066 AD) is often referred to as the Viking Age. The word “Viking” was introduced to the English language with ro ...

Including:

• Viking - Etymology
• Viking - Historical records
• Viking - Adam of Bremen
• Viking - Rune stones
• Viking - Icelandic sagas
• Viking - 13th century
• Viking - Viking ships and Viking longships
• Viking - The Viking Age
• Viking - The Viking invasions: a commercial war?
• Viking - Decline
• Viking - Modern revivals
• Viking - Romanticism
• Viking - Fascism
• Viking - Living History
• Viking - Myths about Vikings
• Viking - Horned helmets
• Viking - Skull cups
• Viking - Uncleanliness
• Viking - Famous Vikings
• Viking - Books
• Viking - Movies
• Viking - Culture
• Viking - Historians
• Viking - Archaeology
• Viking - Place names
• Viking - Military
• Viking - Popular Culture
• Viking - Bibliography

Read more here: » Viking: Encyclopedia - Viking

The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53 deg. to 66 deg. north latitude and from 20 deg. to 26 deg. east longitude. It is bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainlands of Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Central Europe, and the Danish islands. It drains into the Kattegat by way of the Öresund, the Great Belt and the Little Belt. Kattegat then continues in the Skagerrak into the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The Baltic Sea is linked to the White Sea by the White Sea Canal and directly to the North Sea by the Ki ...

Including:

• Baltic Sea - Name
• Baltic Sea - Etymology
• Baltic Sea - The name in other languages
• Baltic Sea - Geophysical data
• Baltic Sea - Dimensions
• Baltic Sea - Icing in winter
• Baltic Sea - Hydrography
• Baltic Sea - Salinity
• Baltic Sea - Regional emergence
• Baltic Sea - Geographic data
• Baltic Sea - Subdivisions
• Baltic Sea - Land use
• Baltic Sea - Demographics
• Baltic Sea - Geologic history
• Baltic Sea - Prehistory
• Baltic Sea - History
• Baltic Sea - Biology
• Baltic Sea - Economy
• Baltic Sea - Countries
• Baltic Sea - Islands and Archipelagoes
• Baltic Sea - Cities

Read more here: » Baltic Sea: Encyclopedia - Baltic Sea