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Northwest Caucasian languages | A Wisdom Archive on Northwest Caucasian languages | | Northwest Caucasian languages A selection of articles related to Northwest Caucasian languages | |
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More material related to Northwest Caucasian Languages can be found here:
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Northwest Caucasian languages | | | |  Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Northwest Caucasian languages - ClassificationThere are five recognized languages in the Northwest Caucasian family: Abkhaz, Abaza, Kabardian or East Circassian, Adyghe or West Circassian, and Ubykh. They are classified as follows:
Abkhaz-Abaza dialects
Abaza (45,000 speakers)
Abkhaz (Abxaz) (110,000)
Circassian dialects (Cherkess)
Adyghe (Adyge) (500,000)
Kabardian (1,000,000)
Ubykh (Ubyx) (extinct)
Northwest Caucasian languages - Circassian dialect continuum.
Circassian (or Cherkess) is a cover term for the series of diale ...
See also:Northwest Caucasian languages, Northwest Caucasian languages - Main features, Northwest Caucasian languages - Phonetics, Northwest Caucasian languages - Grammar, Northwest Caucasian languages - Classification, Northwest Caucasian languages - Circassian dialect continuum, Northwest Caucasian languages - Abkhaz-Abaza dialect continuum, Northwest Caucasian languages - Ubykh Ubyx language, Northwest Caucasian languages - Relationship to other language families, Northwest Caucasian languages - Connections to Hattic, Northwest Caucasian languages - Connections to Indo-European, Northwest Caucasian languages - North Caucasian family, Northwest Caucasian languages - Higher-level connections Read more here: » Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Northwest Caucasian languages - Classification |
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| | | | Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Labialisation - Transcription In the International Phonetic Alphabet, labio-velarization of consonants is indicated with a raised double-u diacritic, as in kʷ. There are also diacritics, respectively ɔ̹ ɔ̜, to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding. These are normally used with vowels, but may occur with consonants. For example, in the Athabaskan language Hupa, voiceless velar fricatives distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either [x x̹ xʷ] or See also:Labialisation, Labialisation - Where found, Labialisation - Types of labialization, Labialisation - Transcription, Labialisation - Labial assimilaton Read more here: » Labialisation: Encyclopedia II - Labialisation - Transcription |
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| | | | Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Bilabial trill - In other languages The bilabial trill exists as a phoneme in a few languages. In most of the languages where it occurs, it occurs only as a prenasalised bilabial stop with trilled release, [mbʙ]. This developed historically from a prenasalized stop before a relatively high back vowel, such as [mbu], in all but a couple languages, and are usually still limited to such environments. An example is the Kele word [mbʙuen] "its fruit". The known exceptions to this pattern are in Nias ...
See also:Bilabial trill, Bilabial trill - Features, Bilabial trill - In English, Bilabial trill - In other languages, Bilabial trill - Amuzgo, Bilabial trill - Baka, Bilabial trill - Northwest Caucasian languages, Bilabial trill - Pirahã, Bilabial trill - Yi Read more here: » Bilabial trill: Encyclopedia II - Bilabial trill - In other languages |
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| | | | Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Wichita language - Sounds Wichita has been claimed to be unusually asymmetrical at a phonemic level, though this is less apparent at a phonetic level.
Wichita language - Consonants.
Wichita has 10 consonants. In the Americanist orthography generally used when describing Wichita, [ts] is spelled <c>, and [j] <y>.
Labials are generally absent, occurring in only two roots: kammac to grind corn and camma:ci to hoe, to cultivate.
Nasals are allophonic. The allophones r and n are in complementary distribution, and the bilabial nasal m occurs in ...
See also:Wichita language, Wichita language - Sounds, Wichita language - Consonants, Wichita language - Vowels, Wichita language - Tone, Wichita language - Syllable and phonotactics, Wichita language - Grammar, Wichita language - External link, Wichita language - Bibliography Read more here: » Wichita language: Encyclopedia II - Wichita language - Sounds |
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| | | | Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Northeast Caucasian languages - Language classification The classification of the Northeast Caucasian languages has undergone some reorganization in recent years. The following tree is a typical recent proposal, based on the work of linguist Bernard Comrie and others. Population data is from Ethnologue 15th ed.
Northeast Caucasian languages - Nakh family.
Spoken in Chechnya, Ingushetia, and Georgia. Chechen and Ingush are official languages of their respective republics.
Batsbi (Bats) (3400 speakers)
Veinakh languages
Chechen (955,00 ...
See also:Northeast Caucasian languages, Northeast Caucasian languages - Linguistic features, Northeast Caucasian languages - Language classification, Northeast Caucasian languages - Nakh family, Northeast Caucasian languages - Avar-Andi family, Northeast Caucasian languages - Tsez Dido family, Northeast Caucasian languages - Lak isolate, Northeast Caucasian languages - Dargi Dargin dialect continuum, Northeast Caucasian languages - Khinalug Xinalug isolate, Northeast Caucasian languages - Lezgian family, Northeast Caucasian languages - Connections to other families, Northeast Caucasian languages - North Caucasian family, Northeast Caucasian languages - Connections to Hurrian and Urartian, Northeast Caucasian languages - Agricultural vocabulary Read more here: » Northeast Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Northeast Caucasian languages - Language classification |
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| | | | Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Languages of the Caucasus - Possible affinities with other languages Since the birth of comparative linguistics in the 19th century, the riddle of the apparently isolated Caucasian language families has attracted the attention of many scholars who have strenuously tried to relate them to other languages outside the Caucasus region. While most linguists do not accept these proposals, there may be connections between the Northwest and Northeast Caucasian families and some extinct languages formerly spoken in Anatolia and ...
See also:Languages of the Caucasus, Languages of the Caucasus - Language families, Languages of the Caucasus - Families restricted to the Caucasus area, Languages of the Caucasus - Families with wider distribution, Languages of the Caucasus - Proposed higher-level classifications, Languages of the Caucasus - North Caucasian languages, Languages of the Caucasus - Ibero-Caucasian languages, Languages of the Caucasus - Possible affinities with other languages, Languages of the Caucasus - Hattic, Languages of the Caucasus - Hurrian and Urartian, Languages of the Caucasus - Basque, Languages of the Caucasus - Western Iberian language, Languages of the Caucasus - Dene-Caucasian family Read more here: » Languages of the Caucasus: Encyclopedia II - Languages of the Caucasus - Possible affinities with other languages |
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| | | | Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Polysynthetic language - Origin of term The term "polysynthesis" was probably first used in a linguistic sense by Peter Stephen Duponceau (a.k.a. Pierre Étienne Duponceau) in 1819 as a term to describe American languages.
"Three principal results have forcibly struck my mind... They are the following:
1. That the American languages in general are rich in grammatical forms, and that in their complicated construction, the greatest order, method and regularity prevail
2. That these complicated forms, which I call polysynthesis, appear ...
See also:Polysynthetic language, Polysynthetic language - Definition, Polysynthetic language - Origin of term, Polysynthetic language - Examples, Polysynthetic language - Chukchi, Polysynthetic language - Classical Ainu, Polysynthetic language - Western Greenlandic, Polysynthetic language - Northwest Caucasian, Polysynthetic language - Distribution of polysynthetic languages, Polysynthetic language - Theoretical issues, Polysynthetic language - Bibliography Read more here: » Polysynthetic language: Encyclopedia II - Polysynthetic language - Origin of term |
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| | | | Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Sibilant consonant - Inventories Only the alveolar and palato-alveolar sibilants are distinguished in English; the former are apical, while the latter are slightly labialized and generally called simply "postalveolar": [s̺ z̺] [ʃʷ̜ ʒʷ̜]. Polish and Russian have laminal denti-alveolars, palatalized denti-alveolars, flat postalveolars, and alveolo-palatals, [s̪ z̪] [s̪ʲ z̪ʲ] [s̠ z̠] [ɕ ʑ]; whereas Mandarin has apical alveolars, flat postalveolars, and alveolo-palatals, See also:Sibilant consonant, Sibilant consonant - The term, Sibilant consonant - Symbols, Sibilant consonant - Inventories, Sibilant consonant - Other definitions of sibilant Read more here: » Sibilant consonant: Encyclopedia II - Sibilant consonant - Inventories |
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| | | | Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Sibilant consonant - Other definitions of sibilant Some authors, as for instance Chomsky & Halle (1964), group [ f ] and [ v ] as sibilants. However, they do not have the grooved articulation and high frequencies of other sibilants, and most phoneticians (for instance by Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996), continue to group them together with the bilabial fricatives [ ɸ, β ] as non-sibilant anterior fricatives. Some researchers judge [ f ] to ...
See also:Sibilant consonant, Sibilant consonant - The term, Sibilant consonant - Symbols, Sibilant consonant - Inventories, Sibilant consonant - Other definitions of sibilant Read more here: » Sibilant consonant: Encyclopedia II - Sibilant consonant - Other definitions of sibilant |
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| | | | Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Languages of the Caucasus - Proposed higher-level classifications A topic that has attracted much research since the 19th century is the classification of the four major Caucasian families into larger groups. Unfortunately this field is quite sensitive, given the complex ethnic and political situation of the region, both before and after the extinction of the Soviet Union. As in many other regions of the globe, linguistic arguments are often used to back up or dismiss territorial disputes and separatist movements. Given the general paucity of linguistic and historical evidence for inter-family relationships, those political implications often dominate the debate.< ...
See also:Languages of the Caucasus, Languages of the Caucasus - Language families, Languages of the Caucasus - Families restricted to the Caucasus area, Languages of the Caucasus - Families with wider distribution, Languages of the Caucasus - Proposed higher-level classifications, Languages of the Caucasus - North Caucasian languages, Languages of the Caucasus - Ibero-Caucasian languages, Languages of the Caucasus - Possible affinities with other languages, Languages of the Caucasus - Hattic, Languages of the Caucasus - Hurrian and Urartian, Languages of the Caucasus - Basque, Languages of the Caucasus - Western Iberian language, Languages of the Caucasus - Dene-Caucasian family Read more here: » Languages of the Caucasus: Encyclopedia II - Languages of the Caucasus - Proposed higher-level classifications |
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| | | | Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Languages of the Caucasus - Language families
Languages of the Caucasus - Families restricted to the Caucasus area.
Most of the languages spoken in the Caucasus area fall into three widely accepted language families. These families were essentially restricted to the Caucasus area through historic times, hence their common label Caucasian languages.
South Caucasian, also called the Georgian or Kartvelian family
Includes Georgian, the official language of Georgia, with four million speakers;
Northwest Caucasian, also called the Abx ...
See also:Languages of the Caucasus, Languages of the Caucasus - Language families, Languages of the Caucasus - Families restricted to the Caucasus area, Languages of the Caucasus - Families with wider distribution, Languages of the Caucasus - Proposed higher-level classifications, Languages of the Caucasus - North Caucasian languages, Languages of the Caucasus - Ibero-Caucasian languages, Languages of the Caucasus - Possible affinities with other languages, Languages of the Caucasus - Hattic, Languages of the Caucasus - Hurrian and Urartian, Languages of the Caucasus - Basque, Languages of the Caucasus - Western Iberian language, Languages of the Caucasus - Dene-Caucasian family Read more here: » Languages of the Caucasus: Encyclopedia II - Languages of the Caucasus - Language families |
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| | | | Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Polysynthetic language - Definition The degree of synthesis refers to the morpheme-to-word ratio. Languages with more than one morpheme per word are synthetic. Polysynthetic languages lie at the extreme end of the synthesis continuum with a very high number of morphemes per word (at the other extreme are isolating or analytic languages with only one morpheme per word).
These highly synthetic languages often have very long words that correspo ...
See also:Polysynthetic language, Polysynthetic language - Definition, Polysynthetic language - Origin of term, Polysynthetic language - Examples, Polysynthetic language - Chukchi, Polysynthetic language - Classical Ainu, Polysynthetic language - Western Greenlandic, Polysynthetic language - Northwest Caucasian, Polysynthetic language - Distribution of polysynthetic languages, Polysynthetic language - Theoretical issues, Polysynthetic language - Bibliography Read more here: » Polysynthetic language: Encyclopedia II - Polysynthetic language - Definition |
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| | | | Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Labialisation - Where found Labialisation is the most widespread secondary articulation in the world's languages. It is found in the Northwest Caucasian, Athabaskan, Salishan, and Indo-European language families, among others.
American English has three degrees of labialization: Fully rounded /w/ and initial /ɹ/, open-rounded /ʃ ʒ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/, and unrounded, which in vowels is sometimes called sprea ...
See also:Labialisation, Labialisation - Where found, Labialisation - Types of labialization, Labialisation - Transcription, Labialisation - Labial assimilaton Read more here: » Labialisation: Encyclopedia II - Labialisation - Where found |
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| | | | Northwest Caucasian languages: Encyclopedia II - Polysynthetic language - Examples Examples of polysynthetic languages include Inuktitut, Mohawk, Classical Ainu, Central Siberian Yupik, Cherokee, Sora, Chukchi and numerous other languages of North America and Siberia.
Polysynthetic language - Chukchi.
An example from Chukchi, a polysynthetic, incorporating, and agglutinating language:
Təmeyŋəlevtpəγtərkən.
t-ə-meyŋ-ə-levt-pəγt-ə-rkən
1.SG.SUBJ-great-head-hurt-PRES.1
'I have a fierce heada ...
See also:Polysynthetic language, Polysynthetic language - Definition, Polysynthetic language - Origin of term, Polysynthetic language - Examples, Polysynthetic language - Chukchi, Polysynthetic language - Classical Ainu, Polysynthetic language - Western Greenlandic, Polysynthetic language - Northwest Caucasian, Polysynthetic language - Distribution of polysynthetic languages, Polysynthetic language - Theoretical issues, Polysynthetic language - Bibliography Read more here: » Polysynthetic language: Encyclopedia II - Polysynthetic language - Examples |
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More material related to Northwest Caucasian Languages can be found here:
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