After the abdication of Edgar the Aetheling (whom William had never recognised anyway) from the kingship of England in December 1066, the population of northern England found themselves bereft of the state protection which a king provided, for William's victory had not been secured there. Due to their mixed Anglo-Scandinavian ethnicity, they preferred as their kings members of the House of Munsö of Sweden or the Fairhair Dynasty of Norway, or the Anglo-Saxon House of Wessex. Despite their never having sworn allegiance to him, William considered the northerners rebels as they were within the realm of King ...

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Harrying of the North, Harrying of the North - Background, Harrying of the North - The Harrying, Harrying of the North - Legacy, Harrying of the North - Sources

Read more here: » Harrying of the North: Encyclopedia II - Harrying of the North - Background

Thatcher Ministry - Changes. October 1983: Tom King succeeds Norman Tebbit as Secretary of State for Employment. Norman Tebbit succeeds Cecil Parkinson as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. Nicholas Ridley succeeds Tom King as Secretary of State for Transport. September 1984: Lord Gowrie succeeds Lord Cockfield as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Douglas Hurd succeeds James Prior as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. Lord Young of Graffham enters the cabinet as Minister without P ...

See also:

Thatcher Ministry, Thatcher Ministry - The Ministry, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet May 1979–September 1981, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet September 1981–June 1983, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet June 1983–June 1987, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet June 1987–July 1989, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet July 1989–November 1990, Thatcher Ministry - Changes

Read more here: » Thatcher Ministry: Encyclopedia II - Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet June 1983–June 1987

On April 13, 1964, Malcolm departed JFK Airport, New York for Cairo, Egypt by way of Frankfurt, Germany. It was the second time Malcolm had been to Africa. Malcolm left Cairo arriving in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia at about three in the morning. He was automatically suspect due to his inability to speak the Arabic language and his United States passport. He was separated from the group he came with and was isolated. He spent about 20 hours wearing the ihram, a two-piece towel outfit wrapping the wearer from the waist down with one towel and fro ...

See also:

Malcolm X, Malcolm X - Name, Malcolm X - Birth and early years, Malcolm X - Prison, Malcolm X - Nation of Islam, Malcolm X - Marriage, Malcolm X - Hajj, Malcolm X - A Changed Man, Malcolm X - Africa, Malcolm X - Death and aftermath, Malcolm X - Funeral, Malcolm X - Biographies and speeches, Malcolm X - Notes

Read more here: » Malcolm X: Encyclopedia II - Malcolm X - Hajj

Thatcher Ministry - Changes. October 1987: Lord Mackay of Clashfern succeeds Lord Havers as Lord Chancellor. January 1988: Lord Whitelaw retires and is succeeded by John Wakeham as Lord President; no new Deputy Prime Minister is appointed until July 1989. Lord Belstead succeeds Wakeham as Lord Privy Seal. July 1988: Department of Health and Social Security broken up into component parts. John Moore continues on as Secretary of State for Social Security. Kenneth Clarke becomes Secretary of ...

See also:

Thatcher Ministry, Thatcher Ministry - The Ministry, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet May 1979–September 1981, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet September 1981–June 1983, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet June 1983–June 1987, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet June 1987–July 1989, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet July 1989–November 1990, Thatcher Ministry - Changes

Read more here: » Thatcher Ministry: Encyclopedia II - Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet June 1987–July 1989

At that juncture, Ethelwin abandoned the pro-Norman camp (the only English prelate to do so) and a mixed army of Gaels, Vikings, and Angles fell on the north to secure the throne for the old dynasty. The army captured York, but made no other headway and the Northumbrians proclaimed no independent state. William promptly and without delay marched an army north, violently razing all the way, to devastate the illegitimate Saxon prince. Again Edgar fled to Scotland and, for the first time in many years, ...

See also:

Harrying of the North, Harrying of the North - Background, Harrying of the North - The Harrying, Harrying of the North - Legacy, Harrying of the North - Sources

Read more here: » Harrying of the North: Encyclopedia II - Harrying of the North - The Harrying

It was not until 1072 that William appointed another earl in Northumbria and the Scots made peace. It was, further, not until 1074 that Edgar and William made peace and William's hold on the crown was not even theoretically opposed. From the Norman point of view, the tactics were a complete success, as large areas, including regions as south and west as Staffordshire, were waste (wasta est, as Domesday says) and further rebellions of any substance did not occur. Contemporary biographers of William considered it to be his cruelest act and a stain upon his soul, but the deed was little mentioned before Whig hist ...

See also:

Harrying of the North, Harrying of the North - Background, Harrying of the North - The Harrying, Harrying of the North - Legacy, Harrying of the North - Sources

Read more here: » Harrying of the North: Encyclopedia II - Harrying of the North - Legacy

He explained the name he chose by saying, "To take one's 'X' is to take on a certain mystery, a certain possibility of power in the eyes of one's peers and one's enemies ... The 'X'; announced what you had been and what you had become: Ex-smoker, Ex-drinker, Ex-Christian, Ex-slave." The 'X' also stood for the unknown original surname of the slaves from whom Malcolm X descended, in preference to continuing to use a name which would have been given by the slave owner. This rationale made many members of the Nation o ...

See also:

Malcolm X, Malcolm X - Name, Malcolm X - Birth and early years, Malcolm X - Prison, Malcolm X - Nation of Islam, Malcolm X - Marriage, Malcolm X - Tensions, Malcolm X - Hajj, Malcolm X - A Changed Man, Malcolm X - Africa, Malcolm X - Assassination, Malcolm X - Funeral, Malcolm X - Biographies and speeches, Malcolm X - Media files, Malcolm X - Notes

Read more here: » Malcolm X: Encyclopedia II - Malcolm X - Name

Thatcher Ministry - Changes. January 1981: Francis Pym succeeds Norman St John-Stevas as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Pym succeeds Angus Maude as Paymaster-General. John Nott succeeds Pym as Secretary of State for Defence. John Biffen succeeds Nott as Secretary of State for Trade and President of the Board of Trade. Leon Brittan succeeds John Biffen as Chief Secretary to the Treasury. St John-Stevas resigns as Minister for the Arts. His successor is not in the cabinet. The post of Secretary of Stat ...

See also:

Thatcher Ministry, Thatcher Ministry - The Ministry, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet May 1979–September 1981, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet September 1981–June 1983, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet June 1983–June 1987, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet June 1987–July 1989, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet July 1989–November 1990, Thatcher Ministry - Changes

Read more here: » Thatcher Ministry: Encyclopedia II - Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet May 1979–September 1981

William initiated many major changes. In 1085, in order to ascertain the extent of his new dominionans and maximize taxation, William commissioned the compilation of the Domesday Book, a survey of England's productive capacity similar to a modern census. He also ordered many castles, keeps, and mots, among them the Tower of London, to be built across England to ensure that the rebellions by the English people or his own followers would not succeed. His conquest also led to Norman replacing English as t ...

See also:

William I of England, William I of England - Early life history, William I of England - Conquest of England, William I of England - William's reign, William I of England - Death burial and succession, William I of England - Children of William and Matilda, William I of England - Honours

Read more here: » William I of England: Encyclopedia II - William I of England - William's reign

Cabinets listed chronologically. These are the cabinets under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (from May 1979 to November 1990). ...

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Thatcher Ministry, Thatcher Ministry - The Ministry, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet May 1979–September 1981, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet September 1981–June 1983, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet June 1983–June 1987, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet June 1987–July 1989, Thatcher Ministry - Changes, Thatcher Ministry - Cabinet July 1989–November 1990, Thatcher Ministry - Changes

Read more here: » Thatcher Ministry: Encyclopedia II - Thatcher Ministry - The Ministry

A great deal of attention is drawn to fantastic machines, buildings, cities, and transportation systems. The futuristic design ethic of the early 20th century tends to solid colors, streamlined shapes, and mammoth scales. It might be said that 20th century futuristic vision found its ultimate expression in the development of googie or populuxe design. Retro-futurism - Artists who have worked with a futuristic style admired by retro-future enthusiasts. Richard Arbib (1917-1995) [1964 World's Fair, New ...

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Retro-futurism, Retro-futurism - Literature, Retro-futurism - Film and literature, Retro-futurism - Design and arts, Retro-futurism - Artists who have worked with a futuristic style admired by retro-future enthusiasts, Retro-futurism - Architecture, Retro-futurism - Books on retro-futurism

Read more here: » Retro-futurism: Encyclopedia II - Retro-futurism - Design and arts

September 1981: A substantial reshuffle took place: Margaret Thatcher: Prime Minister William Whitelaw: Deputy Prime Minister and Secretary of State for the Home Department Francis Pym: Lord President of the Council Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone: Lord Chancellor Humphrey Atkins: Lord Privy Seal Sir Geoffrey Howe: Chancellor of the Exchequer Leon Brittan: Chief Secretary to the Treasury Lord Carrington: Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

The BHHRG was founded in 1992. It is run from the Oxford home of historian Professor Norman Stone, who has on occasion taken part in BHHRG activities, and was co-founded by his wife Christine Stone and fellow Oxford historian Mark Almond (who is also its chairman). Its trustees comprise Mark Almond, Anthony Daniels (who writes for the Daily Telegraph under the pseudonym Theodore Dalrymple), John Laughland, Christine Stone and Mary Walsh. Almond, Daniels, Laughland and Stone are members of Britain's conservative intelligentsia and are regular ...

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British Helsinki Human Rights Group, British Helsinki Human Rights Group - Membership and funding, British Helsinki Human Rights Group - Alleged activities and achievements, British Helsinki Human Rights Group - Most controversial aspects, British Helsinki Human Rights Group - Links and references, British Helsinki Human Rights Group - Articles by the BHHRG, British Helsinki Human Rights Group - Articles by others about the BHHRG

Read more here: » British Helsinki Human Rights Group: Encyclopedia II - British Helsinki Human Rights Group - Membership and funding

He explained the name he chose by saying, "To take one's 'X' is to take on a certain mystery, a certain possibility of power in the eyes of one's peers and one's enemies ... The 'X'; announced what you had been and what you had become: Ex-smoker, Ex-drinker, Ex-Christian, Ex-slave." The 'X' also stood for the unknown original surname of the slaves from whom Malcolm X descended, in preference to continuing to use a name which would have been given by the slave owner. This rationale made many members of the Nation o ...

See also:

Malcolm X, Malcolm X - Name, Malcolm X - Birth and early years, Malcolm X - Prison, Malcolm X - Nation of Islam, Malcolm X - Marriage, Malcolm X - Hajj, Malcolm X - A Changed Man, Malcolm X - Africa, Malcolm X - Death and aftermath, Malcolm X - Funeral, Malcolm X - Biographies and speeches, Malcolm X - Notes

Read more here: » Malcolm X: Encyclopedia II - Malcolm X - Name

William was born the grandnephew of Queen Emma, wife of King Ethelred the Unready and later of King Canute. William succeeded to his father's Duchy of Normandy at the young age of 7 in 1035 and was known as Duke William I of Normandy (Fr. Guillaume II, duc de Normandie). He lost three guardians to plots to usurp his place. Count Alan of Brittany was a later guardian. King Henry I of France knighted him at the age of 15. By the time he turned 19 he was himself successfully dealing with threats of rebellion and invasion. With the ...

See also:

William I of England, William I of England - Early life history, William I of England - Conquest of England, William I of England - William's reign, William I of England - Death burial and succession, William I of England - Children of William and Matilda, William I of England - Honours

Read more here: » William I of England: Encyclopedia II - William I of England - Early life history

Malcolm became a small time hustler and was known on the street as "Detroit Red", due to his lighter skin tone and hair color. He was arrested in Boston on January 12, 1946 at the age of 20 and sentenced to eight to ten years' imprisonment on charges of breaking and entering, carrying firearms, and larceny. He later earned the nickname Satan in the Charlestown State Prison for his constant cursing, especially of God and the Bible. While in jail in 1948, he received letters from his brother Reginald, asking him to join the Nation of Islam (NO ...

See also:

Malcolm X, Malcolm X - Name, Malcolm X - Birth and early years, Malcolm X - Prison, Malcolm X - Nation of Islam, Malcolm X - Marriage, Malcolm X - Tensions, Malcolm X - Hajj, Malcolm X - A Changed Man, Malcolm X - Africa, Malcolm X - Assassination, Malcolm X - Funeral, Malcolm X - Biographies and speeches, Malcolm X - Media files, Malcolm X - Notes

Read more here: » Malcolm X: Encyclopedia II - Malcolm X - Prison

It is believed that the first group of humans in Scotland appeared around 8,000 years ago. A group of permanent settlers began building villages on Scottish soil around 6,000 years ago. The written history of Scotland largely began with the arrival of the Roman Empire in Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now England and Wales, administering it as a Roman province called Britannia. Part of southern Scotland was briefly, indirectly controlled by Rome. To the north was territory not conquered by the Romans—Caledonia, peopled by ...

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Scotland, Scotland - Etymology, Scotland - History, Scotland - Politics, Scotland - Law, Scotland - Subdivisions, Scotland - Geography, Scotland - Climate, Scotland - Economy, Scotland - Demographics, Scotland - Language, Scotland - Religion, Scotland - Education, Scotland - Culture, Scotland - Music, Scotland - Literature, Scotland - Sport, Scotland - Media, Scotland - Transport, Scotland - Scottish Inventions, Scotland - National symbols, Scotland - Gallery of Images

Read more here: » Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Scotland - History

William St Carileph, a much stronger bishop than his predecessor, had thus become the first head of the County Palatinate of Durham: a virtually separate state, and defensive buffer zone sandwiched between "civilised" England and the often-dangerous Northumbria-Scottish borderland. Carileph and successive bishops had nearly all the powers within their County Palatinate that the king had in the rest of England. Although they were often called Prince Bi ...

See also:

Bishop of Durham, Bishop of Durham - Two kings in England, Bishop of Durham - Origin of the Prince Bishops, Bishop of Durham - Northumbria at the time of the Conquest, Bishop of Durham - The Earl-Bishop of Northumbria, Bishop of Durham - Northumbria partitioned - Northumberland and Durham, Bishop of Durham - The Prince Bishops and their powers, Bishop of Durham - List of Bishops of Durham, Bishop of Durham - Roman Catholic Bishops, Bishop of Durham - Roman Catholic Prince-Bishops, Bishop of Durham - The Reformation, Bishop of Durham - Church of England Prince-Bishops, Bishop of Durham - Church of England Bishops

Read more here: » Bishop of Durham: Encyclopedia II - Bishop of Durham - The Prince Bishops and their powers

Malcolm became a small time hustler and was known on the street as "Detroit Red", due to his lighter skin tone and hair color. He was arrested in Boston on January 12, 1946 at the age of 20 and sentenced to eight to ten years imprisonment on charges of breaking and entering, carrying firearms, and larceny. He later earned the nickname Satan in the Charlestown State Prison for his constant cursing, especially of God and the Bible. While in jail in 1948, he received letters from his brother Reginald, asking him to join the Nation of Islam (NOI ...

See also:

Malcolm X, Malcolm X - Name, Malcolm X - Birth and early years, Malcolm X - Prison, Malcolm X - Nation of Islam, Malcolm X - Marriage, Malcolm X - Hajj, Malcolm X - A Changed Man, Malcolm X - Africa, Malcolm X - Death and aftermath, Malcolm X - Funeral, Malcolm X - Biographies and speeches, Malcolm X - Notes

Read more here: » Malcolm X: Encyclopedia II - Malcolm X - Prison

On May 21, 1964, he returned to the United States as a traditional Sunni Muslim (and with a new name – El-Hajji Malik El-Shabazz). When Malcolm returned to the United States, he gave a speech about his visit. This time he gave a much larger meaning and message than before. The speech was not only for the Muslims, instead it was for the whole nation and for all races. He said, "Human rights are something you were born with. Human rights are your God-given rights. Human rights are the rights that are recognized by ...

See also:

Malcolm X, Malcolm X - Name, Malcolm X - Birth and early years, Malcolm X - Prison, Malcolm X - Nation of Islam, Malcolm X - Marriage, Malcolm X - Tensions, Malcolm X - Hajj, Malcolm X - A Changed Man, Malcolm X - Africa, Malcolm X - Assassination, Malcolm X - Funeral, Malcolm X - Biographies and speeches, Malcolm X - Media files, Malcolm X - Notes

Read more here: » Malcolm X: Encyclopedia II - Malcolm X - A Changed Man

Upon the death of William's cousin King Edward the Confessor of England (January 1066), William claimed the throne of England, asserting that the childless and purportedly celibate Edward had named him his heir during a visit by William (probably in 1052) and that Harold Godwinson, England's foremost magnate, had reportedly pledged his support while shipwrecked in Normandy (c. 1064). Harold made this pledge while in captivity and was reportedly tricked into swearing on a saint's bones that he would give the throne to William. Even if this st ...

See also:

William I of England, William I of England - Early life history, William I of England - Conquest of England, William I of England - William's reign, William I of England - Death burial and succession, William I of England - Children of William and Matilda, William I of England - Honours

Read more here: » William I of England: Encyclopedia II - William I of England - Conquest of England

Norwich - Roman. The Romans had their regional capital at Venta Icenorum on the river to the south which is now at modern day Caistor St Edmund. No sign of Roman influence can be seen in Norwich. Norwich - Early English/Norman Conquest. Norwich was a construct of the Anglo-Saxons, the Danes and the Normans. The word Norvic appears on coins minted during the reign of King Athelstan (early 10th century AD). The ancient city was already a thriving centre for trade and commerce in East Anglia when Swein Forkbeard ...

See also:

Norwich, Norwich - History, Norwich - Roman, Norwich - Early English/Norman Conquest, Norwich - Middle Ages, Norwich - English Civil Wars to Victorian Era, Norwich - Present-day, Norwich - Culture, Norwich - Business and shopping, Norwich - Entertainment, Norwich - Sport, Norwich - Perception, Norwich - Geography, Norwich - Infrastructure, Norwich - Travellers' comments, Norwich - Famous names associated with City, Norwich - Contemporary names associated with Norwich, Norwich - Architecture, Norwich - Twinned Cities

Read more here: » Norwich: Encyclopedia II - Norwich - History