The earliest date given for a Viking raid is 787 AD when, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a group of men from Norway sailed to Portland, in Dorset. There, they were mistaken for merchants by a royal official, and they murdered him when he tried to get them to accompany him to the king's manor to pay a trading tax on their goods. The next recorded attack, dated June 8, 793 AD, was on the monastery at Lindisfarne – the "Holy Island" – on the east coast of England. For the next 200 years, European history is fille ...

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Viking, Viking - Etymology, Viking - Historical records, Viking - Adam of Bremen, Viking - Rune stones, Viking - Icelandic sagas, Viking - 13th century, Viking - Viking ships and Viking longships, Viking - The Viking Age, Viking - The Viking invasions: a commercial war?, Viking - Decline, Viking - Modern revivals, Viking - Romanticism, Viking - Fascism, Viking - Living History, Viking - Myths about Vikings, Viking - Horned helmets, Viking - Skull cups, Viking - Uncleanliness, Viking - Famous Vikings, Viking - Books, Viking - Movies, Viking - Culture, Viking - Historians, Viking - Archaeology, Viking - Place names, Viking - Military, Viking - Popular Culture, Viking - Bibliography

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The church was the Archbishopric of Sweden prior to 1273, when the archbishopric was moved to Östra Aros (Östra Aros was then renamed Uppsala due to a papal request). The old cathedral was probably built in the 11th century, but finished in the 12th century. The stone building may have been preceded by a wooden church and probably by the large Temple at Uppsala. After a fire in 1240, a part of the cathedral was removed but the sacristy and the porch were added. In the 15th century, vaults were added as well as chalk paintings. Among the medieval wooden sculptures, there are three triumph crucifixes from the 12th cen ...

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Gamla Uppsala, Gamla Uppsala - Geographical description, Gamla Uppsala - History, Gamla Uppsala - Archaeology, Gamla Uppsala - The Royal Mounds, Gamla Uppsala - An old controversy and its solution, Gamla Uppsala - Etymology, Gamla Uppsala - The Church, Gamla Uppsala - Source

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In Medieval and Modern Spain, the Visigoths were thought to be the origin of the Spanish nobility (compare Gobineau for a similar French idea). Somebody acting with arrogance would be said to be "haciéndose de los godos" ("making himself to come from the Goths"). Because of this, in Chile, Argentina and the Canary Islands, godo is an ethnic slur used against European Spaniards, who in the early colony ...

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Goths, Goths - History, Goths - Origins, Goths - Archaeology, Goths - Linguistics, Goths - Symbolic meaning, Goths - Notes

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Germanic paganism seems to have begun developing sometime during the 2nd millennium BC, during the Nordic Bronze Age, with influences from neighboring cultures, notably the Celts, and possibly Finnish and Baltic mythologies. The Proto-Germanic pantheon was divided into two classes, the *Ansuwaz (cognate to Asura) and the *Wanisaz (cognate to *Wenos, a name of *Hausos; see also Vanadis, Wynn, and possibly *Wanax). Members included *Tiwaz, *Wodinaz, *Nerþuz (either a god or a goddess), and *Frijja. Some natural pheno ...

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Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Proto-Germanic religion, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

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During the Migration period, Germanic religion was subject to syncretic influence from Christianity and Mediterranean culture (see also Runes). Jordanes' Getica is a 6th century account of the Goths. According to the Getica, the chief god of the Goths was Tiwaz, to whom they sacrificed prisoners of war, hanging their limbs upon trees. Saint Columbanus in the 6th century encountered a beer sacrifice to Woden in Bregenz. In the 8th century, the Saxons venerated an Irminsul (see also Donar's Oak). Charlemagne is re ...

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Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Proto-Germanic religion, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

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See Germanic mythology, Germanic paganism, Migration Period art The Germanic tribes were each politically independent, under a hereditary king (see Germanic king). The kings appear to have claimed descendancy from mythical founders of the tribes, the name of some of which is preserved: Angul — Angles (the Kings of Mercia, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, other Anglo-Saxon dynasties are derived from other descendents of Woden) Aurvandil — Vandals (uncertain) Burgundus — Burgundians C ...

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Germanic peoples, Germanic peoples - Etymology of German, Germanic peoples - Classification, Germanic peoples - The concept of Volk, Germanic peoples - Culture, Germanic peoples - History, Germanic peoples - Origin, Germanic peoples - Collision with Rome, Germanic peoples - Migration Period, Germanic peoples - Role in the Fall of Rome, Germanic peoples - Conversion to Christianity, Germanic peoples - Assimilation

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The concept of "Germanic" as a distinct ethnic identity was hinted at by the early Greek geographer Strabo [1], who distinguished a barbarian group in northern Europe similar to, but not part of, the Celts. Posidonius, to our knowledge, is the first to have used the name. By the 1st century A.D., the writings of Caesar, Tacitus and other Roman era writers indicate a division of Germanic-speaking peoples into tribal groupings centred on: the rivers Oder and Vistula (Poland) (East Germanic tribes), the lower Rhine river (Istvaeones), the river Elbe (Irminones), ...

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Germanic peoples, Germanic peoples - Etymology of German, Germanic peoples - Classification, Germanic peoples - The concept of Volk, Germanic peoples - Culture, Germanic peoples - History, Germanic peoples - Origin, Germanic peoples - Collision with Rome, Germanic peoples - Migration Period, Germanic peoples - Role in the Fall of Rome, Germanic peoples - Conversion to Christianity, Germanic peoples - Assimilation

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Germani is thought to be the Celtic name for the Germanic tribes: the tribes themselves never used the word. There is also a Latin adjective germanus (<- germen, seed or offshoot), which has the sense of "related" or "kindred" and whence derives the Portuguese irmão and the Spanish hermano, "brother". If the proper name Germani derives from this word, it may refer to the Roman e ...

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Germanic peoples, Germanic peoples - Etymology of German, Germanic peoples - Classification, Germanic peoples - The concept of Volk, Germanic peoples - Culture, Germanic peoples - History, Germanic peoples - Origin, Germanic peoples - Collision with Rome, Germanic peoples - Migration Period, Germanic peoples - Role in the Fall of Rome, Germanic peoples - Conversion to Christianity, Germanic peoples - Assimilation

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Our only source for early Gothic history is Jordanes' Getica, (published 551), a condensation of the lost twelve-volume history of the Goths written in Italy by Cassiodorus. Jordanes may not even have had the work at hand to consult from, and this early information should be treated with caution. Cassiodorus was well placed to write of Goths, for he was an essential minister of Theodoric the Great, who apparently had heard some of the Gothic songs that told of their traditional origins, related in turn by Jordanes with the remark "for ...

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Goths, Goths - History, Goths - Origins, Goths - Archaeology, Goths - Linguistics, Goths - Symbolic meaning, Goths - Notes

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Early medieval Scandinavian (Viking Age) paganism is much better documented than its predecessors, notably via the records of Norse mythology, recorded in the Edda, and the Sagas, written in Iceland during 1150 - 1400. Sacrifices were known as Blót, seasonal celebrations where gifts were offered to appropriate gods, and attempts were made to predict the coming season. Similar events were sometimes arrange ...

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Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Proto-Germanic religion, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

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In 1000 AD, Iceland became nominally Christian, although continuation of pagan worship in private was tolerated. Most of Scandinavia was Christianized during the 11th century. Adam von Bremen gives the last report of vigorous Norse paganism. Sometimes, the subjects of a lord who converted to Christianity refused to follow his lead (this happened to the Swedish kings Olof of Sweden, Anund Gårdske and Ingold I) and would sometimes force the lord ...

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Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Proto-Germanic religion, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

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All Germanic languages are thought to be descended from a hypothetical Proto-Germanic, united by their having been subjected to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law. These took place probably during the Pre-Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe from ca. 500 BC, but other common innovations separating Germanic from Proto-Indo European suggest a common history of pre-Proto-Germanic speakers throughout the Nordic Bronze Age. From the time of their earliest attestation, the Germanic dialects are divided into three groups, West, Ea ...

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Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Characteristics of some Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Writing, Germanic languages - Linguistic Markers, Germanic languages - History, Germanic languages - Classification, Germanic languages - Vocabulary comparison

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Our earliest evidence of Germanic is from names, recorded in the 1st century by Tacitus, and in a single instance in the 2nd century BC, on the Negau helmet. From roughly the 2nd century AD, some speakers of early Germanic dialects developed the Elder Futhark. Early runic inscriptons are also largely limited to personal names, and difficult to interpret. The Gothic language was written in the Gothic alphabet developed by Bishop Ulfilas for his translation of the Bible in the 4th century. Later, Christian priests and monks who spoke and read ...

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Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Characteristics of some Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Writing, Germanic languages - Linguistic Markers, Germanic languages - History, Germanic languages - Classification, Germanic languages - Vocabulary comparison

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Several of the terms in the table below have had semantic drift. For example, the form 'Sterben' and other terms for 'die' are cognate with the English word 'starve'. There is also at least one example of a common borrowing from a Non-Germanic source (ounce and its cognates from Latin). 1: The cognate 'epl(i)' means 'potato'. ...

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Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Characteristics of some Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Writing, Germanic languages - Linguistic Markers, Germanic languages - History, Germanic languages - Classification, Germanic languages - Vocabulary comparison

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Not much is known about the Nordic Bronze Age religion since written sources are lacking. However numerous archeaological finds draw a vague picture of what the religion might have been, or possibly some sects of it and possibly only certain tribes. In general most scholars agree that the Bronze Age religion was centered around the sun or a sun god. The sun was carried across the sky on a wagon pulled by a horse. A pair of twin gods are believed to have been worshipped, and is reflected in a duality in all things sacred: where sacrifi ...

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Nordic Bronze Age, Nordic Bronze Age - General characteristics, Nordic Bronze Age - Sub-periodization, Nordic Bronze Age - Climate, Nordic Bronze Age - Religion

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The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by a warm climate (which is compared to that of the Mediterranean), which permitted a relatively dense population, but it ended with a climate change consisting of deterioriating, wetter and colder climate (sometimes believed to have given rise to the legend of the Fimbulwinter) and it seems very likely that the climate pushed the Germanic tribes southwards into continental Europe. During this time there was Scandinavian influence in Eastern Europe (and a thousand years later, the numerous East Germani ...

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Nordic Bronze Age, Nordic Bronze Age - General characteristics, Nordic Bronze Age - Sub-periodization, Nordic Bronze Age - Climate, Nordic Bronze Age - Religion

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