non-standard cosmology

edit In cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or primordial nucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than H-1, the normal, light hydrogen, during the early phases of the universe, shortly after the Big Bang. It is believed to be responsible for the formation of hydrogen (H-1 or H), its isotope deuterium (H-2 or D), the helium isotopes He-3 and He-4, and the lithium isotope Li-7. Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Sequence of BBN. Big Bang nucleosynthesis begins about one ...

Including:

• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Sequence of BBN
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - History of Big Bang nucleosynthesis
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Heavy elements
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Helium-4
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Deuterium
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Status and Implications of BBN
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Non-standard BBN

Read more here: » Big Bang nucleosynthesis: Encyclopedia - Big Bang nucleosynthesis

Big Bang nucleosynthesis begins about one minute after the Big Bang, when the universe has cooled enough to form stable protons and neutrons, after baryogenesis. From simple thermodynamical arguments, one can calculate the fraction of protons and neutrons based on the temperature at this point. This fraction is in favour of protons, because the higher mass of the neutron results in a spontaneous decay of neutrons to protons with a half-life of about 15 minutes. One feature of BBN is that the physical laws and constants that govern the behavi ...

See also:

Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Sequence of BBN, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - History of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Heavy elements, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Helium-4, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Deuterium, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Status and Implications of BBN, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Non-standard BBN

Read more here: » Big Bang nucleosynthesis: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Sequence of BBN

LeSage realized that the interactions between the gravitational particles and ordinary matter must be inelastic, that is, the particles must lose energy in the process. Without this, the net force on the object would be zero. However, if the particles lose energy, then the material object must gain this energy in order to satisfy conservation of energy. If this energy is converted to heat calculations done in the 19th century indicated that in order for the Earth to remain in orbit around the Sun, this energy transfer would result in the pla ...

See also:

LeSage gravity, LeSage gravity - LeSage's theory, LeSage gravity - Objections to the theory, LeSage gravity - Recent attempts at a revival, LeSage gravity - Reference

Read more here: » LeSage gravity: Encyclopedia II - LeSage gravity - Objections to the theory

Observationally, in the 1910s, Vesto Slipher and later Carl Wilhelm Wirtz determined that most spiral nebulae were receding from Earth. Slipher used spectroscopy to investigate the rotation periods of planets, the composition of planetary atmospheres, and was the first to observe the radial velocities of galaxies. Wirtz observed a systematic redshift of nebulae, which was difficult to interpret in terms of a cosmology in which the Universe is filled more or less uniformly with stars and nebulae. They weren't aware of the cosmological implications, nor that the supp ...

See also:

History of the Big Bang, History of the Big Bang - Prior to the 20th Century, History of the Big Bang - Early 20th Century, History of the Big Bang - Late 20th Century, History of the Big Bang - Future of the theory

Read more here: » History of the Big Bang: Encyclopedia II - History of the Big Bang - Early 20th Century

The issues of observational and astronomical concerns over the universe's origins, history, structure, and dynamics from the Quasi-steady state were discussed in two papers, Astrophysical deductions from the quasi-steady state (1994) [2] and Astronomy Further astrophysical quantities expected in a quasi-steady state [3]. A foundational element is that the ori ...

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Quasi-steady state cosmology, Quasi-steady state cosmology - Description, Quasi-steady state cosmology - Goals and targets, Quasi-steady state cosmology - External articles and references

Read more here: » Quasi-steady state cosmology: Encyclopedia II - Quasi-steady state cosmology - Description

Alfvén's model of plasma cosmology can be divided into three distinct areas. The cosmic plasma, an empirical description of the Universe based on the results from laboratory experiments on plasmas Force free filaments, a proposed mechanism for the formation of large scale structure in the universe. ambiplasma theory, based on a hypothetical matter/antimatter plasma.

Plasma cosmology, Plasma cosmology - Overview, Plasma cosmology - Alfvén's model, Plasma cosmology - Cosmic Plasma, Plasma cosmology - Force free filaments, Plasma cosmology - Ambiplasma, Plasma cosmology - Features and problems, Plasma cosmology - Formation of structure, Plasma cosmology - Light elements abundance, Plasma cosmology - Microwave background, Plasma cosmology - Redshifts, Plasma cosmology - Future, Plasma cosmology - Figures in plasma cosmology, Plasma cosmology - Footnotes, Plasma cosmology - Links and references, Plasma cosmology - Books

Read more here: » Plasma cosmology: Encyclopedia II - Plasma cosmology - Alfvén's model

Quasi-steady state cosmology has as its goals to: explain the redshift magnitude relation for galaxies, explain the observations of counts of radio sources and galaxies, explain the data on angular size redshift relation, explain the evidence on the variation of surface brightness of galaxies with redshift, explain the origin of the microwave background (including the observed spectrum, isotropy, and small scale inhomogeneities), and account for light nuclear abundances (which is not a ...

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Quasi-steady state cosmology, Quasi-steady state cosmology - Description, Quasi-steady state cosmology - Goals and targets, Quasi-steady state cosmology - External articles and references

Read more here: » Quasi-steady state cosmology: Encyclopedia II - Quasi-steady state cosmology - Goals and targets

In the past twenty-five years, plasma cosmology has expanded to develop models of the formation of large scale structure, quasars, the origin of the light elements, the cosmic microwave background and the redshift-distance relationship. Plasma cosmology - Formation of structure. In the early 1980’s Peratt, a former student of Alfvén’s, used supercomputer facilities at Maxwell Laboratories and later at Los Alamos National Laboratory to simulate Alfvén and Fälthammar’s concept of galaxies being form ...

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Plasma cosmology, Plasma cosmology - Overview, Plasma cosmology - Alfvén's model, Plasma cosmology - Cosmic Plasma, Plasma cosmology - Force free filaments, Plasma cosmology - Ambiplasma, Plasma cosmology - Features and problems, Plasma cosmology - Formation of structure, Plasma cosmology - Light elements abundance, Plasma cosmology - Microwave background, Plasma cosmology - Redshifts, Plasma cosmology - Future, Plasma cosmology - Figures in plasma cosmology, Plasma cosmology - Footnotes, Plasma cosmology - Links and references, Plasma cosmology - Books

Read more here: » Plasma cosmology: Encyclopedia II - Plasma cosmology - Features and problems

In recent years the concept of push gravity has found new support from a minority of serious scientists such as Halton Arp and Tom Van Flandern. In dealing with the issues raised above, a number of mechanisms have been proposed. For instance, the heating issue could be brought in line with observations if all of the energy is not ultimately turned into heat. While heating is certainly the common result of many energy exchanges, it has been suggested that the energy an object absorbs might, for example, be converted to new mass within ...

See also:

LeSage gravity, LeSage gravity - LeSage's theory, LeSage gravity - Objections to the theory, LeSage gravity - Recent attempts at a revival, LeSage gravity - Reference

Read more here: » LeSage gravity: Encyclopedia II - LeSage gravity - Recent attempts at a revival

The theory of BBN gives a detailed mathematical description of the production of the light "elements" deuterium, helium-3, helium-4, and lithium-7. Specifically, the theory yields precise quantitative predictions for the mixture of these elements, that is, the primordial abundances. As noted above, in the standard picture of BBN, all of the light element abundances depend on the amount of ordinary matter (baryons) relative to radiation (photons). Since the universe is homogeneous, it has one unique (but initially unknown to us) value ...

See also:

Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Sequence of BBN, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - History of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Heavy elements, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Helium-4, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Deuterium, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Status and Implications of BBN, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Non-standard BBN

Read more here: » Big Bang nucleosynthesis: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Status and Implications of BBN

In addition to the standard BBN scenario there are numerous non-standard BBN scenarios. These should not be confused with non-standard cosmology: a non-standard BBN scenario assumes that the Big Bang occurred, but insert additional physics in order to see how this affects elemental abundances. These pieces of additional physics include relaxing or removing the assumption of homogeneity, or inserting new particles such as massive neutrinos. There have been, and continue to be, various reasons for researching non-standard BBN. The first ...

See also:

Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Sequence of BBN, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - History of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Heavy elements, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Helium-4, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Deuterium, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Status and Implications of BBN, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Non-standard BBN

Read more here: » Big Bang nucleosynthesis: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Non-standard BBN

Much of the current work in cosmology includes understanding how galaxies form in the context of the Big Bang, understanding what happened at the Big Bang, and reconciling observations with the basic theory. In the past there was much discussion as to whether the Big Bang would need to be completely abandoned as a description of the universe, but such proponents of non-standard cosmology have become fewer in number over the last few decades. Cosmologists continue to calculate many of the parameters of the Big Bang to a new level of precision and hypot ...

See also:

History of the Big Bang, History of the Big Bang - Prior to the 20th Century, History of the Big Bang - Early 20th Century, History of the Big Bang - Late 20th Century, History of the Big Bang - Future of the theory

Read more here: » History of the Big Bang: Encyclopedia II - History of the Big Bang - Future of the theory

The basic assumptions of plasma cosmology are, since the universe is nearly all plasma, electromagnetic forces are equal in importance with gravitation on all scales. since we never see effects without causes, we have no reason to assume an origin in time for the universe—an effect without a cause. Thus this approach, in contrast to certain interpretations of the Big Bang cosmology, does not permit any beginning for the universe. unlike the steady state theory, the universe is not changeless. Rather, since every part of the universe we observe is evolving, it assumes that th ...

See also:

Plasma cosmology, Plasma cosmology - Overview, Plasma cosmology - Alfvén's model, Plasma cosmology - Cosmic Plasma, Plasma cosmology - Force free filaments, Plasma cosmology - Ambiplasma, Plasma cosmology - Features and problems, Plasma cosmology - Formation of structure, Plasma cosmology - Light elements abundance, Plasma cosmology - Microwave background, Plasma cosmology - Redshifts, Plasma cosmology - Future, Plasma cosmology - Figures in plasma cosmology, Plasma cosmology - Footnotes, Plasma cosmology - Links and references, Plasma cosmology - Books

Read more here: » Plasma cosmology: Encyclopedia II - Plasma cosmology - Overview