noble gas

Argon is a chemical element in the periodic table. It has the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. The third noble gas, in group 18, argon makes up about 1% of the Earth's atmosphere, making it the most common noble gas on Earth. Argon - Notable characteristics. Argon is 2.5 times as soluble in water as nitrogen which is approximately the same solubility as oxygen. This highly stable chemical element is colorless and odorless in both its liquid and gaseous forms. There are few known true che ...

Including:

• Argon - Notable characteristics
• Argon - Applications
• Argon - History
• Argon - Occurrence
• Argon - Compounds
• Argon - Isotopes

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An airship is a buoyant aircraft that can be steered and propelled through the air. Unlike aerodynamic craft (e.g. airplanes and helicopters) which stay aloft by moving an airfoil through the air in order to produce lift, aerostatic craft such as airships (and balloons) stay aloft primarily by means of a cavity (usually quite large) filled with a gas of lesser density than the surrounding atmosphere. Airships are also known as dirigibles from the French dirigeable, meaning "steerable". The term airship is s ...

Including:

• Airship - Types
• Airship - History
• Airship - Airship Pioneers
• Airship - Airships in the First World War
• Airship - Airships in the Inter-war period
• Airship - Airships in the Second World War
• Airship - Continued use
• Airship - Present-day research
• Airship - Noteworthy historic prototypes and experiments
• Airship - Fiction

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A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship (or dirigible) pioneered by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century based on an earlier design by David Schwarz. Due to the outstanding success of the Zeppelin design, the term zeppelin in casual use came to refer to all rigid airships. This article, however, focuses on Zeppelins in the narrower sense of the word. For a broader discussion of this type of aircraft, see airship. These giant aircraft were used for passenger transport as well as for military purpose ...

Including:

• Zeppelin - Principal characteristics
• Zeppelin - History of the Zeppelin
• Zeppelin - Early Zeppelin history
• Zeppelin - Zeppelins in World War I
• Zeppelin - Zeppelin history after World War I
• Zeppelin - Non-German Rigid Airships
• Zeppelin - Recent developments
• Zeppelin - Cultural influences

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Xenon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Xe and atomic number 54. A colorless, very heavy, odorless noble gas, xenon occurs in the earth's atmosphere in trace amounts and was part of the first noble gas compound synthesized. Xenon - Notable characteristics. Xenon is a member of the zero-valence elements that are called noble or inert gases. The word "inert" is no longer used to describe this chemical series since some zero valence elements do form compounds. ...

Including:

• Xenon - Notable characteristics
• Xenon - Applications
• Xenon - History
• Xenon - Occurrence
• Xenon - Compounds
• Xenon - Isotopes
• Xenon - Precautions

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Zeppelin NT ("Neuer Technologie", German for new technology) is an airship type that has been manufactured since the 1990s by the German company Zeppelin Luftschifftechnik GmbH (ZLT) in Friedrichshafen. This company can be considered the successor of the companies founded by Ferdinand von Zeppelin which constructed and operated the very successful Zeppelin airships in the first third of the 20th century. There are, however, a number of notable differences between the Zeppelin NT and the dirigibles of ...

Including:

• Zeppelin NT - Technology
• Zeppelin NT - Hull
• Zeppelin NT - Propulsion and steering
• Zeppelin NT - Flying capabilities
• Zeppelin NT - Range of application
• Zeppelin NT - Project history

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Masers serve as high precision frequency references. These "atomic frequency standards" are one form of atomic clock. They are also used as electronic amplifiers in radio telescopes. Maser - Hydrogen maser. Today, the most important type of maser is the hydrogen maser which is currently used as an atomic frequency standard. Together with other types of atomic clocks, they constitute the "Temps Atomic International" or TAI. This is the international time scale, which is coordinated by the Bureau International ...

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Maser, Maser - History, Maser - Technology, Maser - Some common types of masers, Maser - Astrophysical Masers, Maser - Uses, Maser - Hydrogen maser, Maser - Terminology, Maser - Masers in science fiction

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The reddish-orange color that neon emits in neon lights is widely used to make advertising signs. The word "Neon" is also used generically for these types of lights when in reality many other gases are used to produce different colors of light. Other uses: vacuum tubes high-voltage indicators, lightning arrestors, wave meter tubes, television tubes. Neon and helium are used to make a type of gas laser. Liquefied neon is commercially used as ...

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Neon, Neon - Notable characteristics, Neon - Applications, Neon - History, Neon - Occurrence, Neon - Compounds, Neon - Isotopes

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The term neutronium was coined in 1926 by Professor Andreas von Antropoff for a form of matter made up of neutrons with no protons, which he placed as the element of atomic number zero at the head of his new version of the periodic table. It was subsequently placed as a noble gas in the middle of several spiral representations of the periodic system for classifying the chemical elements. It is at the centre of the Chemical Galaxy (2005). Although the term is still not widely used in the scientific literature for a condensed for ...

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Neutronium, Neutronium - Neutronium and neutron stars, Neutronium - Neutronium and the periodic table, Neutronium - Neutronium in fiction

Read more here: » Neutronium: Encyclopedia II - Neutronium - Neutronium and the periodic table

Lighting design as it applies to the built environment, also known as 'architectural lighting design', is both a science and an art. Proper comprehensive lighting design requires consideration of the amount of functional light provided, the energy consumed, as well as the aesthetic impact supplied by the lighting system. Some buildings, like surgical centers and sports facilities are primarily concerned with providing the appropriate amount of light for the associated task. Some buildings, like warehouses and office buildings, are primarily ...

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Lighting, Lighting - Lighting design, Lighting - Modeling, Lighting - Types, Lighting - Methods, Lighting - Forms, Lighting - Fixtures, Lighting - Types of conventional theatrical fixtures, Lighting - Color Frames, Lighting - Lamps, Lighting - Incandescent lamps, Lighting - Fluorescent lamps, Lighting - HID lamps, Lighting - LED lamps, Lighting - Vehicle lighting, Lighting - Inventors

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Krypton, a so-called noble gas due to its very low chemical reactivity, is characterized by a brilliant green and orange spectral signature. It is one of the products of uranium fission. Solidified krypton is white and crystalline with a face-centered cubic crystal structure which is a common property of all "rare gases". ...

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Krypton, Krypton - Notable characteristics, Krypton - History, Krypton - Occurrence, Krypton - Compounds, Krypton - Isotopes, Krypton - Krypton fluoride laser

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Whilst mains voltages are capable of delivering fatal shocks and may constitute high-voltage hazards, they cannot jump significant distances, so they are dangerous only if touched. Therefore standards bodies do not generally refer to them as high voltages. Various safety and insurance organizations consider anything outside of the ELV range (i.e. greater than 50 V) to be dangerous and in need of regulation. Voltages above this range are capable of producing heart fibrillation if they produce electric currents in body tissues wh ...

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High voltage, High voltage - Safety and insurance industry, High voltage - Sparks in air, High voltage - Science classroom devices, High voltage - Electrostatic attraction/repulsion, High voltage - Power lines, High voltage - Arc flash hazard, High voltage - Explosion Hazard, High voltage - Toxic gases, High voltage - Lightning, High voltage - External USA Catalog Standards and codes / Guideline links, High voltage - External articles

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Isotope geochemistry - Helium-3. Helium-3 was trapped in the planet when it was created. Some 3He is being added by meteoric dust, primarily collecting on the bottom of oceans (although due to subduction, all oceanic tectonic plates are younger than continental plates). However, 3He will be degassed from oceanic sediment during subduction, so cosmogenic 3He is not aff ...

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Isotope geochemistry, Isotope geochemistry - Lead-Lead Isotope Geochemistry, Isotope geochemistry - Samarium-Neodymium, Isotope geochemistry - Rhenium-Osmium, Isotope geochemistry - Noble Gas Isotopes, Isotope geochemistry - Helium-3, Isotope geochemistry - Ground water isotopes, Isotope geochemistry - Tritium/Helium-3, Isotope geochemistry - General online stable isotope references

Read more here: » Isotope geochemistry: Encyclopedia II - Isotope geochemistry - Noble Gas Isotopes

Zeppelin - Early Zeppelin history. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin became interested in constructing a "dirigible balloon" after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1871, where he witnessed the use of French balloons during the siege of Paris. He had also encountered the military use of such aircraft in 1863 during the American Civil War, in which he participated as a military observer on the side of the Union. He began to seriously pursue his project after his early retirement from the military in 1890 at the a ...

See also:

Zeppelin, Zeppelin - Principal characteristics, Zeppelin - History of the Zeppelin, Zeppelin - Early Zeppelin history, Zeppelin - Zeppelins in World War I, Zeppelin - Zeppelin history after World War I, Zeppelin - Non-German Rigid Airships, Zeppelin - Recent developments, Zeppelin - Cultural influences

Read more here: » Zeppelin: Encyclopedia II - Zeppelin - History of the Zeppelin

Because of the non-reactive properties of inert gases they are often useful to prevent undesirable chemical reactions from taking place. For example molecular nitrogen, a molecular inert gas, is often used in food packaging to ensure that food does not spoil in transit since no bacteria or fungi can flourish without the reactive gases oxygen or carbon dioxide, which the molecular nitrogen displaces, since most extant cells on Earth require the reactions which these gases are involved in to function. Most importantly since molecular nitrogen ...

See also:

Inert gas, Inert gas - Production, Inert gas - Applications

Read more here: » Inert gas: Encyclopedia II - Inert gas - Applications

The simplest type of glow discharge is a direct-current glow discharge. In its simplest form, it consists of two electrodes in a cell held at low pressure (1–10 torr). The cell is typically filled with argon. A potential of several hundred volts is applied between the two electrodes. A small population of atoms within the cell is initially ionized through random processes (collisions between atoms or with alpha particles, for example). The ions (which are positively charged) are driven towards the cathode by the electric potential, and the ...

See also:

Electric glow discharge, Electric glow discharge - Basic operating mechanism, Electric glow discharge - Operating modes

Read more here: » Electric glow discharge: Encyclopedia II - Electric glow discharge - Basic operating mechanism

Sonoluminescence may occur whenever a sound wave of sufficient intensity induces a gaseous cavity within a liquid to quickly collapse. This cavity may take the form of a pre-existing bubble, or may be generated through a process known as cavitation. Sonoluminescence in the laboratory can be made to be stable, so that a single bubble will expand and collapse over and over again in a periodic fashion, emitting a burst of light each time it collapses. For this to occur, a standing acoustic wave is setup within a liquid, and the bubble will sit ...

See also:

Sonoluminescence, Sonoluminescence - History, Sonoluminescence - Properties, Sonoluminescence - Mechanism of phenomenon, Sonoluminescence - Shrimpoluminescence, Sonoluminescence - Cultural references

Read more here: » Sonoluminescence: Encyclopedia II - Sonoluminescence - Properties

Radon is a carcinogenic gas. Radon is a radioactive material and must be handled with care at all times. It is hazardous to inhale this element since it emits alpha particles. Also, its solid decay products, and their respective products, tend to form a fine dust which can easily enter the airways and become permanently stuck in lung tissue, producing heavy localized exposure. Rooms where radium, actinium, or thorium are stored should be well-ventilated in order to prevent build-up in the air. The build-up of radon is a potential heal ...

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Radon, Radon - Notable characteristics, Radon - Applications, Radon - History, Radon - Occurrence, Radon - Compounds, Radon - Isotopes, Radon - Precautions, Radon - Radon therapy

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Naturally occurring xenon is made of seven stable and two slightly radioactive isotopes. Beyond these stable forms, there are 20 unstable isotopes that have been studied. Xe-129 is produced by beta decay of I-129 (half-life: 16 million years); Xe-131m, Xe-133, Xe-133m, and Xe-135 are some of the fission products of both U-235 and Pu-239, and therefore used as indicators of nuclear explosions. The artificial isotope Xe-135 is of considerable significance in the operation of nuclear fission reactors. Xe-135 has a huge cross section for ...

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Xenon, Xenon - Notable characteristics, Xenon - Applications, Xenon - History, Xenon - Occurrence, Xenon - Compounds, Xenon - Isotopes, Xenon - Precautions

Read more here: » Xenon: Encyclopedia II - Xenon - Isotopes

Helium - Gas and plasma phases. Helium is a colorless, odorless, and non-toxic gas. It is the least reactive member of group 18 (the noble gases) of the periodic table and therefore virtually inert. Under standard temperature and pressure helium behaves very much like an ideal gas. Under virtually all conditions helium is monatomic. It has a thermal conductivity that is greater than any gas except hydrogen and its specific heat is unusually high. Helium is also less water soluble than any other gas known and its ...

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Helium, Helium - Notable characteristics, Helium - Gas and plasma phases, Helium - Solid and liquid phases, Helium - Electron energy levels, Helium - Applications, Helium - History, Helium - Discoveries, Helium - Production and use, Helium - Occurrence and production, Helium - Abundance, Helium - Production, Helium - Isotopes, Helium - Precautions

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The invention of the light bulb is usually attributed in Britain to Joseph Wilson Swan and in the United States to Thomas Alva Edison (who first marketed the device successfully). However, it is now believed that Heinrich Göbel built functional bulbs three decades earlier. Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin developed an incandescent light bulb around the same time. Many others also had a hand in the development of a practical device for the production of elect ...

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Incandescent light bulb, Incandescent light bulb - History of the light bulb, Incandescent light bulb - The halogen lamp, Incandescent light bulb - Comparison of electricity cost, Incandescent light bulb - Standard fittings, Incandescent light bulb - Efficacy and efficiency, Incandescent light bulb - Power, Incandescent light bulb - Voltage light output and lifetime, Incandescent light bulb - Heat

Read more here: » Incandescent light bulb: Encyclopedia II - Incandescent light bulb - History of the light bulb