Note: Bekker numbers are often used to uniquely identify passages of Aristotle. They are identified below where available. Aristotle - Major works. The extant works of Aristotle are broken down according to the five categories in the Corpus Aristotelicum. Not all of these works are considered genuine, but differ with respect to their connection to Aristotle, his associates and his views. Some, such as the Athenaion Politeia or the fragments of other politeia are regarded by most ...

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Aristotle, Aristotle - Biography, Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy, Aristotle - Aristotle as philosopher and tutor, Aristotle - Founder and master of the Lyceum, Aristotle - Methodology, Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology, Aristotle - Logic, Aristotle - Science, Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics, Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes, Aristotle - The difference between natural objects and artifacts, Aristotle - Modes of causation, Aristotle - Chance, Aristotle - The Five Elements, Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics, Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotle - Aristotle's critics, Aristotle - Aristotle's mistake, Aristotle - Bibliography, Aristotle - Major works, Aristotle - Specific editions, Aristotle - Named after Aristotle

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Roman historical accounts describe an embassy sent by the "Indian king Pandion (Pandya?), also named Porus," to Caesar Augustus around 13 CE. The embassy was travelling with a diplomatic letter in Greek, and one of its members was a sramana who burned himself alive in Athens to demonstrate his faith. The event made a sensation and was described by Nicolaus of Damascus, who met the embassy at Antioch, and related by Strabo (XV,1,73 [1]) and Dio Cassius (li ...

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Buddhism and the Roman world, Buddhism and the Roman world - Pandion embassy, Buddhism and the Roman world - Western knowledge of Buddhism, Buddhism and the Roman world - Buddhism and Gnosticism, Buddhism and the Roman world - Notes

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Aristotle defines philosophy in terms of essence, saying that philosophy is "the science of the universal essence of that which is actual". Plato had defined it as the "science of the idea", meaning by idea what we should call the unconditional basis of phenomena. Both pupil and master regard philosophy as concerned with the universal; Aristotle, however, finds the universal in particular things, and called it the essence of things, while Plato finds that the universal exists apart from particular things, and is related to them as their prot ...

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Aristotle, Aristotle - Biography, Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy, Aristotle - Aristotle as philosopher and tutor, Aristotle - Founder and master of the Lyceum, Aristotle - Methodology, Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology, Aristotle - Logic, Aristotle - Science, Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics, Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes, Aristotle - The difference between natural objects and artifacts, Aristotle - Modes of causation, Aristotle - Chance, Aristotle - The Five Elements, Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics, Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotle - Aristotle's critics, Aristotle - Aristotle's mistake, Aristotle - Bibliography, Aristotle - Major works, Aristotle - Specific editions, Aristotle - Named after Aristotle

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In 63 BCE, Pompey conquered the region and made it a client kingdom of Rome. In 6 CE, Caesar Augustus made it a Roman province under a procurator. In 66, the Great Jewish Revolt broke out, lasting until 73. In 67, Vespasian and his forces landed in the north of Israel, where they received the submission of Jews from Ptolemais to Sepphoris. The Jewish garrison at Jodeptah was massacred after a two month siege. By ...

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History of ancient Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Early history, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The patriarchal period, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Egyptian domination, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Period of the Judges, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The United Monarchy, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of captivity, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Rebuilding the Temple, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The legacy of Alexander the Great and the dawn of Rabbinic Judaism, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Roman conquests, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable people, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Israel, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable places, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Religious places and objects

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The narrative behind how the Israelites became slaves, or if they did at all, is still unclear. A few historians believe that this may have been due to the changing political conditions within Egypt. In 1600 BCE, Egypt was conquered by tribes, apparently Semitic, known as the Hyksos by the Egyptians. The Hyksos were later driven out by Kamose, the last king of the seventeenth dynasty. Between 1540-1070 BCE, Ahmose I founded the 18th Egyptian dynasty, and a new age for Egypt, the New Kingdom. Thutmose III established Egypt's empire in the wes ...

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History of ancient Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Early history, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The patriarchal period, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Egyptian domination, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Period of the Judges, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The United Monarchy, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of captivity, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Rebuilding the Temple, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The legacy of Alexander the Great and the dawn of Rabbinic Judaism, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Roman conquests, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable people, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Israel, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable places, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Religious places and objects

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The patriarchal period begins with Abraham. The Bible places the events surrounding Abraham (originally Abram) circa 1800 BCE, give or take 100 years. The account of his life is found in the Book of Genesis, beginning in Chapter 11, at the close of a genealogy of the sons of Shem (which includes among its members Eber, the eponym of the Hebrews). His father Terah came from Ur Kasdim. His father m ...

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History of ancient Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Early history, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The patriarchal period, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Egyptian domination, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Period of the Judges, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The United Monarchy, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of captivity, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Rebuilding the Temple, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The legacy of Alexander the Great and the dawn of Rabbinic Judaism, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Roman conquests, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable people, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Israel, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable places, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Religious places and objects

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The Hebrews migrated into Canaan circa 1200 BCE, a time when the great powers of the region were neutralized by troubles of various kinds. In their initial attacks under Joshua, the Hebrews occupied most of Canaan, which they settled according to traditional family lines derived from the sons of Jacob and Joseph (the "tribes" of Israel). No formal government existed and the people were led by ad hoc leaders (the "judges" of the biblical Book of Judges) in times of crisis. Around this time, the name "Israel" is f ...

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History of ancient Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Early history, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The patriarchal period, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Egyptian domination, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Period of the Judges, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The United Monarchy, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of captivity, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Rebuilding the Temple, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The legacy of Alexander the Great and the dawn of Rabbinic Judaism, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Roman conquests, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable people, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Israel, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable places, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Religious places and objects

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Increasing pressure from the Philistines and other neighboring tribes forced the Israelites to unite under one king. The notion of kingship was for a long time anathemetised, as it was seen as one man being put in a position of reverence and power that in their faith was reserved for the one true God. According to the Bible, it was Samuel, one of last of the judges, to whom the nation appealed for a king. Although he tried to disuade them, they were resolute and Samuel anointed Saul ben Kish from the tribe of Benjamin as the first king of th ...

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History of ancient Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Early history, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The patriarchal period, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Egyptian domination, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Period of the Judges, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The United Monarchy, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of captivity, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Rebuilding the Temple, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The legacy of Alexander the Great and the dawn of Rabbinic Judaism, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Roman conquests, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable people, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Israel, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable places, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Religious places and objects

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In 722 BCE, the Assyrians, under Shalmaneser, and then under Sargon, conquered Israel (the northern Kingdom), destroyed its capital Samaria, and sent many of the Israelites into exile and captivity. The ruling class of the northern kingdom (perhaps a small portion of the overall population) were deported to other lands in the Assyrian empire and a new nobility was imported by the Assyrians. 729-687 BCE. Reign of king Hezekiah of Judah. He is noted in the Bible for initiating reforms that outlawed, or enforced Jewish laws against ...

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History of ancient Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Early history, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The patriarchal period, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Egyptian domination, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Period of the Judges, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The United Monarchy, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of captivity, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Rebuilding the Temple, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The legacy of Alexander the Great and the dawn of Rabbinic Judaism, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Roman conquests, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable people, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Israel, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable places, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Religious places and objects

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In 922 BCE, the Kingdom of Israel was divided. Judah, the southern Kingdom, had Jerusalem as its capital and was led by Rehoboam. It was populated by the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and Simeon (and some of tribe of Levi). Simeon and Judah later merged, and Simeon lost its separate identity. [8] [9] Jeroboam led the revolt of the northern tribes, and established the Kingdom of Israel, consisting of nine tribes: Zebulun, Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, Dan, Menasseh, Ephraim, Reuben and Gad (and some of Levi), with Samaria as its capital. [10] [11] Israel fell ...

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History of ancient Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Early history, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The patriarchal period, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Egyptian domination, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Period of the Judges, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The United Monarchy, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of captivity, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Rebuilding the Temple, History of ancient Israel and Judah - The legacy of Alexander the Great and the dawn of Rabbinic Judaism, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Roman conquests, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable people, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Israel, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Judah, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable places, History of ancient Israel and Judah - Religious places and objects

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Early 3rd century–4th century Christian writers such as Hippolytus and Epiphanius write about a Scythianus, who visited India around 50 CE from where he brought "the doctrine of the Two Principles". According to these writers, Scythianus' pupil Terebinthus presented himself as a "Buddha" ("He called himself a Buddas" Isaiah [4]). Terebinthus went to Palestine and Judaea ("becoming known and condemned" Isaia), and ultimately settled in Babylon, where he transmitte ...

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Buddhism and the Roman world, Buddhism and the Roman world - Pandion embassy, Buddhism and the Roman world - Western knowledge of Buddhism, Buddhism and the Roman world - Buddhism and Gnosticism, Buddhism and the Roman world - Notes

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Aristotle - Logic. Main article: Aristotelian logic For more details on this topic, see Non-Aristotelian logic. Aristotle "says that 'on the subject of reasoning' he 'had nothing else on an earlier date to speak about'" (Bocheński, 1951). However, Plato reports that syntax was thought of before him, by Prodikos of Keos, who was concerned by the right use of words. Logic seems to have emerged from dialectics, the earlier philosophers used concepts like ...

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Aristotle, Aristotle - Biography, Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy, Aristotle - Aristotle as philosopher and tutor, Aristotle - Founder and master of the Lyceum, Aristotle - Methodology, Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology, Aristotle - Logic, Aristotle - Science, Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics, Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes, Aristotle - The difference between natural objects and artifacts, Aristotle - Modes of causation, Aristotle - Chance, Aristotle - The Five Elements, Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics, Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics, Aristotle - Aristotle's critics, Aristotle - Aristotle's mistake, Aristotle - Bibliography, Aristotle - Major works, Aristotle - Specific editions, Aristotle - Named after Aristotle

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Caesar's death also marked, ironically, the end of the Roman Republic, for which the assassins had struck him down. The Roman middle and lower classes, with whom Caesar was immensely popular, and had been since Gaul and before, were enraged that a small group of high-browed aristocrats had killed their champion. Antony did not give the speech Shakespeare penned for him ("Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears!") but he did give a dramatic eulogy which appealed to the common people, a perfect example of what public thinking was follow ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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The fear of Caesar becoming king continued when someone placed a diadem on the statue of Caesar on the Rostra. The tribunes, Gaius Epidius Marcellus and Lucius Caesetius Flavius, removed the diadem. Not long after the incident with the diadem, the same two tribunes had citizens arrested after they called out the title ‘Rex’ to Caesar as he passed by on the streets of Rome. Now seeing his supporters threatened, Caesar acted harshly. He ordered those arrested to be released, and instead took the tribunes before the Senate and had them stri ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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The scholar Francesco Carotta makes a very strong case of the possibility that Caesar's life and achievements were in fact the basis on which the life of Jesus was modelled. Carotta uses a long list of similarities between the lives of Caesar and Jesus to prove his case. He believes that the settled war veterans, who were given lands outside of Italy, brought a modified tale back to Rome, the natural seat of their god. ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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Historians place the generalship of Caesar on the level of such geniuses as Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan and Napoleon Bonaparte. Although he suffered occasional tactical defeats such as Gergovia during the Gallic War and Dyrrhachium during the Civil War, Caesar's tactical brilliance was highlighted by such feats as his circumvallation of Alesia during the Gallic War, the rout of Pompey's numerically superior forces at Pharsalus during the Civil War, and the ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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Wives First marriage to Cornelia Cinnilla Second marriage to Pompeia Sulla Third marriage to Calpurnia Pisonis Children Julia Caesaris with Cornelia Cinnilla Ptolemy XV Caesar (Caesarion) with Cleopatra VII, he would become an Egyptian pharaoh his adopted son Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, who became the first Roman Emperor. Grandchildren a grandson from Julia Caesaris ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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Caesar returned to Italy in September, 45 BC. Among his first tasks he filed his will, naming Octavian as his sole heir. The Senate had already begun bestowing honors on Caesar in absentia. Even though Caesar had not proscribed his enemies, instead pardoning nearly every one of them, there seemed to be little open resistance to him. Great games and celebrations were held on April 21 to honor Caesar’s great victory. Along with the games, Caesar was honored with the right to wear triumphal clothing, including a purple robe (reminiscen ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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In 50 BC, the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered Caesar to return to Rome and disband his army because his term as Proconsul had finished. Moreover, the Senate forbade Caesar to stand for a second consulship in absentia. Caesar thought he would be prosecuted and politically marginalized if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a Consul or without the power of his army. Pompey accused Caesar of insubordination and treason. On January 10, 49 BC Caesar crossed the Rubicon (the frontier boundary of Italy) with only one legion and ig ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the