A Sramana (Sramati tapasyatiti Sramanah) is one who performs acts of mortification or austerity. According to the definition, a being is himself responsible for his own deeds. Salvation, therefore, can be achieved by anybody irrespective of caste, creed, color or culture. The Cycle of Rebirth to which every individual is subjected is viewed as the cause and substratum of misery. The goal of every person is to evolve a way to escape from the cycle of rebirth, namely by discounting ritual as a means of a emancipation and establishing fr ...

Including:

Sramana - Etymology Sramana - Sramana Movement Sramana - Sramana Teachings and Schools Sramana - Sramanas in Western litterature
Sramana - Nicolaus of Damascus c.10 CE Sramana - Clement of Alexandria 150-211 Sramana - Porphyry 233-305
Sramana - Notes

Read more here: » Sramana: Encyclopedia - Sramana

Augustus was born in Rome with the name Gaius Octavius Thurinus. His father, also Gaius Octavius, came from a respectable but undistinguished family of the equestrian order and was governor of Macedonia. More importantly, his mother, Atia Balba Caesonia, was the niece of Rome's greatest general and de facto ruler, Julius Caesar. He spent his early years in his grandfather's house near Veletrae (modern Velletri). In 58 BC, when he was four, his father died. He spent most of his childhood in the house of hi ...

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Augustus, Augustus - Early life, Augustus - Rise to power, Augustus - Octavian becomes Augustus: the creation of the Principate, Augustus - The First Settlement, Augustus - The Second Settlement, Augustus - Reign, Augustus - Succession, Augustus - Augustus's legacy, Augustus - Augustus in popular culture, Augustus - Notes

Read more here: » Augustus: Encyclopedia II - Augustus - Early life

When Caesar was assassinated in March 44 BC, Octavius was with the army at Apollonia, in what is now Albania. When Caesar's will was read it revealed that, having no legitimate children, he had adopted his great-nephew as his son and main heir. By virtue of his adoption, Octavius assumed the name Gaius Julius Caesar. Roman tradition dictated that he also append the surname Octavianus to indicate his biological family, from which historians derive the name Octavian; however, no evidence exists that he ever used the name Octav ...

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Augustus, Augustus - Early life, Augustus - Rise to power, Augustus - Octavian becomes Augustus: the creation of the Principate, Augustus - The First Settlement, Augustus - The Second Settlement, Augustus - Reign, Augustus - Succession, Augustus - Augustus's legacy, Augustus - Augustus in popular culture, Augustus - Notes

Read more here: » Augustus: Encyclopedia II - Augustus - Rise to power

The Western half of the Empire had sworn allegiance to Octavian prior to Actium in 30 BC, and after Actium and the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra, the Eastern half of the Empire followed suit, placing Octavian in the position of ruler of the entire Empire. Years of civil war had left Rome in a state of near-lawlessness, but Rome was not prepared to accept the control of Octavian as a despot; however, Octavian could not simply give up his authority without risking further civil wars amoungst the Roman generals, and even if he desired no posit ...

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Augustus, Augustus - Early life, Augustus - Rise to power, Augustus - Octavian becomes Augustus: the creation of the Principate, Augustus - The First Settlement, Augustus - The Second Settlement, Augustus - Reign, Augustus - Succession, Augustus - Augustus's legacy, Augustus - Augustus in popular culture, Augustus - Notes

Read more here: » Augustus: Encyclopedia II - Augustus - Octavian becomes Augustus: the creation of the Principate

Having gained power by means of great audacity, Augustus ruled with great prudence. In exchange for near absolute power, he gave Rome 40 years of civic peace and increasing prosperity, celebrated in history as the Pax Romana, or Roman Peace. He created Rome's first permanent army and navy and stationed the legions along the Empire's borders, where they could not meddle in politics. A special unit, the Praetorian Guard, garrisoned Rome and protected the Emperor's person. He also reform ...

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Augustus, Augustus - Early life, Augustus - Rise to power, Augustus - Octavian becomes Augustus: the creation of the Principate, Augustus - The First Settlement, Augustus - The Second Settlement, Augustus - Reign, Augustus - Succession, Augustus - Augustus's legacy, Augustus - Augustus in popular culture, Augustus - Notes

Read more here: » Augustus: Encyclopedia II - Augustus - Reign

The conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar involved a number of high ranking Romans who did assassinate Julius Caesar on March 15, 44 B.C. Conspiracy Caesar - History. The following passage is part of an eyewitness account of this conspiracy written by Nicolaus of Damascus, a few years after the assassination: The conspirators never met openly, but they assembled a few at a time in each others' homes. There were many discussions and proposals, as might be expected, while they investigated ho ...

Including:

Conspiracy Caesar - History Conspiracy Caesar - Commentary

Read more here: » Conspiracy Caesar: Encyclopedia - Conspiracy Caesar

In compiling the history of ancient Israel and Judah, there are many available sources, including the Jewish Tanakh (partially the Old Testament, it also consists of the book of the prophets, and the five books of Moses) and other Jewish texts such as the Talmud, the Ethiopian book of history known as the Kebra Nagast, the writings of historians such as Nicolaus of Damascus, Artapanas, Philo of Alexandria and Josephus, other writings, and archaeological e ...

Including:

History of ancient Israel and Judah - Early history History of ancient Israel and Judah - The patriarchal period History of ancient Israel and Judah - Egyptian domination History of ancient Israel and Judah - Period of the Judges History of ancient Israel and Judah - The United Monarchy History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of captivity History of ancient Israel and Judah - Rebuilding the Temple History of ancient Israel and Judah - The legacy of Alexander the Great and the dawn of Rabbinic Judaism History of ancient Israel and Judah - Roman conquests
History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable people History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Israel History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Judah History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable places History of ancient Israel and Judah - Religious places and objects

Read more here: » History of ancient Israel and Judah: Encyclopedia - History of ancient Israel and Judah

Augustus' control of power throughout the Empire was so absolute that it allowed him to name his successor, a custom that had been abandoned and derided in Rome since the foundation of the Republic. At first, indications pointed toward his sister's son Marcellus, who had been married to Augustus' daughter Julia Caesaris. However, Marcellus died of food poisoning in 23 BC. Reports of later historians that this poisoning, and other later deaths, were caused by Augustus' wife L ...

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Augustus, Augustus - Early life, Augustus - Rise to power, Augustus - Octavian becomes Augustus: the creation of the Principate, Augustus - The First Settlement, Augustus - The Second Settlement, Augustus - Reign, Augustus - Succession, Augustus - Augustus's legacy, Augustus - Augustus in popular culture, Augustus - Notes

Read more here: » Augustus: Encyclopedia II - Augustus - Succession

Augustus was deified soon after his death, and both his borrowed surname, Caesar, and his title Augustus became the permanent titles of the rulers of Rome for the next 400 years, and were still in use at Constantinople fourteen centuries after his death. In many languages, caesar became the word for emperor, only in a derived form, like in German: Kaiser and Dutch: keizer. The derived titles (in the english language) Kaiser and Tsar would be used until the early part of the 20th century for the German and Russian emperor ...

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Augustus, Augustus - Early life, Augustus - Rise to power, Augustus - Octavian becomes Augustus: the creation of the Principate, Augustus - The First Settlement, Augustus - The Second Settlement, Augustus - Reign, Augustus - Succession, Augustus - Augustus's legacy, Augustus - Augustus in popular culture, Augustus - Notes

Read more here: » Augustus: Encyclopedia II - Augustus - Augustus's legacy

In the HBO television series "Rome", young Octavian is portrayed by Max Pirkis. Augustus was ranked #18 on Michael H. Hart's list of the most influential figures in history. ...

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Augustus, Augustus - Early life, Augustus - Rise to power, Augustus - Octavian becomes Augustus: the creation of the Principate, Augustus - The First Settlement, Augustus - The Second Settlement, Augustus - Reign, Augustus - Succession, Augustus - Augustus's legacy, Augustus - Augustus in popular culture, Augustus - Notes

Read more here: » Augustus: Encyclopedia II - Augustus - Augustus in popular culture

The following passage is part of an eyewitness account of this conspiracy written by Nicolaus of Damascus, a few years after the assassination: The conspirators never met openly, but they assembled a few at a time in each others' homes. There were many discussions and proposals, as might be expected, while they investigated how and where to execute their design. Some suggested that they should make the attempt as he was going along the Sacred Way, which was one of his favorite walks. Another idea was for it to be done at the elections ...

See also:

Conspiracy Caesar, Conspiracy Caesar - History, Conspiracy Caesar - Commentary

Read more here: » Conspiracy Caesar: Encyclopedia II - Conspiracy Caesar - History

Roman historical accounts describe an embassy sent by the "Indian king Pandion (Pandya?), also named Porus," to Caesar Augustus around 13 CE. The embassy was travelling with a diplomatic letter in Greek, and one of its members was a sramana who burned himself alive in Athens to demonstrate his faith. The event made a sensation and was described by Nicolaus of Damascus, who met the embassy at Antioch, and related by Strabo (XV,1,73 [1]) and Dio Cassius (li ...

See also:

Buddhism and the Roman world, Buddhism and the Roman world - Pandion embassy, Buddhism and the Roman world - Western knowledge of Buddhism, Buddhism and the Roman world - Buddhism and Gnosticism, Buddhism and the Roman world - Notes

Read more here: » Buddhism and the Roman world: Encyclopedia II - Buddhism and the Roman world - Pandion embassy

Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar in 26 BC commissioned his prefect in Egypt, Aelius Gallus, to capture the port of Aden to attack the Ethiopians who controlled the trade from India. This was after the death of Cleopatra in 30 B.C. Although Augustus was unsuccesful in capturing Arabia Felix (present day Yemen), the Romans opened sea routes to India through the Red Sea, where they could buy Chinese silk, bypassing war-torn areas and diminishing the role of Persians and Arabs who previously dominated the trade. Greek writer, Nicolaus of Damascus r ...

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Indian Ancient Maritime History, Indian Ancient Maritime History - Alexander, Indian Ancient Maritime History - Mauryan Empire, Indian Ancient Maritime History - References in Bible, Indian Ancient Maritime History - House of Ptolemy, Indian Ancient Maritime History - Roman connection, Indian Ancient Maritime History - Journeys to the East and later centuries, Indian Ancient Maritime History - Additional Reading

Read more here: » Indian Ancient Maritime History: Encyclopedia II - Indian Ancient Maritime History - Roman connection

A Sramana (Sramati tapasyatiti Sramanah) is one who performs acts of mortification or austerity. According to the definition, a being is himself responsible for his own deeds. Salvation, therefore, can be achieved by anybody irrespective of caste, creed, color or culture. The Cycle of Rebirth to which every individual is subjected is viewed as the cause and substratum of misery. The goal of every person is to evolve a way to escape from the cycle of rebirth, namely by discounting ritual as a means of a emancipation and establishing fr ...

Including:

Sramana - Etymology Sramana - Sramana Movement Sramana - Sramana Teachings and Schools Sramana - Sramanas in Western litterature
Sramana - Clement of Alexandria 150-211 Sramana - Porphyry 233-305
Sramana - Notes

Read more here: » Sramana: Encyclopedia - Sramana

In compiling the history of ancient Israel and Judah, there are many available sources, including the Jewish Tanakh (partially the Old Testament, it also consists of the book of the prophets, and the five books of Moses) and other Jewish texts such as the Talmud, the Ethiopian book of history known as the Kebra Nagast, the writings of historians such as Nicolaus of Damascus, Artapanas, Philo of Alexandria and Josephus, other writings, and archaeological e ...

Including:

History of ancient Israel and Judah - Early history History of ancient Israel and Judah - The patriarchal period History of ancient Israel and Judah - Egyptian domination History of ancient Israel and Judah - Period of the Judges History of ancient Israel and Judah - The United Monarchy History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah History of ancient Israel and Judah - The period of captivity History of ancient Israel and Judah - Rebuilding the Temple History of ancient Israel and Judah - The legacy of Alexander the Great and the dawn of Rabbinic Judaism History of ancient Israel and Judah - Roman conquests
History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Israel History of ancient Israel and Judah - Partial list of kings of Judah History of ancient Israel and Judah - Notable places History of ancient Israel and Judah - Religious places and objects

Read more here: » History of ancient Israel and Judah: Encyclopedia - History of ancient Israel and Judah

Several instances of interaction between Buddhism and the Roman world are documented by Classical and early Christian writers. Buddhism and the Roman world - Pandion embassy. Roman historical accounts describe an embassy sent by the "Indian king Pandion (Pandya?), also named Porus," to Caesar Augustus around 13 CE. The embassy was travelling with a diplomatic letter in Greek, and one of its members was a sramana who burned himself alive in Athens to demonstrate his faith. The event made a sensation and was ...

Including:

• Buddhism and the Roman world - Pandion embassy
• Buddhism and the Roman world - Western knowledge of Buddhism
• Buddhism and the Roman world - Buddhism and Gnosticism
• Buddhism and the Roman world - Notes

Read more here: » Buddhism and the Roman world

Aristotle (Greek: Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs 384 BCE – March 7, 322 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote many books about physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, government, and biology. Aristotle, along with Plato and Socrates, is generally considered one of the most influential ancient Greek philosophers in Western thought. They transformed Presocratic Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy as we know it. The writings of Plato an ...

Including:

Aristotle - Biography
Aristotle - Aristotle as philosopher and tutor Aristotle - Founder and master of the Lyceum
Aristotle - Methodology Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology
Aristotle - Logic Aristotle - Science
Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics
Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes Aristotle - The difference between natural objects and artifacts Aristotle - Modes of causation Aristotle - Chance Aristotle - The Five Elements
Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics
Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics
Aristotle - Aristotle's critics Aristotle - Aristotle's mistake Aristotle - Bibliography
Aristotle - Major works Aristotle - Specific editions
Aristotle - Named after Aristotle

Read more here: » Aristotle: Encyclopedia - Aristotle

Several instances of interaction between Buddhism and the Roman world are documented by Classical and early Christian writers. Buddhism and the Roman world - Pandion embassy. Roman historical accounts describe an embassy sent by the "Indian king Pandion (Pandya?), also named Porus," to Caesar Augustus around 13 CE. The embassy was travelling with a diplomatic letter in Greek, and one of its members was a sramana who burned himself alive in Athens to demonstrate his faith. The event made a sensation and was ...

Including:

Buddhism and the Roman world - Pandion embassy Buddhism and the Roman world - Western knowledge of Buddhism Buddhism and the Roman world - Buddhism and Gnosticism Buddhism and the Roman world - Notes

Read more here: » Buddhism and the Roman world: Encyclopedia - Buddhism and the Roman world

Aristotle (Greek: Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs 384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote many books about physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, government, and biology. Aristotle, along with Plato and Socrates, is generally considered one of the most influential ancient Greek philosophers in Western thought. They transformed Presocratic Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy as we know it. The writings of Plato an ...

Including:

Aristotle - Biography
Aristotle - Early life and studies at the Academy Aristotle - Aristotle as philosopher and tutor Aristotle - Founder and master of the Lyceum
Aristotle - Methodology Aristotle - Aristotle's epistemology
Aristotle - Logic Aristotle - Science
Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics
Aristotle - Aristotle's four causes Aristotle - The difference between natural objects and artifacts Aristotle - Modes of causation Aristotle - Chance Aristotle - The Five Elements
Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics
Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics
Aristotle - Aristotle's critics Aristotle - Aristotle's mistake Aristotle - Bibliography
Aristotle - Major works Aristotle - Specific editions
Aristotle - Named after Aristotle

Read more here: » Aristotle: Encyclopedia - Aristotle