The notion of communism - the idea of a classless, stateless society based on communal ownership of property and wealth, stretches far back in Western thought long predating The Communist Manifesto. Some have even traced communist ideas back to ancient times, such as in Plato's The Republic; or (perhaps with more justification) in the life of the early Christian Church, as described in the Acts of the Apostles (see Christian communism). Other attempts to establish communistic societies ...

See also:

History of communism, History of communism - Early Communism, History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto, History of communism - The October Revolution, History of communism - The Stalin Era, History of communism - The Cold War, History of communism - Eastern Europe, History of communism - China, History of communism - North Korea, History of communism - Cuba, History of communism - Vietnam, History of communism - Laos, History of communism - Ethiopia, History of communism - South Yemen, History of communism - Angola, History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union, History of communism - Communism Today

Read more here: » History of communism: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - Early Communism

Main article: Communist Romania Soviet occupation following WWII led to the formation of a communist Peoples' Republic in 1947 and the abdication of king Michael, who went into exile. In the early 1960s, Romania's communist government began to assert some independence from the Soviet Union. Ceauşescu became head of the Communist Party in 1965 and head of state in 1967. Ceauşescu's denunciation of the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and a brief relaxation in internal repression helped give him a positive image bo ...

See also:

History of Romania, History of Romania - Dacia, History of Romania - Romania in the Middle Ages, History of Romania - National awakening of Romania, History of Romania - Kingdom of Romania, History of Romania - The Old Kingdom, History of Romania - Greater Romania România Mare, History of Romania - Romania during World War II, History of Romania - Communist Romania, History of Romania - Romania since 1989, History of Romania - Romanian rulers

Read more here: » History of Romania: Encyclopedia II - History of Romania - Communist Romania

At the Fifteenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in December 1927, Stalin attacked the left by expelling Trotsky and his supporters from the party and then moving against the right by abandoning Lenin's New Economic Policy which had been championed by Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Ivanovich Rykov. Warning delegates of an impending capitalist encirclement, he stressed that survival and development could only occur by pursuing the rapid development of heavy industry. Stalin remarked that the Soviet Union was "fifty to a hundr ...

See also:

History of communism, History of communism - Early Communism, History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto, History of communism - The October Revolution, History of communism - The Stalin Era, History of communism - The Cold War, History of communism - Eastern Europe, History of communism - China, History of communism - North Korea, History of communism - Cuba, History of communism - Vietnam, History of communism - Laos, History of communism - Ethiopia, History of communism - South Yemen, History of communism - Angola, History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union, History of communism - Communism Today

Read more here: » History of communism: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - The Stalin Era

More than anything else, the historical Dracula is known for his inhuman cruelty. Impalement was Dracula's preferred method of torture and execution, which he had learned in his youth as a prisoner of the Turks. It was and is one of the most gruesome ways of dying ever imagined. Dracula usually had a horse attached to each of the victim's legs as a sharpened stake was gradually forced into the body. The end of the stake was usually oiled and care was taken that the stake not be too sharp; else the victim might die too rapidly from shock. Nor ...

See also:

Vlad III Dracula, Vlad III Dracula - Wallachian royalty and the family background of Dracula, Vlad III Dracula - The life of Vlad III, Vlad III Dracula - Alleged atrocities, Vlad III Dracula - Anecdotal evidence, Vlad III Dracula - Nine anecdotes, Vlad III Dracula - The vampire myth and the Romanian attitudes

Read more here: » Vlad III Dracula: Encyclopedia II - Vlad III Dracula - Alleged atrocities

When Mikhail Gorbachev, the youngest member of the Soviet Politburo, was elected General-Secretary in March 1985, it signalled a generational change in the Eastern bloc. In an attempt to revitalize the stagnating Communist Party and the state economy, Gorbachev introduced reforms such as glasnost ("openness") and perestroika ("restructuring"). Gorbachev believed that democratization would remove corrupt and incompetent apparatchiks from the Soviet system, but instead, a significant number of Communist Party opponents rose to pr ...

See also:

History of communism, History of communism - Early Communism, History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto, History of communism - The October Revolution, History of communism - The Stalin Era, History of communism - The Cold War, History of communism - Eastern Europe, History of communism - China, History of communism - North Korea, History of communism - Cuba, History of communism - Vietnam, History of communism - Laos, History of communism - Ethiopia, History of communism - South Yemen, History of communism - Angola, History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union, History of communism - Communism Today

Read more here: » History of communism: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union

The city's population, according to the 2002 census, is 2,082,000 inhabitants, or about 9% of the population of Romania. Additionally, there are about 50,000 people who commute to the city every day, mainly from the surrounding Ilfov county. Bucharest's population experienced two phases of rapid growth, the first in the late 19th century, when the city grew in importance and size, and the second during the Communist period, when a massive urbanisation campaign was launched and many people migrated from rural areas to the capital. At t ...

See also:

Bucharest, Bucharest - Geography and climate, Bucharest - Geography, Bucharest - Climate, Bucharest - Law and government, Bucharest - Administration, Bucharest - Justice system, Bucharest - Crime, Bucharest - History, Bucharest - Treaties signed in Bucharest, Bucharest - Demographics, Bucharest - Economy, Bucharest - Transport, Bucharest - Culture, Bucharest - Landmarks, Bucharest - Visual arts, Bucharest - Performing arts, Bucharest - Music and nightlife, Bucharest - Traditional culture, Bucharest - Cultural events and festivals, Bucharest - Architecture, Bucharest - Historical architecture, Bucharest - Communist architecture, Bucharest - Modern architecture, Bucharest - Education, Bucharest - Media, Bucharest - Sports, Bucharest - Portrayal in film and fiction, Bucharest - Notes

Read more here: » Bucharest: Encyclopedia II - Bucharest - Demographics

Main article: Dacia, Roman Dacia The territory of today's Romania was inhabited since at least 513 BC by the Getae or Dacians, a Thracian tribe. Under the leadership of Burebista (70-44 BC) the Dacians became a powerful state which threatened even the regional interests of the Romans. Julius Caesar intended to start a campaign against the Dacians, but was assassinated in 44 BC. A few months later, Burebista shared the same fate, assassinated by his own noblemen. His powerful state was divided in four and did not become unified ...

See also:

History of Romania, History of Romania - Dacia, History of Romania - Romania in the Middle Ages, History of Romania - National awakening of Romania, History of Romania - Kingdom of Romania, History of Romania - The Old Kingdom, History of Romania - Greater Romania România Mare, History of Romania - Romania during World War II, History of Romania - Communist Romania, History of Romania - Romania since 1989, History of Romania - Romanian rulers

Read more here: » History of Romania: Encyclopedia II - History of Romania - Dacia

The 1917 October Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin was the first large scale attempt to put Marxist ideas about a workers' state into practice. The new government faced counter-revolution, civil war and foreign intervention. Socialist revolution in Germany and other western countries failed and the Soviet Union was on its own. An intense period of debate and stopgap solutions ensued, war communism and the New Economic Policy (NEP). Lenin died and Joseph Stalin gradually assumed control, eliminating rivals for power. He instituted a ruthless program of industrialisation which, whi ...

See also:

History of communism, History of communism - Early Communism, History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto, History of communism - The October Revolution, History of communism - The Stalin Era, History of communism - The Cold War, History of communism - Eastern Europe, History of communism - China, History of communism - North Korea, History of communism - Cuba, History of communism - Vietnam, History of communism - Laos, History of communism - Ethiopia, History of communism - South Yemen, History of communism - Angola, History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union, History of communism - Communism Today

Read more here: » History of communism: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - The October Revolution

Although Marx addressed a wide range of issues, he is most famous for his analysis of history in terms of class struggle, summed up in the famous line from the introduction to the Communist Manifesto: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle". The Communist Manifesto, also known as The Manifesto of the Communist Party, first published on February 21, 1848 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is one of the world's most historically influential political tracts. Commissioned by th ...

See also:

History of communism, History of communism - Early Communism, History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto, History of communism - The October Revolution, History of communism - The Stalin Era, History of communism - The Cold War, History of communism - Eastern Europe, History of communism - China, History of communism - North Korea, History of communism - Cuba, History of communism - Vietnam, History of communism - Laos, History of communism - Ethiopia, History of communism - South Yemen, History of communism - Angola, History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union, History of communism - Communism Today

Read more here: » History of communism: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto

Bucharest's extensive public transport system is the largest in Romania and the third largest in Europe. It is made up of the Bucharest Metro, as well as a surface transport system run by RATB, which consists of buses, trams, trolleybuses and light rail. In addition, there is a private taxi and minibus system. The metro and the surface transport system — currently run by two separate state-owned corporations — will be merged in early 2006 to form the Bucharest Metropolitan Transport Board. The city is served by two airports: Henri ...

See also:

Bucharest, Bucharest - Geography and climate, Bucharest - Geography, Bucharest - Climate, Bucharest - Law and government, Bucharest - Administration, Bucharest - Justice system, Bucharest - Crime, Bucharest - History, Bucharest - Treaties signed in Bucharest, Bucharest - Demographics, Bucharest - Economy, Bucharest - Transport, Bucharest - Culture, Bucharest - Landmarks, Bucharest - Visual arts, Bucharest - Performing arts, Bucharest - Music and nightlife, Bucharest - Traditional culture, Bucharest - Cultural events and festivals, Bucharest - Architecture, Bucharest - Historical architecture, Bucharest - Communist architecture, Bucharest - Modern architecture, Bucharest - Education, Bucharest - Media, Bucharest - Sports, Bucharest - Portrayal in film and fiction, Bucharest - Notes

Read more here: » Bucharest: Encyclopedia II - Bucharest - Transport

Economy of Romania - Industry. Romania has been very successful in developing dynamic telecommunications, industrial robots, aerospace, and weapons sectors. Economy of Romania - Energy. Although with some domestic oil production, Romania has relied heavily on the development of nuclear power, which now accounts for about 15% of the country's electricity production. Nuclear waste is stored on site at reprocessing facilities. Electricity (Gwh) See also:

Economy of Romania, Economy of Romania - Historical Overview, Economy of Romania - Romania's economic strength, Economy of Romania - Sectors of the economy, Economy of Romania - Industry, Economy of Romania - Energy, Economy of Romania - Agriculture, Economy of Romania - Tourism, Economy of Romania - Regional variation, Economy of Romania - Statistical indicators, Economy of Romania - National Budget, Economy of Romania - Stock exchanges, Economy of Romania - Stock indices, Economy of Romania - Europe

Read more here: » Economy of Romania: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Romania - Sectors of the economy

The strength of the Romanian economy varies from region to region. GDP, and GDP per capita is highest in Bucharest. The following table shows the GDP (2005) per capita of the 4 counties:2 areas, with data supplied by Eurostat. Inner Bucharest is number 1 with a €26 761 GDP per capita. ...

See also:

Economy of Romania, Economy of Romania - Historical Overview, Economy of Romania - Romania's economic strength, Economy of Romania - Sectors of the economy, Economy of Romania - Industry, Economy of Romania - Energy, Economy of Romania - Agriculture, Economy of Romania - Tourism, Economy of Romania - Regional variation, Economy of Romania - Statistical indicators, Economy of Romania - National Budget, Economy of Romania - Stock exchanges, Economy of Romania - Stock indices, Economy of Romania - Europe

Read more here: » Economy of Romania: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Romania - Regional variation

Romania's GDP over 2005-2007 will go up by 10 billion euros per year, and will stand in 2007 at 96.138 billion euros. Main indicators of the Romanian economy: Main indicators of the EXPORTS and IMPORTS of the Romanian economy: The national budget is € 28.9 billion, which represents 31,2% from GDP estimated by RON 322.5 billion (€ 90.8 billion) according to the Prime-Minister Tariceanu. ...

See also:

Economy of Romania, Economy of Romania - Historical Overview, Economy of Romania - Romania's economic strength, Economy of Romania - Sectors of the economy, Economy of Romania - Industry, Economy of Romania - Energy, Economy of Romania - Agriculture, Economy of Romania - Tourism, Economy of Romania - Regional variation, Economy of Romania - Statistical indicators, Economy of Romania - National Budget, Economy of Romania - Stock exchanges, Economy of Romania - Stock indices, Economy of Romania - Europe

Read more here: » Economy of Romania: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Romania - Statistical indicators

Romania's economic strength is in the processing and the manufacturing of goods, primarily in small and medium-sized family-owned firms. Its major industries are precision machinery, motor vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electric goods, and fashion and clothing. Romania is perhaps best known for its fashion houses; Agnes Toma, Steil, Steilmann and others. Dacia Logan, Aro and Daewoo Romania are all Romanian goods. Romania is good at style and elegance, and that is what it ...

See also:

Economy of Romania, Economy of Romania - Historical Overview, Economy of Romania - Romania's economic strength, Economy of Romania - Sectors of the economy, Economy of Romania - Industry, Economy of Romania - Energy, Economy of Romania - Agriculture, Economy of Romania - Tourism, Economy of Romania - Regional variation, Economy of Romania - Statistical indicators, Economy of Romania - National Budget, Economy of Romania - Stock exchanges, Economy of Romania - Stock indices, Economy of Romania - Europe

Read more here: » Economy of Romania: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Romania - Romania's economic strength

After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, practicing yoga was again legal and Gregorian Bivolaru founded the Movement for Spiritual Integration into the Absolute (MISA). MISA came to be the largest yoga school in Romania, reportedly with more than 30,000 members. He published over 22 books and translated many other. He has also became famous for introducing tantric sexuality for the first time to Romanian people. At Gregorian Bivolaru's suggestion new and original ways of practicing group meditation have been introduced, such as The Yogic Yang ...

See also:

Gregorian Bivolaru, Gregorian Bivolaru - Early life, Gregorian Bivolaru - MISA, Gregorian Bivolaru - Legal problems, Gregorian Bivolaru - Extradition request rejected, Gregorian Bivolaru - Gregorian Bivolaru receives political asylum in Sweden

Read more here: » Gregorian Bivolaru: Encyclopedia II - Gregorian Bivolaru - MISA

UDMR consists of two major wings: the "moderates" and the "radicals". The moderates are led by Béla Markó, who is also the official leader of UDMR. The radicals are led by László Tőkés, who is the honorary president of UDMR. In 2004, the radicals attempted to create an alternate political movement named Uniunea Civică Maghiară (UCM). Their attempt failed but they continue to press. The radicals are by far in minority. According to a poll, only 7 ...

See also:

Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - Status, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - History, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - Structure, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - Relationship with the population

Read more here: » Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania: Encyclopedia II - Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - Structure

UDMR enjoys a wide electoral support among the ethnic Hungarians living in Romania, with the exception of young voters. The electoral score of UDMR in national elections remains somewhere between 6.1% and 6.6%. There are no indications that UDMR as a party is supported by any of the ethnic Romanian population. In national elections it has never obtained a percentage higher than the percentage of ethnic Hungarians living in Romania. Some local leaders of UDMR, often with mixed Romanian-Hungarian ethnic identity, have occasionally obtai ...

See also:

Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - Status, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - History, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - Structure, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - Relationship with the population

Read more here: » Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania: Encyclopedia II - Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - Relationship with the population

Bucharest's architecture is highly eclectic due to the many influences on the city throughout its history. The city centre is a mixture of medieval, classical and art deco buildings, utilitarian Communist-era architecture, as well as modern structures such as skyscrapers and office buildings that were mainly constructed after 2000. Bucharest - Historical architecture. Of the city's medieval architecture, most of what survived into modern times was destroyed by the Communists and replaced by high-rise apart ...

See also:

Bucharest, Bucharest - Geography and climate, Bucharest - Geography, Bucharest - Climate, Bucharest - Law and government, Bucharest - Administration, Bucharest - Justice system, Bucharest - Crime, Bucharest - History, Bucharest - Treaties signed in Bucharest, Bucharest - Demographics, Bucharest - Economy, Bucharest - Transport, Bucharest - Culture, Bucharest - Landmarks, Bucharest - Visual arts, Bucharest - Performing arts, Bucharest - Music and nightlife, Bucharest - Traditional culture, Bucharest - Cultural events and festivals, Bucharest - Architecture, Bucharest - Historical architecture, Bucharest - Communist architecture, Bucharest - Modern architecture, Bucharest - Education, Bucharest - Media, Bucharest - Sports, Bucharest - Portrayal in film and fiction, Bucharest - Notes

Read more here: » Bucharest: Encyclopedia II - Bucharest - Architecture

List of Romanians - Architecture. Petre Antonescu, triumphal arch Ion Mincu, Neoromanticism Alexandru Orascu, Neoclasscism List of Romanians - Choreography. Sergiu Anghel, choreographer,director,scenarist Nicolai Apetri, dance innovator List of Romanians - Painting. Calin Alupi Theodor Aman Gheorghe Tattarescu Ion Andreescu Corneliu Baba Sa ...

See also:

List of Romanians, List of Romanians - Historical and Political Figures, List of Romanians - Ancient and Medieval, List of Romanians - Renaissance Age, List of Romanians - Modern royalty, List of Romanians - Politicians, List of Romanians - Arts, List of Romanians - Architecture, List of Romanians - Choreography, List of Romanians - Painting, List of Romanians - Sculpture, List of Romanians - Writing, List of Romanians - Music, List of Romanians - Movie and Theatre, List of Romanians - Sports, List of Romanians - Soccer, List of Romanians - Gymnastics, List of Romanians - Tennis, List of Romanians - Boxing, List of Romanians - Basketball, List of Romanians - Athletics, List of Romanians - Rowing, List of Romanians - Other sports, List of Romanians - Science, List of Romanians - Biology, List of Romanians - Chemistry, List of Romanians - Engineering, List of Romanians - Mathematics, List of Romanians - Physics, List of Romanians - Others, List of Romanians - Polymaths, List of Romanians - Business

Read more here: » List of Romanians: Encyclopedia II - List of Romanians - Arts

After the fall of the Communist states in the Eastern Bloc, the communist movement arguably became more fragmented than ever, and certainly weaker than it has ever been since 1917. Communist groups and parties all across the world went their separate paths. However, Communism has survived the fall of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. Out of the five remaining communist states, China, Vietnam, and Laos have moved toward market economies but without major privatization of the state sector; and Cuba has recently emerged from the cri ...

See also:

History of communism, History of communism - Early Communism, History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto, History of communism - The October Revolution, History of communism - The Stalin Era, History of communism - The Cold War, History of communism - Eastern Europe, History of communism - China, History of communism - North Korea, History of communism - Cuba, History of communism - Vietnam, History of communism - Laos, History of communism - Ethiopia, History of communism - South Yemen, History of communism - Angola, History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union, History of communism - Communism Today

Read more here: » History of communism: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - Communism Today

The legend says that Bucharest was founded by a shepherd named Bucur, another variant, more likely, is that it was established by Mircea cel Bătrân in the 14th century after a victory won over the Turks (bucurie means joy in Romanian, for this reason Bucharest is often called "The City of Joy."). The origin of the word bucurie appears to be Dacian and it has a cognate in Albanian "bukur", meaning beautiful. Like most ancient cities of Romania, its foundation has also been ascribed to the first Wallachian prince, ...

See also:

History of Bucharest, History of Bucharest - Ancient times, History of Bucharest - Middle Ages, History of Bucharest - Modern history, History of Bucharest - 20th century, History of Bucharest - Treaties signed in Bucharest, History of Bucharest - Population history, History of Bucharest - Timeline

Read more here: » History of Bucharest: Encyclopedia II - History of Bucharest - Middle Ages

During the 18th century the possession of Bucharest was frequently disputed by the Turks, Austrians and Russians. In 1812 it gave its name to the treaty by which Bessarabia and a third of Moldavia were ceded to Russia. In the war of 1828 it was occupied by the Russians, who made it over to the prince of Wallachia in the following year. On 23 March 1847 a fire consumed about 2,000 buildings of Bucharest (about a third of the city). A rebellion against Prince Bibescu in 1848 brought both Turkish and Russian interference, and the ...

See also:

History of Bucharest, History of Bucharest - Ancient times, History of Bucharest - Middle Ages, History of Bucharest - Modern history, History of Bucharest - 20th century, History of Bucharest - Treaties signed in Bucharest, History of Bucharest - Population history, History of Bucharest - Timeline

Read more here: » History of Bucharest: Encyclopedia II - History of Bucharest - Modern history