Neville Chamberlain

Reynaud returned to the cabinet in 1938 as Minister of Justice under Édouard Daladier. The Munich crisis, which began not long after Reynaud was named Minister of Justice, again revealed the divide between Reynaud and the rest of the Alliance Démocratique; Reynaud adamantly opposed abandoning the Czechs to the Germans, while Flandin felt that allowing Germany to expand eastward would inevitably lead to a conflict with the Soviets that would weaken both. Reynaud publicly made his case, and in response Flandin pamphleted Paris in order to pr ...

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Paul Reynaud, Paul Reynaud - Early life and politics, Paul Reynaud - Return to government, Paul Reynaud - Prime minister and arrest, Paul Reynaud - Postwar life, Paul Reynaud - Reynaud's Government 21 March - 16 June 1940

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War Cabinet - First World War. During the First World War, David Lloyd George formed a War Cabinet when he became Prime Minister in December 1916. Members of the Cabinet, in addition to Lloyd George, were: Lord Curzon of Kedleston (Lord President of the Council) Andrew Bonar Law (Chancellor of the Exchequer) Other members: Arthur Henderson (December 1916 - August 1917) Lord Milner (December 1916 - April 1918) Jan Smuts (June 1917 - January 1919)See also:

War Cabinet, War Cabinet - United Kingdom, War Cabinet - First World War, War Cabinet - Second World War, War Cabinet - United States

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Giving a detailed blow by blow history of UCS is close to impossible as many of its early records were destroyed when the archives of University College London were bombed in the Second World War, and because many documents were destroyed or left to rot by a headmaster who believed, according to the legendary H.J.K. Usher, "that tradition began with him". The School was originally founded in 1830 by what was then the University of London, and now University College London. The University of London had been founded by Jeremy Ben ...

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University College School, University College School - History, University College School - Location, University College School - Arrangement, University College School - Year names, University College School - Demes, University College School - School motto colours and songs, University College School - Entry, University College School - Former pupils Old Gowers, University College School - Notable faculty, University College School - External link

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The War Office developed from the Council of War, an ad hoc grouping of the King and his senior military commanders which oversaw England's frequent wars and campaigns. A number of older institutions, notably the Board of Ordnance (which dates from the 14th century), were merged to form the War Office. It worked alongside the Admiralty, responsible for the Royal Navy, and the (much later) Air Ministry, which oversaw the Royal Air Force. Its foundation has traditionally been ascribed to William Blathwayt, who on his appointment in 1684 greatly expanded the remit of his office to cover general ...

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War Office, War Office - History, War Office - Old War Office Building, War Office - War Office Departments

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Western betrayal - First World War aftermath. After the First World War, Poland regained independence after 123 years of partitions. While the victorious Western allies proclaimed their support for an independent Poland, their hidden motivation was to weaken Germany and Russia. Therefore their actual support was limited. One instance is the affair of Silesia. Many French and British politicians desired the industrial region of Silesia to remain part of Germany, so that Germany would have an easier time paying the ...

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Western betrayal, Western betrayal - Diplomacy & Eastern Europe Between the Wars, Western betrayal - Croatia, Western betrayal - Czechoslovakia, Western betrayal - Munich Conference, Western betrayal - Second World War Ally, Western betrayal - Finland, Western betrayal - Poland, Western betrayal - First World War aftermath, Western betrayal - Up to 1939, Western betrayal - 1940s, Western betrayal - Russia, Western betrayal - Spain, Western betrayal - Ukraine, Western betrayal - Yugoslavia, Western betrayal - Essays and articles, Western betrayal - Dictionaries

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After World War II began (and over the objections of Sir Stewart Menzies, wartime head of British intelligence) now-Prime Minister Winston Churchill sent Stephenson to the United States on June 21, 1940 to covertly open and run the British Security Coordination (BSC) in New York City, over a year prior to the US entering the war. The BSC office, headquartered in room 3603 in Rockefeller Center, became an umbrella organization that by the end of the war represented the British intelligence agencies MI5, MI6 (SIS or Secret Intelligence Service), SOE (Special Operations Executive) and PWE (Political Warfare Executive) through ...

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William Stephenson, William Stephenson - Early life, William Stephenson - Between the Wars, William Stephenson - World War II, William Stephenson - Recognition and honours

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With the Second World War coming to an end in Europe, King George VI called a general election. What followed was perhaps one of the greatest swings of public confidence of the 20th century. Labour won overwhelming support while 'Churchill... was both surprised and stunned' by the crushing defeat suffered by the conservatives. How this swing of opinion came about is not only due the failings of the Conservative Party but also to Labour's manifesto of social reform. With the war drawing to an end by 1945, the National Government sought ...

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United Kingdom general election 1945, United Kingdom general election 1945 - Results, United Kingdom general election 1945 - Reason for Labour victory

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In the 1929 general election the result was a hung Parliament where neither the Conservatives nor Labour had an overall majority, whilst the Liberals held the balance of power. Labour formed a minority government under Ramsay MacDonald but found the Parliamentary situation difficult to implement their legislation over the next two years. Later in 1929 the Stock Market Crash heralded the global Great Depression and Britain was particularly badly hit. The government found itself in the difficult position of trying to maintain Britain's ...

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UK National Government, UK National Government - Formation, UK National Government - The early days, UK National Government - MacDonald's National Government 1931-1935, UK National Government - Baldwin takes over, UK National Government - The government of Neville Chamberlain, UK National Government - The outbreak of war, UK National Government - The Caretaker government of 1945, UK National Government - Legacy

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Polish September Campaign - Plans. The German plan Fall Weiss, for what became known as the September campaign, was created by General Franz Halder, chief of the general staff, and directed by General Walther von Brauchitsch, the commander in chief of the upcoming campaign. The plan called for the start of hostilities before the declaration of war and to pursue a traditional doctrine of mass encirclement and destruction of enemy forces, assisted by the Germans' material advantages, including the use of mo ...

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Polish September Campaign, Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces, Polish September Campaign - Germany, Polish September Campaign - Soviet Union, Polish September Campaign - Poland, Polish September Campaign - Order of battle, Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Plans, Polish September Campaign - Phase 1: German aggression, Polish September Campaign - Phase 2: Soviet aggression, Polish September Campaign - Civilian losses, Polish September Campaign - Aftermath, Polish September Campaign - Notes

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Keyes, though a junior officer, began to show once again the foresight and leadership which so characterized his career. He determined that the capture of the Taku forts and the seizure of the Chinese destroyers was the key to the relief of Tientsin and Peking. With another junior officer, Commander Christopher Craddock, he made a land reconnaissance of the forts on June 13 to discover the best line of attack. On June 15th, Keyes was sent by Admiral James Bruce, acting commander, to Tientsin to find out the state of defences and what ...

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Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - Early Days, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - Sailor, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - Anti Slavery Patrol, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - Around the World, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - China, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - The Boxer Rebellion: Early Phase, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - The Boxer Rebellion: the Capture of the Taku Flotilla, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - The Boxer Rebellion: The Fort at Hsi-cheng, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - The Boxer Rebellion: Tientsin and Peking, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - Character, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - Destroyers Admiralty Rome and Submarines, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - World War One: Submariner, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - World War I: The Dardanelles, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - World War I: The Grand Fleet and Admiralty Plans, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - World War I: The Dover Patrol, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - World War I: Zeebrugge and Ostend, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - Peacetime Sailor Again, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - Member of Parliament and the Fight for a Strong Navy, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - World War II: Belgian Mission: Part One, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - World War Two: Norway and the Fall of Chamberlain, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - The Belgian Mission: Part Two, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - World War II: The Commandos, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - Politics and Goodwill Tour, Roger John Brownlow Keyes 1st Baron Keyes - Family Life and Last Days

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In North America, many groups of men (co-workers, friends, and students) often partake in moustache growing competitions. They are usually fun in nature and offer a bonding experience for groups of young men. The ultimate goal is to grow the most full and well-groomed moustache in the least amount of time. In more robust competetions, as mustaches are seen as a symbol of male virility, the winner is usually seen as the most manly of the competitors. Many competitions exist at any given tim ...

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Moustache, Moustache - Moustache growing competitions, Moustache - Famous or notable moustaches, Moustache - Famous or notable moustaches in fiction:, Moustache - Moustache styles

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Tom Wintringham was born 1898 in Grimsby, Lincolnshire. He studied at Balliol College but abandoned his studies at the outbreak of First World War to join the Royal Flying Corps. After the war he became a military journalist and founded the journal The Left Review. In 1923 Wintringham joined the Communist Party of Great Britain. In 1926 he had a part in planning the General Strike and was sentenced to prison for sedition. In 1930 he fo ...

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Tom Wintringham, Tom Wintringham - Life, Tom Wintringham - Bibliography, Tom Wintringham - Books by Tom Wintringham, Tom Wintringham - Books about Tom Wintringham

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Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. - Wall Street. In 1919, he joined the prominent stock brokerage firm of Hayden, Stone & Co. where he became an expert in dealing in the unregulated stock market of the day. In 1923 he set up his own investment company and became a multi-millionaire during the bull market of the 1920s. David Kennedy, author of "Freedom From Fear," describes the Wall Street of the Kennedy era: "(It) was a strikingly information-starved environment. Many firms whose securities were publicly ...

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Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. - Background and early career, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. - Building tremendous wealth, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. - Wall Street, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. - The Crash, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. - Liquor importing movie production property, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. - Public service, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. - Appeasement, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. - McCarthy's Support from the Kennedy Family, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. - Stroke and retirement

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Born at Stonehaven in Scotland, Reith was the youngest, by ten years, of the seven children of the Revd Dr George Reith, a minister of the Free Church of Scotland. He was to carry the religious convictions of the Free Church forward into his adult life. Reith was educated at Glasgow Academy then at Gresham's School, Holt, Norfolk. Reith was an indolent child who had used his intelligence to escape hard work but he was genuinely disappointed when his father refused to support any further education and apprenticed him an engineer at the North ...

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John Reith 1st Baron Reith, John Reith 1st Baron Reith - Early life, John Reith 1st Baron Reith - The BBC, John Reith 1st Baron Reith - Later life

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Ramsay was from an aristocratic family (he was a descendent of the Earls of Dalhousie). He attended Eton College and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, joining the Coldstream Guards in 1913. On the outbreak of World War I he served in France for two years before being transferred to the War Office in London. Here he met and married Hon. Ismay Preston, daughter of Viscount Gormanston and widow of Lord Ninian Crich ...

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Archibald Maule Ramsay, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Family and early life, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Spanish Civil War, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Anti-Semitism, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Controversy, Archibald Maule Ramsay - The Right Club, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Outbreak of war, Archibald Maule Ramsay - House of Commons, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Internment, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Libel trial, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Subsequent political activity, Archibald Maule Ramsay - Sources

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By far the most well-known case of appeasement is one which ultimately failed — the appeasement of Adolf Hitler's Germany by United Kingdom Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's government in the late 1930s. The Munich Agreement in particular stands as a major example of appeasement. There is, however, a large historiographical debate about appeasement. Appeasement - Reasons why the British government appeased Hitler. Memories of the First World War. The United Kingdom and especially France w ...

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Appeasement, Appeasement - Different views on appeasement, Appeasement - Appeasement of Hitler, Appeasement - Reasons why the British government appeased Hitler, Appeasement - Peace in our Time, Appeasement - Origins of the concept of the Western Betrayal, Appeasement - Chamberlain and rearmament, Appeasement - Appeasement's effect on the Second World War, Appeasement - Responses to criticism of appeasement, Appeasement - Useful textbooks especially A-level-oriented

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Birmingham has a recorded history going back 1000 years. In this time, it has grown from a tiny Anglo-Saxon farming village into a major industrial and commercial city. The Birmingham area was occupied in Roman times, with several military roads and a large fort. Birmingham started life as a small Anglo-Saxon hamlet in the Early Middle Ages. It was first recorded in written documents by the Domesday Book of 1086 as a small village, worth only 20 shillings. In the 12th century, Birmingham was granted a charter to hold a market, ...

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Birmingham, Birmingham - History, Birmingham - Geography, Birmingham - Economy, Birmingham - Architecture, Birmingham - Politics, Birmingham - Places of interest, Birmingham - Famous residents, Birmingham - Transport, Birmingham - Education, Birmingham - Sport, Birmingham - Food & drink, Birmingham - Culture and arts, Birmingham - Popular music, Birmingham - Classical music, Birmingham - Theatre, Birmingham - Literature, Birmingham - Visual art, Birmingham - Festivals and shows, Birmingham - Film and media, Birmingham - Science and invention, Birmingham - Twinning

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Some say it may be derived from the phrase "by Our Lady", a sacrilegious invocation of the Virgin Mary. The abbreviated form "By'r Lady" is common in Shakespeare's plays around the turn of the 17th century, and interestingly Jonathan Swift about 100 years later writes both "it grows by'r Lady cold" and "it was bloody hot walking to-day" [1] suggesting that a transition from one to the other could have been under way. Others regard this explanation as dubious. Eric Partridge, in Words, Words, Words (Methuen, 1933), describes this as "p ...

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Bloody, Bloody - Etymology, Bloody - Usage outside of the U.K.

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The seat is based on the market town of Bridgwater in Somerset and currently incorporates significant portions of the surrounding north Somerset coast. Bridgwater UK Parliament constituency - Boundary Review. Following its review of parliamentary representation in Somerset, the Boundary Commission for England has finalised the proposals which expands the existi ...

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Bridgwater UK Parliament constituency, Bridgwater UK Parliament constituency - Boundaries, Bridgwater UK Parliament constituency - Boundary Review, Bridgwater UK Parliament constituency - History, Bridgwater UK Parliament constituency - Member of Parliament, Bridgwater UK Parliament constituency - Elections

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Nontrinitarians claim the roots of their position go back farther than those of their counterpart trinitarians. Some ancient sects, such as the Ebionites, said that Jesus was not a Son of God but rather an ordinary man who was a prophet, a view of Jesus shared by Islam. The biblical basis for each side of the issue is debated chiefly on the question of the divinity of Jesus. Nontrinitarians note that in deference to God, Jesus rejected even being called "good", that he disavowed omniscience as the Son, and that he referred to ascending unto ...

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Nontrinitarianism, Nontrinitarianism - Forms of Nontrinitarianism, Nontrinitarianism - Origins and basis for Nontrinitarianism, Nontrinitarianism - Alleged pagan basis for Trinitarianism, Nontrinitarianism - Hellenic influences on Christian thought, Nontrinitarianism - Debate over Nontrinitarianism's Christian status, Nontrinitarianism - Nontrinitarian groups, Nontrinitarianism - Other groups which reject the Trinity doctrine, Nontrinitarianism - Nontrinitarian people

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Bevan was born in Tredegar, Monmouthshire, the son of David Bevan, who was a miner. Both Bevan's parents were Nonconformists: his father was a Baptist and his mother a Methodist. One of ten children, Bevan was unsuccessful at school and his academic performance was so bad that his headmaster made him repeat a year. At the age of thirteen Aneurin left school and began working in the local Tytryst Colliery. David Bevan had been a supporter of the Liberal Party in his youth, but was converted to socialism by the writings of Robert Blatchford in the Clarion a ...

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Aneurin Bevan, Aneurin Bevan - Youth, Aneurin Bevan - Parliament, Aneurin Bevan - Government, Aneurin Bevan - Backbenches, Aneurin Bevan - Publications

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Born in Weston-super-Mare and one of four children, A. V. Alexander was the son of Albert Alexander, a blacksmith and later engineer who had moved from his native Wiltshire to Bristol during the agricultural depression of the 1860s and 1870s, and Eliza Jane Thatcher, daughter of a policeman. He was named after both his father and Prince Albert Victor, Queen Victoria's eldest grandson, but he was known as "A. V." from a young age. His parents had settled in Weston when they married, but the family moved to Bristol after Albert Alexander's death in Augu ...

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A. V. Alexander 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough, A. V. Alexander 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough - Background, A. V. Alexander 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough - Parliamentary Career, A. V. Alexander 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough - First Lord of the Admiralty, A. V. Alexander 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough - Under Churchill and Attlee, A. V. Alexander 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough - Leader in the Lords

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