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neurotoxin | A Wisdom Archive on neurotoxin | | neurotoxin A selection of articles related to neurotoxin | |
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neurotoxin, Neurotoxin, neurotoxic, teratogenesis, many birth defects are essentially caused by neurotoxicity in developing neurons
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO neurotoxin | | | | |  neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Bird - Other anatomyBirds possess a ventriculus, or gizzard, that is composed of four muscular bands that act to rotate and crush food by shifting the food from one area to the next within the gizzard. Depending on the species, the gizzard may contain small pieces of grit or stone that the bird has swallowed to aid in the grinding process of digestion. For birds in captivity, only certain species of birds require grit in their diet for digestion. The use of gizzard stones is a similarity between birds and dinosaurs, which left gizzard stones called gastroliths as trace fossils.
Birds also have skeletons possessing unique char ...
See also:Bird, Bird - High-level taxonomy, Bird - Bird orders, Bird - Evolution, Bird - Reproduction, Bird - Mating systems and parental care, Bird - Respiration, Bird - Other anatomy, Bird - Birds and humans, Bird - Trivia Read more here: » Bird: Encyclopedia II - Bird - Other anatomy |
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| | | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Tetanus - Association with rust Tetanus is often associated with rust, especially rusty nails, but this is somewhat misleading. Rust itself does not cause tetanus or contain more C. tetani bacteria. Objects that accumulate rust are often found in the outdoors or places that generally contain more bacteria. Since C. tetani is an anaerobic bacterium, it will thrive in an environment that lacks oxygen. Therefore, stepping on an old forgotten nail in a stable could easily result in tetanus, partly because C. tetani is found in animal feces (which is rather ...
See also:Tetanus, Tetanus - Types, Tetanus - Symptoms, Tetanus - Treatment, Tetanus - Association with rust, Tetanus - Around the globe Read more here: » Tetanus: Encyclopedia II - Tetanus - Association with rust |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Bird - Bird orders This is a list of the taxonomic orders in the class Aves. The list of birds gives a more detailed summary, including families.
Paleognathae:
Struthioniformes, Ostrich, emus, kiwis, and allies
Tinamiformes, tinamous
Neognathae:
Anseriformes, waterfowl
Galliformes, fowl
Gaviiformes, loons
Podicipediformes, grebes
Procellariiformes, albatrosses, petrels, and allies
Sphenisciformes, penguins
Pelecaniformes, pelicans and allies
C ...
See also:Bird, Bird - High-level taxonomy, Bird - Bird orders, Bird - Evolution, Bird - Reproduction, Bird - Mating systems and parental care, Bird - Respiration, Bird - Other anatomy, Bird - Birds and humans, Bird - Trivia Read more here: » Bird: Encyclopedia II - Bird - Bird orders |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Tetrodotoxin - Biochemistry Tetrodotoxin binds to what is now known as site 1 of the voltage-gated sodium channel. Site 1 is located at the extracellular pore opening of the ion channel. The binding of any molecules to this site will temporarily disable the function of the ion channel. Saxitoxin and several of the conotoxins also bind the same site.
The use of this toxin as a biochemical probe has elucidated two distinct types of voltage-gated sodium channels present in humans: the tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated sodium channel (TTX-s Na+ channel) an ...
See also:Tetrodotoxin, Tetrodotoxin - Biochemistry, Tetrodotoxin - Total Synthesis, Tetrodotoxin - Tetrodotoxin Poisoning, Tetrodotoxin - History, Tetrodotoxin - Symptoms and diagnosis, Tetrodotoxin - Course of disease and complications, Tetrodotoxin - Areas where tetrodotoxin poisoning is most common, Tetrodotoxin - Relative frequency of disease, Tetrodotoxin - Target populations, Tetrodotoxin - Food analysis Read more here: » Tetrodotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Tetrodotoxin - Biochemistry |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Fugu - The fish There are 25 species belonging to the genus Takifugu (formerly known as Fugu, with the exception of one remaining Fugu species). Takifugu can be found worldwide from about 45° latitude north to 45° latitude south, mostly in salt water near coral reefs or the shore, but some species also live in fresh water or brackish water. Their diet consists mostly of algae, mollusks, invertebrates and sometimes crustaceans. All fishes in the tetradon family have strong teeth that may grow too long if the fish cannot consume abrasiv ...
See also:Fugu, Fugu - The fish, Fugu - Consumption, Fugu - Fugu poisoning, Fugu - Social aspects, Fugu - Availability, Fugu - Takifugu species table Read more here: » Fugu: Encyclopedia II - Fugu - The fish |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Properties
Alkane - Physical properties.
The molecular structure, particularly the surface area of the molecule, determines the boiling point of the alkane: the smaller the surface, the lower the boiling point, as the van der Waals forces between the molecules are weaker. A reduction of the surface area can be achieved by chain-branching or by a circular structure. This means in practice that alkanes with higher number of carbon atoms usually have higher boiling points than those with lower numbers of carbon atoms, and that ...
See also:Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations Read more here: » Alkane: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Properties |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Reactions
Alkane - Reactions with oxygen.
All alkanes react with oxygen in a combustion reaction, although they become increasing difficult to ignite as the number of carbon atoms increases. The general equation for complete combustion is:
2CnH2n+2 + (3n+1)O2 → 2(n+1)H2O + 2nCO2
In the absence of sufficient oxygen, carbon monoxide or even soot can be formed, as shown below for methane:
2CH4 + 3O2 → 2CO + 4H2O
CH4 + O2< ...
See also:Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations Read more here: » Alkane: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Reactions |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Alkanes in nature Although alkanes occur in nature in various way, they do not rank biologically among the essential materials. Cycloalkanes with 14 to 18 carbon atoms occur in musk, extracted from deer of the family Moschidae. All further information refers to acyclic alkanes.
Alkane - Bacteria and archaea.
Certain types of bacteria can metabolise alkanes: they prefer even-numbered carbon chains as they are ...
See also:Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations Read more here: » Alkane: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Alkanes in nature |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Bird - High-level taxonomy Birds form a class, whose scientific name is Aves. The founding species of class Aves probably lived in the Jurassic period.
According to the most recent consensus, Class Aves and a sister group, the family Crocodylidae, together form a group of unnamed rank, the Archosauria.
The class of birds separated early into two superorders, the Paleognathae (mostly flightless birds like ostriches), and the wildly div ...
See also:Bird, Bird - High-level taxonomy, Bird - Bird orders, Bird - Evolution, Bird - Reproduction, Bird - Mating systems and parental care, Bird - Respiration, Bird - Other anatomy, Bird - Birds and humans, Bird - Trivia Read more here: » Bird: Encyclopedia II - Bird - High-level taxonomy |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Purification and use Alkanes are both important raw materials of the chemical industry and the most important fuels of the world economy.
The starting materials for the processing are always natural gas and crude oil. The latter is separated in an oil refinery by fractional distillation and processed into many different products, for example gasoline. The different "fractions" of crude oil have different boiling points and can be isolated and separated quite easily: within the individual fra ...
See also:Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations Read more here: » Alkane: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Purification and use |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Occurrence Alkanes occur both on Earth and in the solar system, however only the first hundred or so, and even then mostly only in traces. The light hydrocarbons, especially methane and ethane are of great importance for other heavenly bodies: they are found, for example, both in the tail of the comet Hyakutake and in some meteorites such as carbonaceous chondrites. They also form an important portion of the atmospheres of the outer gas planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. On Titan, the satellite of Saturn, it is believed that there were once large oceans of these and longer chain alkanes: smaller seas of liquid eth ...
See also:Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations Read more here: » Alkane: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Occurrence |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Tobacco - History Native Americans used tobacco before Europeans arrived in America, and early European settlers in America learned to smoke and brought the practice back to Europe, where it became hugely popular. At extremely high doses, tobacco becomes hallucinogenic; accordingly, Native Americans generally did not use the drug recreationally. Rather, it was often consumed in extraordinarily high quantities and used as an entheogen; generally, this was done only by experienced shamans or medicine men. In addition to being smoked, uncured tobacco was often e ...
See also:Tobacco, Tobacco - History, Tobacco - Cultivation, Tobacco - Sowing, Tobacco - Transplanting, Tobacco - Topping and suckering, Tobacco - Harvest, Tobacco - Pests, Tobacco - Curing, Tobacco - Post-cure processing, Tobacco - Types, Tobacco - Fire-cured, Tobacco - Brightleaf tobacco, Tobacco - White burley, Tobacco - Shade tobacco, Tobacco - Perique, Tobacco - Tobacco products, Tobacco - Snuff, Tobacco - Gutka, Tobacco - Creamy snuff, Tobacco - Tobacco water, Tobacco - Bibliography Read more here: » Tobacco: Encyclopedia II - Tobacco - History |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Tobacco - Types
Tobacco - Fire-cured.
Fire-cured smoking tobacco is a robust variety of tobacco used as a condimental for pipe blends. It is cured by smoking over gentle fires. In the United States, it is grown in the western part of Tennessee, Western Kentucky and in Virginia. Latakia is a produced from oriental varieties of N. tabacum. The leaves are cured and smoked over smoldering fires of local hardwoods and aromatic shrubs in Cyprus and Syria. Latakia has a pronounced flavor and a very distinctive aroma, and is used in the so-called Balkan and E ...
See also:Tobacco, Tobacco - History, Tobacco - Cultivation, Tobacco - Sowing, Tobacco - Transplanting, Tobacco - Topping and suckering, Tobacco - Harvest, Tobacco - Pests, Tobacco - Curing, Tobacco - Post-cure processing, Tobacco - Types, Tobacco - Fire-cured, Tobacco - Brightleaf tobacco, Tobacco - White burley, Tobacco - Shade tobacco, Tobacco - Perique, Tobacco - Tobacco products, Tobacco - Snuff, Tobacco - Gutka, Tobacco - Creamy snuff, Tobacco - Tobacco water, Tobacco - Bibliography Read more here: » Tobacco: Encyclopedia II - Tobacco - Types |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Tobacco - Tobacco products
Tobacco - Snuff.
Snuff is a generic term for fine-ground smokeless tobacco products. Originally the term referred only to dry snuff, a fine tan dust popular mainly in the eighteenth century. This is often called "Scotch Snuff", a folk-etymology derivation of the scorching process used to dry the cured tobacco by the factory.
European (dry) snuff is intended to be sniffed up the nose. Snuff is not "snorted" due to the fact that you do not want the snuff to get past the nose i.e.; into sinuses, ...
See also:Tobacco, Tobacco - History, Tobacco - Cultivation, Tobacco - Sowing, Tobacco - Transplanting, Tobacco - Topping and suckering, Tobacco - Harvest, Tobacco - Pests, Tobacco - Curing, Tobacco - Post-cure processing, Tobacco - Types, Tobacco - Fire-cured, Tobacco - Brightleaf tobacco, Tobacco - White burley, Tobacco - Shade tobacco, Tobacco - Perique, Tobacco - Tobacco products, Tobacco - Snuff, Tobacco - Gutka, Tobacco - Creamy snuff, Tobacco - Tobacco water, Tobacco - Bibliography Read more here: » Tobacco: Encyclopedia II - Tobacco - Tobacco products |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes The names of all alkanes end with -ane.
Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains.
The first four members of the series (in terms of number of carbon atoms) are named as follows:
methane, CH4
ethane, C2H6
propane, C3H8
butane, C4H10
Alkanes with five or more carbon atoms are named by adding the suffix -ane to the appropriate numerical multiplier with elision ...
See also:Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations Read more here: » Alkane: Encyclopedia II - Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Bird - Bird orders This is a list of the taxonomic orders in the class Aves. The list of birds gives a more detailed summary, including families.
Struthioniformes, Ostrich, emus, kiwis, and allies
Tinamiformes, tinamous
Anseriformes, waterfowl
Galliformes, fowl
Sphenisciformes, penguins
Gaviiformes, loons
Podicipediformes, grebes
Procellariiformes, albatrosses, petrels, and allies
Pelecaniformes, pelicans and allies
Ciconiiformes, storks and allies
Phoenicopt ...
See also:Bird, Bird - High-level taxonomy, Bird - Bird orders, Bird - Evolution, Bird - Reproduction, Bird - Mating systems and parental care, Bird - Respiration, Bird - Other anatomy, Bird - Birds and humans, Bird - Trivia Read more here: » Bird: Encyclopedia II - Bird - Bird orders |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Bird - Reproduction Although most male birds have no external sex organs, the male does have two testes which become hundreds of times larger during the breeding season to produce sperm. The female's ovaries also become larger, although only the left ovary actually functions.
In the males of species without a phallus (see below), sperm is stored within the proctodeum compartment within the cloaca prior to copulation. During copulation, the female moves her tail to the side and the male either mounts the female from behind or moves very close to her. He m ...
See also:Bird, Bird - High-level taxonomy, Bird - Bird orders, Bird - Evolution, Bird - Reproduction, Bird - Mating systems and parental care, Bird - Respiration, Bird - Other anatomy, Bird - Birds and humans, Bird - Trivia Read more here: » Bird: Encyclopedia II - Bird - Reproduction |
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| | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Bird - Respiration Birds ventilate their lungs by means of crosscurrent flow: the air flows at a 90° angle to the flow of blood in the lungs' capillaries. In addition to the lungs themselves, birds have posterior and anterior air sacs (typically nine) which control air flow through the lungs, but do not play a direct role in gas exchange. There are three parts involved in respiration:
the anterior air sacs (interclavicular, cervicals, and anterior thoracics),
the lungs, and
the posterior air sacs (posteri ...
See also:Bird, Bird - High-level taxonomy, Bird - Bird orders, Bird - Evolution, Bird - Reproduction, Bird - Mating systems and parental care, Bird - Respiration, Bird - Other anatomy, Bird - Birds and humans, Bird - Trivia Read more here: » Bird: Encyclopedia II - Bird - Respiration |
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| | | | | | neurotoxin: Encyclopedia II - Fugu - Social aspects The popularity of fugu in Japan is an interesting phenomenon. Fugu is a very expensive fish, has some potentially lethal side effects, and is by most people considered to have a very weak taste (although many Japanese gourmets would disagree). The combination of these factors would normally give humans a low preference for its consumption. However, it seems one of the attractions of the low-flavored fish is the risk of potential death, regardless of how low that actual likelihood stands in a commercial restaurant. It can be assumed that the fish would be much le ...
See also:Fugu, Fugu - The fish, Fugu - Consumption, Fugu - Fugu poisoning, Fugu - Social aspects, Fugu - Availability, Fugu - Takifugu species table Read more here: » Fugu: Encyclopedia II - Fugu - Social aspects |
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