Definition and meaning of neurotoxin:

neurotoxin - a toxic substance which interferes with the electrical activities of nerves and inhibits, damages or destroys the tissues of the nervous system, especially neurons (nerve cells)

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

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This is a sitemap for Oceanography - N . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word. The sitemap(s) covers over 5.184 different Oceanography terms.

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The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and processes input from the senses, and initiates actions. Prominent participants in a nervous system include neurons and nerves which play roles in such coordination. In animals without brains, the nervous system does not generate or conduct thoughts and emotions. Thus it is the system that animates "animals" (sponges are an exception). Chemicals that target the activity of nerves generally are the most rapidly act ...

Including:

• Nervous system - Vertebrate nervous systems
• Nervous system - Metabolism of the nervous system

Read more here: » Nervous system: Encyclopedia - Nervous system

Because "voltage-gated" channels underlie the nerve impulse and because "transmitter-gated" channels mediate conduction across the synapses, channels are especially prominent components of the nervous system. Indeed, most of the offensive and defensive toxins that organisms have evolved for shutting down the nervous systems of predators and prey (e.g., the venoms produced by spiders, scorpions, snakes, fish, bees, sea snails and others) work by plugging ion channel pores. But ion channels figure in a wide variety of biological processes that involve rapid changes in cells. In the search for ...

See also:

Ion channel, Ion channel - Basic features, Ion channel - Biological role, Ion channel - Diversity and activation, Ion channel - Detailed structure, Ion channel - History

Read more here: » Ion channel: Encyclopedia II - Ion channel - Biological role

The nervous systems of vertebrate animals are often divided into a central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists of all other nerves and neurons that do not lie within the CNS. The large majority of what are commonly called nerves (which are actually axonal processes of nerve cells) are considered to be PNS. The peripheral nervous system is divided into ...

See also:

Nervous system, Nervous system - Vertebrate nervous systems, Nervous system - Metabolism of the nervous system

Read more here: » Nervous system: Encyclopedia II - Nervous system - Vertebrate nervous systems

True Cobras Spitting cobra, (Various species) Cape Cobra, Naja nivea Indian Cobra, Naja naja Egyptian Cobra, Naja haje Monocled Cobra, Naja naja kaouthia Despite the names, the following snakes are not strictly classified as cobras and do not belong to the cobra genus Naja. Eastern Water Cobra, Boulengerina annulata stormsi Gold's Tree Cobra, Psuedohaje goldii Shield-Nosed Cobra, Aspidelaps lubricus lubricus King Cobra, Ophiophagus hannah ...

See also:

Cobra snake, Cobra snake - Snakes named Cobra, Cobra snake - Trivia

Read more here: » Cobra snake: Encyclopedia II - Cobra snake - Snakes named Cobra

The most famous victim of hemlock poisoning is probably Socrates. After being condemned to death for impiety in 399 BC, Socrates was given a potent solution of the hemlock plant. Plato described Socrates' death in Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo. He walked about and, when he said his legs were heavy, lay down on his back, for such was the advice of the attendant. The man who had administered the poison laid his hands on him and after a while examined his feet and legs, then pinched his foot hard and asked if he felt it. He sa ...

See also:

Conium, Conium - Socrates, Conium - Medicinal uses

Read more here: » Conium: Encyclopedia II - Conium - Socrates

Linnaeus, 1758 Asprella Chelyconus Conus Floraconus Leptoconus The cone snails or cone shells (Conidae) are marine snails found in coral reefs. Cone snails can grow up to 23 cm in length and are found in tropical waters. There are about 500 different species. They are carnivorous, generally eating marine worms, small fish, and even other molluscs. Because cone snails are slow-moving, they use a venomous harpoon (actua ...

Including:

• Cone snail - Harpoon and venom
• Cone snail - Danger to humans
• Cone snail - Medical use
• Cone snail - Collection

Read more here: » Cone snail: Encyclopedia - Cone snail

An alkane in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon without cycles, that is, an acyclic hydrocarbon in which the molecule has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and so has no double bonds. Alkanes are also often known as paraffins, or collectively as the paraffin series; these terms, however, are also used to apply only to alkanes whose carbon atoms form a single, unbranched chain; when this is done, branched-chain alkanes are called isoparaffins. Alkanes are aliphatic compounds. The general formu ...

Including:

• Alkane - Isomerism
• Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes
• Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains
• Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains
• Alkane - Trivial names
• Alkane - Occurrence
• Alkane - Purification and use
• Alkane - Preparation
• Alkane - Molecular geometry
• Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles
• Alkane - Conformation
• Alkane - Properties
• Alkane - Physical properties
• Alkane - Chemical properties
• Alkane - Thermochemistry
• Alkane - Spectroscopic properties
• Alkane - Reactions
• Alkane - Reactions with oxygen
• Alkane - Reactions with halogens
• Alkane - Cracking and reforming
• Alkane - Other reactions
• Alkane - Hazards
• Alkane - Alkanes in nature
• Alkane - Bacteria and archaea
• Alkane - Fungi and plants
• Alkane - Animals
• Alkane - Ecological relations

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or Atrax Hadronyche The venomous funnel-web spider (family Hexathelidae) are notorious for the inclusion of the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus). This is probably one of the three most dangerous spiders on our planet. It has a powerful neurotoxin that, for some reason not easily apparent, is more toxic in the male. Males, recognised by the modified terminal segment of the palp, are aggressive and tend to wander in search of females at night in summer rain. They are attract ...

Including:

• Venomous funnel-web tarantula - Additional Images

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Cycadaceae cycas family Stangeriaceae stangeria family Zamiaceae zamia family Cycads are an ancient group of seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. They are evergreen, gymnospermous, dioecious plants having large pinnately compound leaves. They are frequently confused with and mistaken for palms or ferns, but are unrelated to either, belonging to the division Cycadophyta. Cycad - Introduction & overview. Cycads are found across much of ...

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• Cycad - Introduction & overview
• Cycad - Taxonomy
• Cycad - Order Cycadales
• Cycad - History
• Cycad - Conservation
• Cycad - Horticulture

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See text Artemisia is a large, diverse genus of plants with about 180 species belonging to the daisy family (Asteraceae). It comprises hardy herbs and sub-shrubs known for their volatile oils. They grow in temperate climates of the Northern Hemisphere, usually in dry or semi-dry habitats. The fern-like leaves of many species are covered with white hairs. It contains many well known species, such as Roman wormwood, Sagebrush, Tarragon, Mugwort, and Southernwood. The aromatic leaves of many of these species are medicinal, some are used for flavoring, and some are important range species. All ...

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• Artemisia plant - Wormwoods
• Artemisia plant - Associations in human culture
• Artemisia plant - Species

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Conium is a genus of 2-3 species of perennial herbaceous plants in the family Apiaceae. The most familiar species is Conium maculatum (also known as Poison Hemlock), the most common of several species of hemlock noted for their toxicity. It is a biennial herb which grows up to about 10 feet or 3 meters tall, has a smooth (sometimes purple) spotted stem and finely divided lacy leaves. The new leaves and root, when crushed emit a rank, unpleasant odour often compared to mice or parsnips. The flowers are small ...

Including:

• Conium - Socrates
• Conium - Medicinal uses

Read more here: » Conium: Encyclopedia - Conium

N. acuminata N. alata N. attenuata N. clevelandii N. excelsior N. forgetiana N. glauca N. glutinosa N. langsdorffii N. longiflora N. obtusifolia N. paniculata N. plumbagifolia N. quadrivalvis N. repanda N. rustica N. suaveolens N. sylvestris N. tabacum N. tomentosa
Including:

• Tobacco - History
• Tobacco - Cultivation
• Tobacco - Sowing
• Tobacco - Transplanting
• Tobacco - Topping and suckering
• Tobacco - Harvest
• Tobacco - Pests
• Tobacco - Curing
• Tobacco - Post-cure processing
• Tobacco - Types
• Tobacco - Fire-cured
• Tobacco - Brightleaf tobacco
• Tobacco - White burley
• Tobacco - Shade tobacco
• Tobacco - Perique
• Tobacco - Tobacco products
• Tobacco - Snuff
• Tobacco - Gutka
• Tobacco - Creamy snuff
• Tobacco - Tobacco water
• Tobacco - Bibliography

Read more here: » Tobacco: Encyclopedia - Tobacco

Cobras are venomous snakes of family Elapidae, of several genera. They generally inhabit tropical and desert regions of Asia and Africa. Cobras kill their prey, usually small rodents and birds, by injecting a neurotoxin through their hollow fangs. The King Cobra notably eats other snakes; it feeds almost entirely on other snakes, even venomous ones (ophiophagy). The spitting cobra can also incapacitate larger would-be predators by delivering venom to their eyes. Cobras come in varying colors from black or dark brown to yellowish white. The (jet) black cobra found ...

Including:

• Cobra snake - Snakes named Cobra
• Cobra snake - Trivia

Read more here: » Cobra snake: Encyclopedia - Cobra snake

Birds are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates characterized primarily by feathers, forelimbs modified as wings, and hollow bones. Birds range in size from the tiny hummingbirds to the huge Ostrich and Emu. Depending on taxonomic viewpoint, there are about 8,800–10,200 living bird species (plus about 120–130 that have become extinct in the span of human history) in the world, making them the mos ...

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• Bird - High-level taxonomy
• Bird - Bird orders
• Bird - Evolution
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• Bird - Mating systems and parental care
• Bird - Respiration
• Bird - Other anatomy
• Bird - Birds and humans
• Bird - Trivia

Read more here: » Bird: Encyclopedia - Bird

Channels differ with respect to the ion they let pass (for example, Na+, K+, Cl−), the ways in which they may be regulated, the number of subunits of which they are composed and other aspects of structure. Channels belonging to the largest class, which includes the voltage-gated channels that underlie the nerve impulse, consists of four subunits with six transmembrane helices each. On activation, these helices move about and open the pore. Two of these six helices are separated by a loop that lines the pore ...

See also:

Ion channel, Ion channel - Basic features, Ion channel - Biological role, Ion channel - Diversity and activation, Ion channel - Detailed structure, Ion channel - History

Read more here: » Ion channel: Encyclopedia II - Ion channel - Detailed structure

Adenorhinos Atheris Azemiops Bitis Cerastes Daboia Echis Eristicophis Macrovipera Montatheris Proatheris Pseudocerastes Vipera Vipers are venomous snakes belonging to the Viperidae family (consisting of roughly 150 species). They are characterised by long erectile fangs, which are folded back when not in use. They also have triangle-shaped heads with a distinct ...

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• Viper - Closely related groups

Read more here: » Viper: Encyclopedia - Viper

The cone snail's harpoon is a modification of the radula, an organ in molluscs which acts as both tongue and teeth. The harpoon is hollow and barbed, and is attached to the tip of the radula inside the snail's throat. When the snail detects a prey animal nearby, it turns its mouth - a long flexible tube called a proboscis - towards the prey. The harpoon is loaded with venom and, still attached to the radula, is fired from the proboscis into the prey by a powerful muscular contraction. The venom paralyses small fish almost instantly. The snail then retracts the ...

See also:

Cone snail, Cone snail - Harpoon and venom, Cone snail - Danger to humans, Cone snail - Medical use, Cone snail - Collection

Read more here: » Cone snail: Encyclopedia II - Cone snail - Harpoon and venom

Tobacco - Sowing. Tobacco seeds are started very early in the year. The seeds are scattered onto the surface of the soil, as their germination is activated by light. In colonial Virginia, seedbeds were fertilized with wood ash or animal manure (frequently powdered horse manure). Seedbeds were then covered with branches to protect the young plants from frost damage. These plant ...

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Tobacco, Tobacco - History, Tobacco - Cultivation, Tobacco - Sowing, Tobacco - Transplanting, Tobacco - Topping and suckering, Tobacco - Harvest, Tobacco - Pests, Tobacco - Curing, Tobacco - Post-cure processing, Tobacco - Types, Tobacco - Fire-cured, Tobacco - Brightleaf tobacco, Tobacco - White burley, Tobacco - Shade tobacco, Tobacco - Perique, Tobacco - Tobacco products, Tobacco - Snuff, Tobacco - Gutka, Tobacco - Creamy snuff, Tobacco - Tobacco water, Tobacco - Bibliography

Read more here: » Tobacco: Encyclopedia II - Tobacco - Cultivation