Encyclopedia - Cognitive Neuroscience: Encyclopedia - Cognitive Neuroscience
The field of Cognitive neuroscience concerns the study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and is a branch of biological psycho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neuroscience: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuroscience - Fields Within Neuroscience
There are many areas of study within neuroscience including: Molecular and cellular neuroscience: These two fields integrate neurobiolog...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Society For Neuroscience: Encyclopedia Ii - Society For Neuroscience - History
The SfN was founded in 1970 and, at over 37,000 members, has grown to be the largest neuroscience society in the world. The stated missio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Affective Neuroscience: Encyclopedia - Affective Neuroscience
Affective neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms of emotion. This interdisciplinary field combines neuroscience with the psyc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Behavioral Neuroscience Approach: Encyclopedia - Behavioral Neuroscience Approach
In psychology, the behavioral neuroscience approach is an approach that emphasizes the importance of understanding the brain and nervous ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neuroscience And Intelligence: Encyclopedia - Neuroscience And Intelligence
Humans have brain sizes ranging up to 2000 cm³, with the average being about 1400 cm³. Larger brains do not necessarily imply higher in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computational Neuroscience: Encyclopedia - Computational Neuroscience
Computational neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field which draws on neuroscience, computer science and applied mathematics. It most o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Science: Encyclopedia - Cognitive Science
Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994). Practically every intro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consciousness: Encyclopedia - Consciousness
Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise such key features as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ambiguous Image: Encyclopedia - Ambiguous Image
Certain images are interpreted by the Visual system in more than one way. These visual patterns are thus called ambiguous images that are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Imbalance Theory: Encyclopedia - Chemical Imbalance Theory
Chemical imbalance is a simplification of the language sometimes used by drug companies [1] in the United States in advertising and consu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia - Brain
In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for "in the head"), acts as the control center of the central nervous system. In most animals...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Learning: Encyclopedia - Learning
Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values, through study, experience, or teaching, that causes a chang...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decision Making: Encyclopedia - Decision Making
Decision making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among multiple alternatives. Every decision-making produces...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Affective Science: Encyclopedia - Affective Science
Affective science is the scientific study of emotion. Disciplines related to this interdisciplinary field include: Affective neuroscienc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neuroscience And Intelligence: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuroscience And Intelligence - Brain Size
Humans have brain sizes ranging up to 2000 cm³, with the average being about 1400 cm³. Larger brains do not necessarily imply higher in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jeff Hawkins: Encyclopedia Ii - Jeff Hawkins - Neuroscience
Since he read a special issue of Scientific American on the brain, Hawkins has always been interested in studying how brains work. Initia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consciousness: Encyclopedia Ii - Consciousness - Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches
Modern investigations into and discoveries about consciousness are based on psychological statistical studies and case studies of conscio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Neural Network - Neural Networks And Neuroscience
Theoretical and computational neuroscience is the field concerned with the theoretical analysis and computational modeling of biological ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phineas Gage: Encyclopedia Ii - Phineas Gage - Significance For Neuroscience
Gage's case is cited as among the first evidence suggesting that damage to the frontal lobes could alter aspects of personality and affec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Top-down And Bottom-up Design: Encyclopedia Ii - Top-down And Bottom-up Design - Computer Science
In the software development process the top-down and bottom-up approaches play a key-role. Top-down design was promoted in the 1970s by I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drosophila Melanogaster: Encyclopedia Ii - Drosophila Melanogaster - Behavioral Genetics And Neuroscience
In 1971 Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer published a paper titled "Clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster" in which they described the fi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - The Study Of The Brain
Brain - Fields of study. Several areas of science specifically study the brain. Neuroscience seeks to understand the nervous system, in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Top-down And Bottom-up Design: Encyclopedia Ii - Top-down And Bottom-up Design - Computer Science
In the software development process the Top-down and Bottom-up approaches play a key-role. Top-down design was promoted in the 1970s by I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sound Symbolism: Encyclopedia Ii - Sound Symbolism - Relationship With Neuroscience
In the 2003 BBC Reith Lectures, Vilayanur S. Ramachandran outlined his research into the links between brain structure and function. In t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consciousness: Encyclopedia Ii - Consciousness - Physical Approaches
Even at the dawn of Newtonian science, Leibniz and many others were suggesting physical theories of consciousness. Modern physical theori...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Episodic Memory: Encyclopedia Ii - Episodic Memory - The Cognitive Neuroscience Of Episodic Memory
The formation of new episodic memories requires the hippocampus. Without a hippocampus, one is able to form new procedural memories (such...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neuroeconomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuroeconomics - Experiments
In a typical behavioral economics experiment, a subject is asked to make a series of economic decisions. For example, a subject may be as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Cognitive Neuroscience
List of publications in biology - The organization of behavior. Donald O. Hebb New York: Wiley, 1989 Description: Importance: List ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neuroeconomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuroeconomics - Neuroeconomics & Psychology
Psychology studies thought and perception, with broad areas such as language, cognition, memory, group psychology and abnormal psychology...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neuroeconomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuroeconomics - Ramifications
Neuroeconomics, although a relatively recent approach to biology and human behavior, shows promise of contributing to knowledge in a wide...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consciousness: Encyclopedia Ii - Consciousness - Philosophical Approaches
Some philosophers suggest that consciousness resists or even defies definition. Others believe it can be usefully distinguished between p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Exocortex: Encyclopedia Ii - Exocortex - Etymology
The noun exocortex is composed of two morphemes of latin origin: the prefix exo- — meaning external or outside — and the root noun co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consciousness: Encyclopedia Ii - Consciousness - Spiritual Approaches
Spiritual approaches to consciousness involve the idea of altered states of consciousness or religious experience. Changes in the state o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phineas Gage: Encyclopedia Ii - Phineas Gage - Gage's Injury
On September 13, 1848, Phineas Gage was working outside the small town of Cavendish, Vermont on the construction of a railroad track wher...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consciousness: Encyclopedia Ii - Consciousness - Tests Of Consciousness
As there is still not a clear definition of consciousness, no empirical tests currently exist to test consciousness as a whole. Some have...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phineas Gage: Encyclopedia Ii - Phineas Gage - Effect On Gage
According to Gage's physician, Dr J.M. Harlow, whereas previously he had been hard-working, responsible, and popular with the men in his ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Imbalance Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Imbalance Theory - Chemical Imbalances
Changes in levels of neurotransmitters and other neural level phenomena are hypothesised to be the underlying psychopathology for certain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consciousness: Encyclopedia Ii - Consciousness - Philosophical Approaches
Some philosophers suggest that consciousness resists or even defies definition. Others believe it can be usefully distinguished between p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - Mind And Brain
A distinction is sometimes made in the philosophy of mind between the mind and brain. The brain is defined as the physical, biological [[...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - Brain As Food
Like most other internal organs, the brain can serve as nourishment. For example, in the Southern United States canned pork brain in grav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Imbalance Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Imbalance Theory - Chemical Imbalances
Changes in levels of neurotransmitters and other neural level phenomena are hypothesised to be the underlying psychopathology for certain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - Brain As Food
Like most other internal organs, the brain can serve as nourishment. For example, in the Southern United States canned pork brain in grav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Imbalance Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Imbalance Theory - Sightings In Popular Culture And Advertising
The chemical imbalance theory, according to critics, is routinely presented as ‘fact’ so often it has become widely accepted as fact,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neurotheology: Encyclopedia Ii - Neurotheology - Criticism
An attempt to marry a materialistic approach like neuroscience to spirituality naturally attracts much criticism. Some of the criticism i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - Neurobiology
Despite the variance of the species in which the brain is found there are many common features in its cellular make-up, its structure, an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phineas Gage: Encyclopedia Ii - Phineas Gage - Similar Cases
On August 15th, 2003, Ron Hunt - a construction worker living in Truckee California - survived an 18 inch long, 1.5 inch wide drill bit w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Imbalance Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Imbalance Theory - Controversy
Critics contend that psychiatric drugs, intended to alter neurochemical processes by manipulating neurotransmitter levels, are not always...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Imbalance Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Imbalance Theory - Popular Culture And Advertising
The chemical imbalance theory, according to critics, is routinely presented as ‘fact’ so often it has become widely accepted as fact,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Imbalance Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Imbalance Theory - Diagnostic Utility
There are advanced imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scans) that can test for chemical imbalances. Changes in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Science - Research Methods
Many different methodologies are used to study cognitive science. As the field is highly interdisciplinary, research often cuts across mu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - Mind And Brain
A distinction is sometimes made in the philosophy of mind between the mind and brain. The brain is defined as the physical, biological ma...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Neuroscience: Oceanography Dictionary - Neuroscience
  Definition and meaning of neuroscience:   neuroscience - the scientific disciplines concerned with the development, st...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Psychology: Encyclopedia Ii - Psychology - Principles Of Psychology
Psychology - Mind and brain. Psychology does not necessarily refer to the brain or nervous system and can be framed purely in terms of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drosophila Melanogaster: Encyclopedia Ii - Drosophila Melanogaster - Development And Embryogenesis
Main article: Drosophila embryogenesis Embryogenesis in Drosophila has been extensively studied, the small size, short generation time, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Psychology: Encyclopedia Ii - Psychology - Scope Of Psychology
Psychology is an extremely broad field, encompassing many different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. Below are t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Learning: Encyclopedia Ii - Learning - Learning By Teaching
Main article: Learning by teaching Learning by teaching, is a method of teaching which allows teachers to share the new lesson contents a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Episodic Memory: Encyclopedia Ii - Episodic Memory - The Relationship Of Episodic Memory To Semantic Memory
Episodic memory is thought of as being a "one-shot" learning mechanism. You only need one exposure to an episode to remember it. Semantic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Psychology: Encyclopedia Ii - Psychology - Scope Of Psychology
Psychology is an extremely broad field, encompassing many different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. Below are t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drosophila Melanogaster: Encyclopedia Ii - Drosophila Melanogaster - Life Cycle
The life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster at 25 °C takes only 2 weeks; everything takes about twice as long at 18 °C. Females...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drosophila Melanogaster: Encyclopedia Ii - Drosophila Melanogaster - Model Organism In Genetics
Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most studied organisms in biological research, particularly genetics and developmental biology. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drosophila Melanogaster: Encyclopedia Ii - Drosophila Melanogaster - The Drosophila Genome
The genome of Drosophila contains 4 pairs of chromosomes: an X/Y pair, and three autosomes labeled 2, 3, and 4. The fourth chromosome is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drosophila Melanogaster: Encyclopedia Ii - Drosophila Melanogaster - Vision In Drosophila
The compound eye of the fruit fly contains 800 unit eyes or ommatidia, and are one of the most advanced among insects. Each ommatidium co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renato M. E. Sabbatini: Encyclopedia Ii - Renato M. E. Sabbatini - Research & Education
Sabbatini began his scientific career in physiology in 1966, under the supervision of Miguel Rolando Covian, who encouraged him to found ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decision Making: Encyclopedia Ii - Decision Making - Principles
The ethical principles of decision making vary considerably. Some common choices of principles and the methods which seem to match them i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Learning: Encyclopedia Ii - Learning - Formal Learning Methods
Schools use a variety of methods to help pupils learn. Learning - Learning by worked examples. Often there are worked examples in books...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decision Making: Encyclopedia Ii - Decision Making - Principles
The ethical principles of decision making vary considerably. Some common choices of principles and the methods which seem to match them i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decision Making: Encyclopedia Ii - Decision Making - Cognitive And Personal Biases In Decision Making
It is generally agreed that biases can creep into our decision making processes, calling into question the correctness of a decision. Bel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decision Making: Encyclopedia Ii - Decision Making - Decision Making In Groups
Decision making in groups is sometimes examined separately as process and outcome. Process refers to the interactions among individuals t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decision Making: Encyclopedia Ii - Decision Making - Path Dependency
Main article: path dependency It is perhaps pertinent to note that the cost of making no decision at all itself is a factor, and that the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Learning: Encyclopedia Ii - Learning - Basic Learning Processes
Main article: Basic learning processes The most basic learning process is imitation, one's personal repetition of an observed process,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Learning: Encyclopedia Ii - Learning - Learning By Example
Example can be a motivation for learning. Imitation of a role model is a natural mechanism for infants and children, when learning from e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Neural Network - Neural Networks And Artificial Intelligence
Main article: Artificial Neural Network Neural network - Background. Neural network models in artificial intelligence are usually refer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decision Making: Encyclopedia Ii - Decision Making - Cognitive And Personal Biases In Decision Making
It is generally agreed that biases can creep into our decision making processes, calling into question the correctness of a decision. Bel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decision Making: Encyclopedia Ii - Decision Making - Decision Making In Groups
Decision making in groups is sometimes examined separately as process and outcome. Process refers to the interactions among individuals t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decision Making: Encyclopedia Ii - Decision Making - Decision Making In One's Personal Life
Some of the decision making techniques that we use in everyday life include: listing the advantages and disadvantages of each option, po...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decision Making: Encyclopedia Ii - Decision Making - Path Dependency
Main article: path dependency It is perhaps pertinent to note that the cost of making no decision at all itself is a factor, and that the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Neural Network - Characterization
In general, a neural network is composed of a group or groups of physically connected or functionally associated neurons. A single neuron...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decision Making: Encyclopedia Ii - Decision Making - Decision Making In Business And Management
In general, business and management systems should be set up to allow decision making at the lowest possible level. Several decision maki...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sound Symbolism: Encyclopedia Ii - Sound Symbolism - Phenomimes And Psychomimes
In addition to the types of sound symbolism described above, some languages posses a category of words midway between onomatopoeia and us...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Neural Network - The Brain Neural Networks And Computers
While historically the brain has been viewed as a type of computer, and vice-versa, this is true only in the loosest sense. Computers are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sound Symbolism: Encyclopedia Ii - Sound Symbolism - History Of Phonosemantics
Several ancient traditions exist which talk about an archetypal relationship between sounds and ideas. Some of these are discussed below,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sound Symbolism: Encyclopedia Ii - Sound Symbolism - Reference
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) is considered to be the founder of modern 'scientific' linguistics. Central to what de Saussure says ab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Neural Network - History Of The Neural Network Analogy
(main article: Connectionism) The concept of neural networks started in the late-1800s as an effort to describe how the human mind perfor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sound Symbolism: Encyclopedia Ii - Sound Symbolism - Types Of Sound Symbolism
Magaret Magnus is the author of probably the only popular book on phonosemantics - Gods of the Word. She describes three types of sound s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stereotactic Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - Stereotactic Surgery - History
The stereotactic method was first developed by two British scientists in 1908, working at University College London Hospital, Sir Victor ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stereotactic Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - Stereotactic Surgery - How It Works
Stereotactic surgery works on the basis of three main components: A stereotactic atlas of the targeted anatomical structures A stereotac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Phylogenetics
List of publications in biology - Phylogenetic Systematics. Willi Hennig University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1966. Description: Thi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Psychiatry
List of publications in biology - The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct. Dr. Thomas Szasz 1960 Text ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Psychobiology
List of publications in biology - Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Wilson, E. O Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Belkna...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Psychophysics
List of publications in biology - Tracking an object through feature space. Blaser E, Pylyshyn ZW, Holcombe AO. Tracking an object thr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Origin Of Life
List of publications in biology - Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth. Andrew H. Knoll 2003, P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Systems Biology
List of publications in biology - The Future and Limits of Systems Biology. Werner, E. Science STKE, 2005, pe16. Online version. Desc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Taxonomy
List of publications in biology - Systema Naturae. Carolus Linnaeus First published 1735 Description: With this publication Linneaus ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Xenobiology
List of publications in biology - Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life. Jack Cohen and Ian Stewart Description: I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Zoology
List of publications in biology - History of Animals. Aristotle 350 BC The history of animals Description: A work in which Aristotle ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Anatomy
List of publications in biology - Gray's Anatomy. Henry Gray Henry Gray, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, 1858. Online version ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Botany
Species Plantarum, 1753 Carolus Linnaeus online at gallica Description : a two-volume work, going through many editions (ever expa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Cell Biology
List of publications in biology - Molecular Biology of the Cell. Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Robe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Developmental Biology
List of publications in biology - Genomic Regulatory Systems: Development and Evolution. E. H. Davidson Genomic Regulatory Systems: De...   » Read the article