Artificial life, also known as alife or a-life, is the study of life through the use of human-made analogs of living systems. Computer scientist Christopher Langton coined the term in the late 1980s when he held the first "International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems" (otherwise known as Artificial Life I) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1987. Artificial life - Nature of the field. Although the study of artificial life does have some significant overlap w ...

Including:

• Artificial life - Nature of the field
• Artificial life - History and contributions
• Artificial life - Pre-computer
• Artificial life - 1950s-1970s
• Artificial life - 1970s-1980s
• Artificial life - Open problems in AL
• Artificial life - Digital Organism Simulators

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Blood Axis is the name under which journalist and author Michael Moynihan composes and releases music. Moynihan formed Blood Axis in 1989 after touring Japan at the request of experimental music pioneer, Boyd Rice. Moynihan had previously founded Coup de Grace, a multimedia project that produced live performances and cassettes and also released booklets of images and texts, the last of which ...

Including:

• Blood Axis - Discography
• Blood Axis - Reviews

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Brown dwarfs are sub-stellar objects (~5 to 90 Jupiter masses) that do not fuse hydrogen into helium in their cores, as do stars on the main sequence, but have fully convective surfaces and interiors, with no chemical differentiation by depth. There is some question as to whether brown dwarfs are required to have experienced fusion at some point in their history; in any event, brown dwarfs heavier than 13 Jupiter masses (MJ) do fuse deuterium. Brown dwarf - HistoryIncluding:

• Brown dwarf - History
• Brown dwarf - In theory
• Brown dwarf - Distinguishing heavy brown dwarfs from light stars
• Brown dwarf - Distinguishing light brown dwarfs from large planets
• Brown dwarf - In practice
• Brown dwarf - Observational techniques
• Brown dwarf - Milestones
• Brown dwarf - Recent developments

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The prehistoric monument of Stonehenge has long been studied for its possible connections with ancient astronomy. Archaeoastronomers have claimed that Stonehenge represents an "ancient observatory," although the extent of its use for that purpose is in dispute. The recent discovery of a neighbour to the Heel Stone has challenged the interpretation of it as a midsummer sunrise marker and the second stone may have instead been one side of a 'solar corridor' used to frame the sunrise. Sun worship is certainly not an uncommon phenomenon a ...

Including:

• Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge - Early work
• Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge - Newham and the Station Stones
• Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge - Hawkins' work
• Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge - Thom's work
• Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge - Later theories
• Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge - Reference

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Anti-gravity is a hypothetical means of countering or otherwise modifying the effects of gravity, typically in the context of spacecraft propulsion. Such systems are limited to the realm of science fiction given the current understanding of the way gravity works, but this has not stopped legions of hopefuls from making various spinning disks and magnets in hopes of perfecting such a device. Anti-gravity - Anti-gravity in the context of mainstream physics. Newton's Law of Gravitation cons ...

Including:

• Anti-gravity - Anti-gravity in the context of mainstream physics
• Anti-gravity - Conventional effects that look like anti-gravity
• Anti-gravity - Anti-gravity in the context of non-mainstream physics

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Professor Antony Garrard Newton Flew (born February 11, 1923) is a British philosopher, known principally as a supporter of libertarianism and atheism. Antony Flew - Biography. Flew was born in London in 1923, the son of a Methodist minister. He was educated at St. Faith's Preparatory School, Cambridge followed by Kingswood School, Bath. During the Second World War he studied Japanese at the School of Oriental and African Studies, and was a Royal Air Force intelligence officer. After the war, Flew achieved ...

Including:

• Antony Flew - Biography
• Antony Flew - Atheism and Deism
• Antony Flew - Works
• Antony Flew - Notes

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Calorie restriction or Caloric restriction (CR) is the practice of limiting dietary energy intake to improve health and retard aging. In human subjects, CR has been shown to lower cholesterol and blood pressure. Some consider these to be biomarkers of aging, as such diseases are more frequent with increasing age. Every animal species tested with CR so far, including monkeys, rats, spiders and rotifers, has shown corresponding lifespan extension. CR is the only known dietary measure capable of extending maximum lifespan, as oppo ...

Including:

• Calorie restriction - Research history
• Calorie restriction - Why might CR increase longevity?
• Calorie restriction - Objections to Calorie Restriction
• Calorie restriction - Note on Terminology: Calorie Restriction vs. Caloric Restriction
• Calorie restriction - Intermittent Fasting as an alternative approach

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Blind musicians are singers or instrumentalists who are physically unable to see. In many cultures, blind people have become musicians in disproportionate numbers. Blind musicians - Why music is a popular profession among the blind. Several theories have been advanced as to why the profession of musician is a popular one for the blind. There has long been a folk belief that blind people hear better than sighted people, and that therefore the blind have an advantage when performing music. Some recent studies ...

Including:

• Blind musicians - Why music is a popular profession among the blind
• Blind musicians - Resources for blind musicians
• Blind musicians - The image of the blind musician
• Blind musicians - Blind musicians in China
• Blind musicians - Biwa Hoshi in Japan
• Blind musicians - Bandurists and lirnyky in Ukraine
• Blind musicians - External links
• Blind musicians - Traditional Irish musicians
• Blind musicians - European piano tuners
• Blind musicians - American country blues
• Blind musicians - List of famous blind musicians

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2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Freshwater European Disability Year Blog Year 2003 - Events. 2003 - January. January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. January 1 - Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in Switzerland. January 3 - The Ohio State Un ...

Including:

• 2003 - Events
• 2003 - January
• 2003 - February
• 2003 - March
• 2003 - April
• 2003 - May
• 2003 - June
• 2003 - July
• 2003 - August
• 2003 - September
• 2003 - October
• 2003 - November
• 2003 - December
• 2003 - Births
• 2003 - Deaths
• 2003 - January
• 2003 - February
• 2003 - March
• 2003 - April
• 2003 - May
• 2003 - June
• 2003 - July
• 2003 - August
• 2003 - September
• 2003 - October
• 2003 - November
• 2003 - December
• 2003 - Nobel Prizes
• 2003 - 2003 in Fiction

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MW- 720 kHz" MW - 720 kHz BBC Radio 4 is a British domestic radio station which broadcasts a wide variety of chiefly spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It is broadcast on 92 - 95 MHz FM (95.80 MHz in central Scotland, and 103-104.5 MHz in parts of Wales) and 198 kHz longwave 720 kHz Medium wave; and via DAB, satellite (FM is broadcast on Sky channel 854 and LW is broadcast on Sky channel 893), selected Cable television providers, Freeview channel 704 and the Internet. It superseded its ...

Including:

• BBC Radio 4 - History
• BBC Radio 4 - Programming and schedules
• BBC Radio 4 - Current schedule
• BBC Radio 4 - Current programmes
• BBC Radio 4 - News and current affairs
• BBC Radio 4 - Arts and drama
• BBC Radio 4 - Religion and ethics
• BBC Radio 4 - Comedy and quizzes
• BBC Radio 4 - Conversations
• BBC Radio 4 - Factual
• BBC Radio 4 - Science
• BBC Radio 4 - Miscellaneous
• BBC Radio 4 - Former programmes
• BBC Radio 4 - Radio 4 announcers and newsreaders

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The "audience wave" (also called a Mexican wave, or simply "the wave") is a phenomenon that commonly occurs in the audiences of sporting events, and sometimes in other large crowds. A wave is a coordinated sequence of actions taken by the audience members in which a group of spectators lying along a radial line extending outward from the sport field all stand up and raise their arms, then return to a normal seated posture again as the neighbori ...

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In psychology and neuropsychology, auditory imagery is the subjective experience of hearing in the absence of auditory stimulation. It occurs when one mentally rehearses telephone numbers, or has a song "on the brain": the phenomenon is usually defined to be spontaneous (that is, not under direct conscious control); it can be distressing. Auditory imagery is used by neuropsychologists for investigating aspects of human cognition. Writing in Nature, David J. M. Kraemer and coworkers use magnetic resonance imaging to determine whether the auditory cortex ...

Including:

• Auditory imagery - Reference

Read more here: » Auditory imagery: Encyclopedia - Auditory imagery

Attribution of recent climate change attempts to discover what mechanisms are responsible for the observed changes in climate. The endeavour centers on the observed changes over the last century and in particular over the last 50 years, when observations are best and human influence greatest. Over the past 150 years human activities have released increasing quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere that theory and climate models say should lead to increases in temperature - colloquially known as global warming. Other human effects are relevant—for example, sulph ...

Including:

• Attribution of recent climate change - Attribution of 20th century climate change
• Attribution of recent climate change - Subsequent to the TAR
• Attribution of recent climate change - Detection and Attribution
• Attribution of recent climate change - Scientific literature and opinion

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Bees learn and communicate in order to find food sources and for other means. Bee learning and communication - Learning. Learning is essential for efficient foraging. Bees are unlikely to make many repeat visits if a plant provides little in the way of reward. A single bee will visit different flowers in the morning and, if there is sufficient attraction and reward in a particular kind of flower, she will make visits to that type of flower for most of the day, unless the plants stop producing reward or weat ...

Including:

• Bee learning and communication - Learning
• Bee learning and communication - Communication
• Bee learning and communication - Dance language
• Bee learning and communication - Odor plume
• Bee learning and communication - Trophallaxis
• Bee learning and communication - Source

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Biophilia is the love (philia) of Nature (bio). E. O. Wilson popularized the word in a book of the same name published by Harvard University Press, 1984. He used it to describe what he asserts to be an instinctive bond between human beings and other species. He defined biophilia as “the connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life”, and argue ...

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The nucleus of an atom is the very dense region in its center consisting of protons and neutrons. The size of the nucleus is much smaller than the size of the atom itself, and almost all of the mass in an atom is made up from the protons and neutrons with almost no contribution from the electrons. Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Makeup. The nucleus of an atom is made up of very tightly bound protons and neutrons. The electromagnetic force which causes like charges to repel prevents protons from binding together wi ...

Including:

• Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Makeup
• Atomic nucleus - Isotopes
• Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Decay
• Atomic nucleus - Nucleus Size
• Atomic nucleus - History
• Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Fusion
• Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Fission
• Atomic nucleus - Production of Heavy Elements
• Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Physics

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Beipiaosaurus inexpectus is a therizinosauroid, a member of a bizarre group of theropod dinosaurs. The discovery of Beipiaosaurus (bay-peow-SAWR-us), which means "Beipiao reptile", was announced in the May 27, 1999, issue of the journal Nature. These fossils were found in Liaoning Province, China and have been dated to the Middle Cretaceous period, about 125 million years ago. A significant number of fossilized bones for this species were recovered, including: cranial fragments, a mandible, three cervical vertebrae, four dorsal vertebrae, a caudal vertebra, the scapula and scapulacoracoid, a com ...

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Reason is a term used in philosophy and other human sciences to refer to the higher cognitive faculties of the human mind. It describes a type of thought or aspect of thought, especially abstract thought, and the ability to think abstractly, which is felt to be especially human. The concept of reason is connected to language, as reflected in the meanings of the Greek word "logos", later to be translated by Latin "ratio" and then French "raison", from which the English word is derived. Indeed it has often been held that h ...

Including:

• Reason - Reason and logic
• Reason - Reason versus logic
• Reason - Reason as logic
• Reason - Reason and faith

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Philosopher and author Christian de Quincey, Ph.D. is a speaker on consciousness, spirituality and science at conferences and workshops in the United States and Europe. His primary work is the "Radical Consciousness" trilogy, Radical Nature: Rediscovering the Soul of Matter, Radical Knowing: Exploring Consciousness through Relationship, and Radical Science: Exploring Consciousness the Final Frontier. He also wrote the ebook Deep Spirit: In Search of the Noetic Code, and, with Willis Harman, The Sc ...

Including:

• Christian de Quincey - Links

Read more here: » Christian de Quincey: Encyclopedia - Christian de Quincey

The Voyager 1 spacecraft is an 815-kilogram unmanned probe of the outer solar system and beyond, launched September 5, 1977, and currently operational. It is the farthest human-made object from Earth. The Voyager 1 spacecraft has moved into the solar system's final frontier, a vast area where the Sun's influence gives way to interstellar space. At 14 billion kilometers (95 astronomical units or 8.8 billion miles) from the Sun, Voyager 1 has entered the heliosheath, a region beyond termination shock – the heliosh ...

Including:

• Voyager 1 - Mission planning and launch
• Voyager 1 - Jupiter
• Voyager 1 - Saturn
• Voyager 1 - Interstellar mission
• Voyager 1 - Heliopause
• Voyager 1 - Distance travelled
• Voyager 1 - Current Position

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Academic publishing describes a system of publishing that is necessary in order for academic scholars to review work and make it available for a wider audience. The "system," which is probably disorganized enough not to merit the title, varies widely by field, and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form. In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for a ...

Including:

• Academic publishing - History
• Academic publishing - Academic paper
• Academic publishing - Peer review
• Academic publishing - Publishing process
• Academic publishing - Publishing by discipline
• Academic publishing - Sciences
• Academic publishing - Social sciences
• Academic publishing - Humanities
• Academic publishing - Current status and development
• Academic publishing - Distribution and business aspects

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Wilson "Snowflake" Bentley (1865–1931), born in Jericho, Vermont, was the first known photographer of snowflakes. He perfected a process of catching flakes on black velvet in such a way that their images could be captured before they melted. Wilson Bentley - Biography. Wilson A. Bentley first became interested in snow crystals as a teenager on his family farm. He tried to draw what he saw through an old microscope given to him by his mother when he was fifteen. The snowflakes were too complex to record be ...

Including:

• Wilson Bentley - Biography
• Wilson Bentley - Bibliography
• Wilson Bentley - Other reading

Read more here: » Wilson Bentley: Encyclopedia - Wilson Bentley