Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be class ...

See also:

Nationalism, Nationalism - Background and problems, Nationalism - Issues in nationalism theory, Nationalism - Historical evolution of nationalism, Nationalism - Prior to 1900, Nationalism - 20th Century nationalism, Nationalism - Language and nationalism, Nationalism - Prominent figures, Nationalism - Types of nationalism, Nationalism - Nationalism within nations, Nationalism - Post-2001 nationalism in the United States, Nationalism - Nationalism and extremism, Nationalism - Racism, Nationalism - Opposition and critique, Nationalism - Historical effect of nationalism, Nationalism - Compare

Read more here: » Nationalism: Encyclopedia II - Nationalism - Types of nationalism

See also:

Nationalism, Nationalism - Background and problems, Nationalism - Issues in nationalism theory, Nationalism - Historical evolution of nationalism, Nationalism - Prior to 1900, Nationalism - 20th Century nationalism, Nationalism - Language and nationalism, Nationalism - Prominent figures, Nationalism - Types of nationalism, Nationalism - Nationalism within nations, Nationalism - Post-2001 nationalism in the United States, Nationalism - Patriotism and extremism, Nationalism - Racism, Nationalism - Opposition and critique, Nationalism - Historical effect of nationalism

Read more here: » Nationalism: Encyclopedia II - Nationalism - Types of nationalism

The NRIC comes in two main colour schemes, namely Pink for citizens and Blue for permanent residents. Each card is identified by an "Identity Card Number" (or NRIC number), which is a unique set of nine alpha-numerics given to each citizen or PR at birth registration or successful attainment of permanent residence status. These numbers are similar to that on birth certificates for citizens, and are automatically transferred to the NRIC at age 15 and above. Also indicated on the front side of the card, are the holder's name, race, date ...

See also:

National Registration Identity Card, National Registration Identity Card - History, National Registration Identity Card - Type and design, National Registration Identity Card - Authentication, National Registration Identity Card - Privacy issues

Read more here: » National Registration Identity Card: Encyclopedia II - National Registration Identity Card - Type and design

The most general definition of nationalism is broad, and has been controversial throughout history. Specific examples of nationalism are extremely diverse. Extreme emotions are aroused when discussing nationalism, and that makes it difficult to describe and define nationalism. A recurring problem is that people define nationalism on the basis of their local experience. To a Breton nationalist, the central issue is state nationalism versus cultural nationalism; elsewhere that distinction may be irrelevant. Often supporters of nationalism fear ...

Including:

• Nationalism - Background and problems
• Nationalism - Issues in nationalism theory
• Nationalism - Historical evolution of nationalism
• Nationalism - Prior to 1900
• Nationalism - 20th Century nationalism
• Nationalism - Language and nationalism
• Nationalism - Prominent figures
• Nationalism - Types of nationalism
• Nationalism - Nationalism within nations
• Nationalism - Post-2001 nationalism in the United States
• Nationalism - Patriotism and extremism
• Nationalism - Racism
• Nationalism - Opposition and critique
• Nationalism - Historical effect of nationalism

Read more here: » Nationalism: Encyclopedia - Nationalism

A type designer is someone who designs typefaces. Some type designers are employed by or operate type foundries others may be independent. A partial list of type designers—with a signature typeface or two noted—follows by country, as schools of font design often developed in specific nations. See also: Typographers List of type designers - Canada. Robert Bringhurst chester Gerald Giampa Patrick Giasson Ray Larabie Rod McDonald Ros ...

Including:

• List of type designers - Canada
• List of type designers - France
• List of type designers - Germany
• List of type designers - India
• List of type designers - Italy
• List of type designers - United Kingdom
• List of type designers - United States
• List of type designers - Switzerland
• List of type designers - Other nations

Read more here: » List of type designers: Encyclopedia - List of type designers

The postal system is a system by which written documents typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages containing other matter, are delivered to destinations around the world. Anything sent through the postal system is called mail or post. In principle, a postal service can be private or official. Restrictions are generally placed on private systems by governments. Since the 19th century, national postal systems have generally been established as government monopolies with a fee on the article prepaid, ...

Including:

• Mail - Early postal systems
• Mail - Persia
• Mail - China
• Mail - Rome
• Mail - Other systems
• Mail - Modern mail
• Mail - Organization
• Mail - Payment
• Mail - Rules and etiquette
• Mail - Rise of electronic correspondence
• Mail - Collecting
• Mail - Deregulation
• Mail - Types of mail
• Mail - Letters
• Mail - Postal cards and postcards
• Mail - Other
• Mail - Famous letters
• Mail - List of national postal services

Read more here: » Mail: Encyclopedia - Mail

Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) generally include nuclear, biological, chemical and, increasingly, radiological weapons. The term first arose in 1937 in reference to the mass destruction of Guernica, Spain, by aerial bombardment. Following the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and progressing through the Cold War, the term came to refer more to non-conventional weapons. The terms ABC, NBC, and CBRN have been used synonymously with WMD, although nuclear weapons have the greatest capacity to cause mass destruction. The phrase entered popular usage in rel ...

Including:

• Weapons of mass destruction - Historic use of the term WMD
• Weapons of mass destruction - Current definitions
• Weapons of mass destruction - Differences among WMD types
• Weapons of mass destruction - WMD use and control
• Weapons of mass destruction - Countries suspected of having Nuclear Weapons
• Weapons of mass destruction - National politics
• Weapons of mass destruction - Media coverage of WMD
• Weapons of mass destruction - Public perceptions of WMD
• Weapons of mass destruction - WMD in film music and humor

Read more here: » Weapons of mass destruction: Encyclopedia - Weapons of mass destruction

The American Parliamentary Debating Association (APDA) is the oldest intercollegiate parliamentary debating association in the United States, and one of two in the nation overall, the other being the National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA). APDA sponsors roughly 40 tournaments a year, all in a parliamentary format, as well as a National Championship. It also administers the North American Debating Championship (and concurrently, the North American Public Speaking Championship) with the Canadian University Society for I ...

Including:

• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Organizational structure
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Tournaments
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Format
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Types of cases
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Public policy
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Political theory
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Law and legal theory
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Foreign policy
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Moral hypotheticals
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Abstract philosophy
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Time-space
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Comedy cases
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - History of APDA
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - APDA Presidents
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Chris Porcaro Award winners
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - APDA speakers of the year
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - APDA teams of the year
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - APDA national champions
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Evolutionary changes
• American Parliamentary Debating Association - Member organizations

Read more here: » American Parliamentary Debating Association: Encyclopedia - American Parliamentary Debating Association

A corporation is a legal entity (distinct from a natural person) that often has similar rights in law to those of a natural person. Civil law systems may refer to corporations as "moral persons;" they may also go by the name "AS" (anonymous society) or something similar, depending on language (see below). In colloquial usage, "corporation" usually refers to a commercial entity set up in accordance with a governmental framework. Churches (mainly in US, but not so much in other countries, where Churches have a different st ...

Including:

• Corporation - Legal status
• Corporation - Ownership and control
• Corporation - Formation
• Corporation - Naming
• Corporation - Unresolved issues
• Corporation - Origins
• Corporation - Etymology
• Corporation - Pre-modern corporations
• Corporation - Development of modern commercial corporations
• Corporation - Types of corporations
• Corporation - For-profit and non-profit
• Corporation - Closely-held and public
• Corporation - Multinational corporations
• Corporation - National features
• Corporation - United States
• Corporation - Canada
• Corporation - German-speaking countries
• Corporation - Corporate taxation
• Corporation - Other commercial entities

Read more here: » Corporation: Encyclopedia - Corporation

Nihonjinron has been penned by a wide range of authors including foreign scholars. For example, Ruth Benedict's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword and Eugen Herrigel's Zen in the Art of Archery among others. According to a survey conducted by Nomura Research Institute (野村総合研究所), 698 books on nihonjinron had been published in Japan between 1946 and 1978. Their breakdown of the major themes of nihonjinron is as follows: General books: Nihonjinron written by philosophers -- 5.5% Nih ...

See also:

Nihonjinron, Nihonjinron - Types of Nihonjinron, Nihonjinron - History, Nihonjinron - Nihonjinron as cultural nationalism, Nihonjinron - Nihonjinron as pseudoscience

Read more here: » Nihonjinron: Encyclopedia II - Nihonjinron - Types of Nihonjinron

Japanese society experienced constant, rapid and massive changes throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, from the closed society of the Edo period to Meiji era Westernization and colonialism, to the slightly more 'liberal' society of the Taisho period, a return to militarism, defeat, renewed Westernization during the years, and under the auspices of, the American occupation, then the great leap forward to global industrial and economic powerhouse until the crisis of the 1990s. The frequency of transitional upheaval engendered a remarkable in ...

See also:

Nihonjinron, Nihonjinron - Types of Nihonjinron, Nihonjinron - History, Nihonjinron - Nihonjinron as cultural nationalism, Nihonjinron - Nihonjinron as pseudoscience

Read more here: » Nihonjinron: Encyclopedia II - Nihonjinron - History

Scholars such as Peter N. Dale (1986), Harumi Befu (1987), and Kosaku Yoshino (1992) view nihonjinron more critically, identifying it as a tool for enforcing social and political conformity. Dale, for example, characterizes nihonjinron as follows: "First, they implicitly assume that the Japanese constitute a culturally and socially homogeneous racial entity, whose essence is virtually unchanged from prehistoric times down to the present day. Secondly, they presuppose that the Japanese differ radically from all other kn ...

See also:

Nihonjinron, Nihonjinron - Types of Nihonjinron, Nihonjinron - History, Nihonjinron - Nihonjinron as cultural nationalism, Nihonjinron - Nihonjinron as pseudoscience

Read more here: » Nihonjinron: Encyclopedia II - Nihonjinron - Nihonjinron as cultural nationalism

Military service mandated by a state is known as conscription. Many nations, such as Switzerland, Germany and Israel, Singapore mandate a certain period of military service, either for all able-bodied males or for all citizens. Soldiers who enlist voluntarily in the armed forces of the United States for a specified period of time as a non-commissioned soldier are known as enlisted personnel. In the UK and other Commonwealth forces, such soldiers are known by the term "Other Ranks". Military service in the times of feudalism of ...

See also:

Military service, Military service - Types of military service

Read more here: » Military service: Encyclopedia II - Military service - Types of military service

In most nations, divisions are designated by combining an ordinal number and a type name. Nicknames are often assigned or adopted although these often are not considered an official part of the unit's nomenclature. In some cases, divisions are titled without an ordinal number, often in the case of unique units, or units serving as elite or special troops. For clarification in histories and reports ...

See also:

Division military, Division military - History, Division military - Pre-modern divisions, Division military - The modern division, Division military - Types, Division military - Infantry, Division military - Cavalry, Division military - Armoured divisions, Division military - Nomenclature, Division military - National organization, Division military - Canada, Division military - United Kingdom, Division military - United States

Read more here: » Division military: Encyclopedia II - Division military - Nomenclature

On 18 November 2004, some members of the autistic community issued a statement [1] expressing their desire to be recognised as a minority group by the United Nations. Note that although they use the term "autism community" to refer to themselves they are actually part of the "autistic community" according to the terminology described above. Autistic community - Letter to the United Nations. This is a declaration from the worldwide autism community that from here on we wish to be recognised as a mi ...

See also:

Autistic community, Autistic community - Different types of community, Autistic community - Autistic communities, Autistic community - Autism communities, Autistic community - Friction between the communities, Autistic community - Declaration from the autistic community, Autistic community - Letter to the United Nations, Autistic community - Counterarguments to the United Nations letter, Autistic community - Autistic communication, Autistic community - Specific autistic communities

Read more here: » Autistic community: Encyclopedia II - Autistic community - Declaration from the autistic community

It is useful to divide autism-related groups into two broad and slightly fuzzy categories. The categorisation can usually be made accurately based on whether a group describes itself as part of the "autistic community" or part of the "autism community". The two should not be confused, because there are major differences and some friction between them. This article is principally about the "autistic community"; this section discusses the relationship between the two communities. ...

See also:

Autistic community, Autistic community - Different types of community, Autistic community - Autistic communities, Autistic community - Autism communities, Autistic community - Friction between the communities, Autistic community - Declaration from the autistic community, Autistic community - Letter to the United Nations, Autistic community - Counterarguments to the United Nations letter, Autistic community - Autistic communication, Autistic community - Specific autistic communities

Read more here: » Autistic community: Encyclopedia II - Autistic community - Different types of community

Snappers begin and end every round, and are called "snapstarts" and "snapouts" respectively. They are usually found in sets of four (10 points each, for a total of 40 points); however, at the end of every game, there is a snapout consisting of 8-12 questions. (If there is any time left in the game, more snappers are asked.) Open Questions These types of questions are open to both teams. Open questions are found in sets of two, three or four. Each correct answer is worth 10 points. ...

See also:

Reach for the Top, Reach for the Top - Format, Reach for the Top - Types of questions, Reach for the Top - Eligibility, Reach for the Top - Notable teams, Reach for the Top - National champions

Read more here: » Reach for the Top: Encyclopedia II - Reach for the Top - Types of questions

In Book 2, Chapter 3 of The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith wrote: "There is one sort of labour which adds to the value of the subject upon which it is bestowed; there is another which has no such effect. The former, as it produces a value, may be called productive; the latter, unproductive labour. Thus the labour of a manufacturer adds, generally, to the value of the materials which he works upon, that of his own maintenance, and of his master's profit. The labour of a menial servant, on the contrary, adds to the value of nothin ...

See also:

Productive and unproductive labour, Productive and unproductive labour - Classical political economy, Productive and unproductive labour - A quote from Adam Smith, Productive and unproductive labour - Neoclassical economics, Productive and unproductive labour - National accounts, Productive and unproductive labour - Marx's critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Productive labour as misfortune?, Productive and unproductive labour - Ecological critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Material product accounts in Soviet-type societies, Productive and unproductive labour - New mysteries of wealth creation and the modern mercantilism

Read more here: » Productive and unproductive labour: Encyclopedia II - Productive and unproductive labour - A quote from Adam Smith

The modern concept of a multi-journey, multi-destination passport issued only by the holder's country of nationality, dates only from the mid-twentieth century. Before this, passports could generally be issued by any nation to any person, but for a very limited time and generally for a single journey. In this way, early passports are more similar to modern visas than to modern passports, whose primary function is to prove the identity and nationality of the holder. Until the 1920s passports were a single paper page. The modern 'booklet' styl ...

See also:

Passport, Passport - History, Passport - Types of passports, Passport - Standards, Passport - Technical characteristics, Passport - Languages, Passport - Common passport designs, Passport - Government restrictions and special cases, Passport - Micronations, Passport - Chinas PRC and ROC and colonial passports in Hong Kong and Macau, Passport - Cyprus, Passport - Israel, Passport - Koreas, Passport - Pakistan, Passport - Saudi Arabia, Passport - Spain and Gibraltar, Passport - United States, Passport - International travel without passports, Passport - Reciprocal agreements, Passport - Refugees and stateless persons, Passport - The Vatican City, Passport - States with several types of passport

Read more here: » Passport: Encyclopedia II - Passport - History

The modern concept of a multi-journey, multi-destination passport issued only by the holder's country of nationality, dates only from the mid-twentieth century. Before this, passports could generally be issued by any nation to any person, but for a very limited time and generally for a single journey. In this way, early passports are more similar to modern visas than to modern passports, whose primary function is to prove the identity and nationality of the holder. The wide spread legal requirement to use a passport to travel between countri ...

See also:

Passport, Passport - History, Passport - Types of passports, Passport - Standards, Passport - Technical characteristics, Passport - Languages, Passport - Common passport designs, Passport - Government restrictions and special cases, Passport - Micronations, Passport - Chinas PRC and ROC and colonial passports in Hong Kong and Macau, Passport - Cyprus, Passport - Israel, Passport - Koreas, Passport - Pakistan, Passport - Saudi Arabia, Passport - Spain and Gibraltar, Passport - United States, Passport - International travel without passports, Passport - Reciprocal agreements, Passport - Refugees and stateless persons, Passport - The Vatican City, Passport - States with several types of passport

Read more here: » Passport: Encyclopedia II - Passport - History