Indian National Congress - In India's Independence Movement. Main Article: Indian National Congress - Freedom Era Founded in 1885 with the object of obtaining a greater share in government for educated Indians, the Indian National Congress was initially not opposed to British rule. The Congress met once a year during the Christmas vacation. Indeed, it was a Scotsman, Allan Octavian Hume, who brought about its first meeting in Bombay, with the approval of Lord Dufferin, the then-Viceroy. Later, howev ...

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Indian National Congress, Indian National Congress - History, Indian National Congress - In India's Independence Movement, Indian National Congress - Post-Independence, Indian National Congress - Formation of present Government of India, Indian National Congress - Political accusations, Indian National Congress - Indian Prime Ministers from the Congress Party, Indian National Congress - Organisation, Indian National Congress - Presidents

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As he had done in the South African War, Gandhi urged support of the British War effort and was active in encouraging Indians to join the army. His rationale, opposed by many others, was that if he desired the full citizenship, freedoms and rights in the Empire, it would be wrong not to help in its defense. He spoke at the conventions of the Indian National Congress, but was primarily introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, at the time the most respected leader of the Congress ...

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Mahatma Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi - Early Life, Mahatma Gandhi - Civil rights movement in South Africa 1893–1914, Mahatma Gandhi - Inspirations, Mahatma Gandhi - Personal Life, Mahatma Gandhi - Movement for India's Independence 1916–1945, Mahatma Gandhi - Champaran and Kheda, Mahatma Gandhi - Non-Cooperation Movement, Mahatma Gandhi - Simon Commission and Swaraj, Mahatma Gandhi - Salt Satyagraha and the Yeravda Pact, Mahatma Gandhi - 1930s: Accepting Power Conflict with Bose, Mahatma Gandhi - Do or Die: World War II and Quit India, Mahatma Gandhi - Freedom and Partition of India 1945–1947, Mahatma Gandhi - Post-Independence, Mahatma Gandhi - Assassination and Dying Words, Mahatma Gandhi - Gandhi's Vision and Principles, Mahatma Gandhi - Vision for India, Mahatma Gandhi - Nonviolence, Mahatma Gandhi - Satya, Mahatma Gandhi - Vegetarianism, Mahatma Gandhi - Celibacy, Mahatma Gandhi - Silence, Mahatma Gandhi - Simple living, Mahatma Gandhi - Religion, Mahatma Gandhi - Faith, Mahatma Gandhi - The Leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi - Modern criticism, Mahatma Gandhi - Recognition, Mahatma Gandhi - Mahatma, Mahatma Gandhi - Artistic depictions, Mahatma Gandhi - Commemorations Beyond India, Mahatma Gandhi - References for the article on Mahatma Gandhi

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Dr. Ansari became involved in the Indian Independence Movement during his stay in England. He moved back to Delhi and joined both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. He played an important role in the negotiation of the 1916 Lucknow Pact and served as the League's president in 1918 and 1920. He was an outspoken supporter of the Khilafat movement, and worked to bring the official Khilafat body, the League and the Congress Party together on the issue against the Mustafa Kemal's decision to oust the Sultan of Turkey, who was the Caliph of Islam, and to protest ...

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Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari - Early life and Medical career, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari - Nationalist activities, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari - Personal life and beliefs

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Many of the 565 states that had joined the Union were very small and lacked resources to sustain their economies and support their growing populations. Many published their own currency, imposed restrictions and their own tax rules that impeded free trade. Although Prajamandals (People's Conventions) had been organized to increase democracy, a contentious debate opened over dissolving the very states India promised to officially recognize just months ago. Challenged by princes, Sardar Patel and V. P. Menon emphasized that witho ...

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Political integration of India, Political integration of India - British India, Political integration of India - The states, Political integration of India - Process of accession, Political integration of India - Instrument of accession, Political integration of India - Patel's diplomacy, Political integration of India - Accession of the states, Political integration of India - Junagadh, Political integration of India - Kashmir, Political integration of India - Hyderabad, Political integration of India - Conflicting agendas, Political integration of India - Integrating the Union, Political integration of India - Pondicherry and Goa, Political integration of India - States reorganization, Political integration of India - Punjab and northeastern India, Political integration of India - Integration in media, Political integration of India - Into the 21st century, Political integration of India - Notes

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The British first established a foothold in the Indian subcontinent when British soldiers led by Robert Clive and funded by the British East India Company defeated the Bengali Nawab Siraj Ud Daulah at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Bengal's riches were expropriated, the East India Company monopolized Bengali trade and Bengal became a British protectorate directly under its rule. Bengali farmers and craftsmen were obliged to render their labor for minimal remuneration while their collective tax burden increased greatly. As a consequence, the ...

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British Raj, British Raj - History, British Raj - The Indian Mutiny or Great Uprising, British Raj - Post-rebellion developments, British Raj - Beginnings of self-government, British Raj - After World War I, British Raj - Further reform, British Raj - World War II and the End of the Raj, British Raj - Provinces

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As a student, Savarkar was involved in theSwadeshi movement. He later joined Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Swaraj Party. When in London, he founded the Free India Society. The Society celebrated important dates on the Indian calendar including festivals, freedom movement landmarks, and was dedicated to furthering discussion about Indian freedom which came to be highly unacceptable to the British. He is reported to have quoted, "We must stop complaining about this British officer or that officer, this law or that law. There would be no end to ...

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Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - Background, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - The freedom fighter, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - The Politician, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - The Writer, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - The Social Worker, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - Involvement in Assassination of Gandhi, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - List of Accused, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - On Hindutva

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Holwell wrote an account of the incident in which he claimed that of 146 prisoners, 123 suffocated when imprisoned in the tiny room. His version of events, which was not challenged by other survivors, was widely accepted at the time in Britain and used for anti-Indian propaganda. The following description from a 1911 encyclopedia portrays Holwell's point of view vividly: The dungeon was a strongly barred room and was not intended for the confinement of more than two or three men at a time. There were only two windows, and ...

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Black Hole of Calcutta, Black Hole of Calcutta - Background, Black Hole of Calcutta - The Holwell account, Black Hole of Calcutta - Alleged victims, Black Hole of Calcutta - Controversy

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When the Aryans first settled into what they termed the Aryavarta, or Madhydesha, their territory extended till Prayag. The Vatsa (a branch of the early Indo-Aryans) were rulers of Hastinapur, and they established the town of Kaushambi near present day Allahabad. In the times of the Ramayana, the site of Allahabad was made up of a few Rishi's huts at the confluence of the three rivers. Lord Rama, the main protagonist in the Ramayana, spent some time here, at the Ashram of Sage Bharadwaj, be ...

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Allahabad, Allahabad - History, Allahabad - Geography, Allahabad - Demography, Allahabad - Climate, Allahabad - Kumbha and Magh Mela, Allahabad - Places of interest, Allahabad - Colleges and Universities, Allahabad - Hospitals, Allahabad - Sports and Recreation, Allahabad - Passenger transportation, Allahabad - Famous personalities

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Bangladesh - Early history. Remnants of civilization in the greater Bengal region date back three millenia when the country was settled by Dravidians and Tibeto-Burmans. The region was mostly fractured into unaffiliated units that were ruled by various kingdoms and empires, both foreign and domestic. After the arrival of Indo-Aryans, the region came under the influence of the Hindu Gupta Empire from the 4th through 6th centuries CE. Aftwerwards a dynamic Bengali Shashanka erected an impressive but short-lived kin ...

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Bangladesh, Bangladesh - History, Bangladesh - Early history, Bangladesh - Arrival of Islam, Bangladesh - British Era, Bangladesh - 1947 Partition, Bangladesh - East Pakistan, Bangladesh - Independent Bangladesh, Bangladesh - Government and politics, Bangladesh - Structure of the Government, Bangladesh - Legal System, Bangladesh - Political parties, Bangladesh - Subdivisions, Bangladesh - Geography, Bangladesh - Economy, Bangladesh - Demographics, Bangladesh - Culture, Bangladesh - Sports, Bangladesh - Education, Bangladesh - Miscellaneous topics

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From June to August 15th, 1947, 562 of the 565 India-linked states signed the instrument of accession, largely due to the personal appeals and direct diplomacy of Sardar Patel, V.P. Menon and with the help of Lord Mountbatten and Jawaharlal Nehru. In the strenous process of integration, three major conflicts arose that posed a major threat to Indian security and unity. One, the Kashmir problem continues to this da ...

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Political Integration of India, Political Integration of India - British India and the States, Political Integration of India - Provinces of British India, Political Integration of India - The States, Political Integration of India - Other British domains in South Asia, Political Integration of India - Process of Accession and Integration, Political Integration of India - Instrument of Accession, Political Integration of India - Reactions, Political Integration of India - Patel's diplomacy, Political Integration of India - Accession of the States, Political Integration of India - Junagadh, Political Integration of India - Kashmir, Political Integration of India - Hyderabad, Political Integration of India - A Game of Chess?, Political Integration of India - Consolidation and Reorganization of the Union, Political Integration of India - Constitution and Republic, Political Integration of India - Pondicherry and Goa, Political Integration of India - The States Reorganisation Act of 1956, Political Integration of India - Punjab and Northeastern India, Political Integration of India - Into the 21st century

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As a student, Savarkar was involved in the Swadeshi movement. He later joined joined Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Swaraj Party. When in London, he founded the Free India Society. The Society celebrated important dates on the Indian calendar including festivals, freedom movement landmarks and was dedicated to furthering discussion about Indian freedom which came to be highly unacceptable to the British. He said, " We must stop complaining about this British officer or that officer, this law or that law. There would be no end to that. Our movement mu ...

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Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - Background, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - The freedom fighter, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - The Politician, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - The Writer, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - The Social Worker, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - Involvement in Assassination of Gandhi, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - On Hindutva

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The Sikh leadership was fully aware of the importance of press for the success of any movement. It enlisted the active support and sympathy of some of the important nationalist papers in the country like The Independent (English), Swaraj (Hindi), The Tribune, Liberal, Kesari (Punjabi), Milap (Urdu), Zamindar (Urdu) and Bande Mataram (Hindi). Two of the vernacular dailies Akali (Pbi.) and the Akali-te-Pardesi (Urdu) also played an important role. It brought the necessary awakening among the Sik ...

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Master Tara Singh, Master Tara Singh - Early Life, Master Tara Singh - Education and Religious experiences, Master Tara Singh - Agitation in college, Master Tara Singh - Public service, Master Tara Singh - SGPC and the Gurdwara Movement, Master Tara Singh - Nankana Sahib massacre, Master Tara Singh - Key's Agitation, Master Tara Singh - Kirpan da Morcha, Master Tara Singh - Morcha Guru Ka Bagh, Master Tara Singh - Nabha Agitation, Master Tara Singh - Gurdwara Act of 1925, Master Tara Singh - Leader of the Sikhs, Master Tara Singh - Partition and Independence of India, Master Tara Singh - Punjab state

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He was elected as member of the Legislative Council of Bengal, as a Congress candidate representing Calcutta University but resigned next year when Congress decided to boycott the legislature. Subsequently, he contested the election as an independent candidate and got elected. He emerged as a spokesman for Hindus and shortly joined Hindu Mahasabha and in 1944, he became the President. Mookherjee was not anti-Muslim, but a Hindu political leader who felt the need to counteract the communalist and separatist Muslim League of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding eith ...

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Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Syama Prasad Mookerjee - Early Life, Syama Prasad Mookerjee - Political Career, Syama Prasad Mookerjee - Post-Independence, Syama Prasad Mookerjee - Legacy

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Although Islamic states based on Shari'a law have existed since the earliest days of Islam, Islamism refers to modern movements that developed during the twentieth century in reaction to several forces. Following World War I, the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, and the subsequent dissolution of the Caliphate by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (founder of Turkey), some Muslims perceived that Islam was in retreat, and felt that Western ideas were spreading throughout Muslim society, along with the influence of Western nations. During the 1960 ...

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Islamism, Islamism - Definition, Islamism - History, Islamism - The Deobandi Movement, Islamism - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Islamism - The Muslim Brotherhood, Islamism - Islamic Jihad movements, Islamism - Wahhabism, Islamism - Recent history, Islamism - Islamism and modern political theory, Islamism - Islamist movements

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At the time of independence, British India consisted of the following provinces: Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri Andaman and Nicobar Islands Assam Baluchistan Bengal Bihar Bombay Province - Bombay Central Provinces and Berar Coorg Delhi Province - Delhi Madras Province - Madras North-West Frontier Province See also:

British India, British India - History, British India - The Indian Mutiny or Great Uprising, British India - Post-rebellion developments, British India - Beginnings of self-government, British India - After World War I, British India - Further reform, British India - World War II and the End of the Raj, British India - Provinces

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Pakistan's culture, people and landscape are very diverse. Pakistanis pride themselves on their tradition of hospitality "Mehman-nawazi" to guests. Tourism is a growth industry in Pakistan. Pakistan has in the past been invaded and occupied by many different peoples, including Huns, Persians, Arabs, Turks, Mongols and various Eurasian groups, all of which left differences in culture among the various ethnic groups in matters such as dress, food, and religion. Pakistan also contains the ruins of ancient places such as Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Kot Diji, Thatta, Bhamb ...

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Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Overview, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture

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Pakistan - Population Statistics. Pakistan has the world's sixth largest population, more than Russia, but less than Brazil; because of Pakistan's high growth rate, it is expected to overtake Brazil in population in the year 2020. Population projections for Pakistan are relatively difficult because of the apparent differences in the accuracy of each census and the inconsistencies between various surveys related to fertility rate, however it is likely that the rate of growth peaked in 1980s (Feeney and Alam, 2003, ...

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Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Overview, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture

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Pakistan has a rich and unique culture, and has actively preserved its established traditions throughout history. Prior to the Islamic invasion, many Punjabis and Sindhis were Hindu and Buddhist. This later changed during the expansion of Islam through Pakistan by the Ummayad General Muhammad bin Qasim and later by Mahmud of Ghazni and others. Many cultural practices, foods and monuments, shrines, have been inherited from the rule of Muslim Mughal and Afghan emperors in all of Southern Asia. The Pakistani national dress, Shalwar Kameez is on ...

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Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Overview, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture

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Pakistan - Overview. Pakistan, a developing country, is the sixth most populous in the world and has faced a number of challenges on the political and economic fronts. Although a very poor country when it became independent in 1947, in the 1960s Harvard economists proclaimed it to be a model of economic development. In each of its first four decades, Pakistan's economic growth rate was better than the global average, but imprudent policies led to a slowdown in the late 1990s. Since then, the Pakistani gove ...

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Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Overview, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture

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Pakistan has a total area of 803,940 square kilometres (land area of 778,720 km²), approximately the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom. To Pakistan's east is India, which has a 2,912 km (1,809 mile) border with Pakistan. To the west is Iran, which has a 909 km (565 mile) border with Pakistan. To Pakistan's northwest lies Afghanistan, with a shared border of 2,430 km (1,510 miles). China is towards the northeast and has a 523 km (325 mile) border with Pakistan. To the south is the Arabian Sea, with 1,046 km (650 mil ...

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Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Overview, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture

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See also : List of political parties in Pakistan, Foreign relations of Pakistan, Constitution of Pakistan, Government of Pakistan, Elections in Pakistan Pakistan - Political history. Pakistan has been ruled by both democratic and military governments. The first decade was marred with political unrest and instability resulting in frequent collapses of civilian democratic governments. From 1947 to 1958 as many as seven Prime Ministers of Pakistan either resigned or were ouste ...

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Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Overview, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture

Read more here: » Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - Politics

See also : Main article: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Districts of Pakistan. Pakistan comprises four provinces, two territories, and also administers parts of Kashmir. The provinces are further subdivided into a total of 105 districts. Provinces: Balochistan North West Frontier Province Punjab Sindh Two provinces, NWFP and Balochistan, also have Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA) which are e ...

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Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Overview, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture

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