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Muawiyah I | A Wisdom Archive on Muawiyah I | | Muawiyah I A selection of articles related to Muawiyah I | |
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Muawiyah I
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Muawiyah I | | | |  Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - The history of the caliphateAbu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed, and the Muslim community submitted to his choice. Uthman was elected by a council of electors, but was soon perceived by some Muslims to be ruling as a "king" rather than an elected leader. Uthman was killed by rebellious soldiers. Ali then took control, but was not universally accepted as caliph. He faced numerous rebellions and was assassinated after a tumultuous rule of only five years. This period ...
See also:Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - The history of the caliphate |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations Basra itself was not wholly hostile, and scores of the citizens came out to join the camp of Ali. The insurgent army, which still nearly equalled that of the Caliph, now marched forth with Talha and Zubair at their head, and Aisha herself seated in a well-fenced litter of the camel al-Askar.
But Ali's thoughts were for peace if possible.The cry of Talha and Az-Zubeir was for vengeance against the murderers of Uthman; and against these, Ali as yet did not deny that justice should be dealt.But he was obliged to temporise. He had ...
See also:Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites Read more here: » Battle of Bassorah: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - The spread of Shiism in the middle ages The Buyids, who were Shi'a and had a significant influence not only in the provinces of Persia but also in the capital of the caliphate in Baghdad, and even upon the caliph himself, provided a unique opportunity for the spread and diffusion of Shi'a thought. This spread of Shiism to the inner circles of the government enabled Shias to withstand those who opposed them by relying upon the power of the caliphate.
Shah Muhammad Khudabandah, the famous builder of Soltaniyeh, was among the first of the Mongols to convert to Shi'aism, and hi ...
See also:Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Origins of the schism, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Abbasid era, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Fatwas, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - The spread of Shiism in the middle ages, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Modern Shi'a-Sunni relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Autonomy, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Improving relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Shia positions Read more here: » Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations: Encyclopedia II - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - The spread of Shiism in the middle ages |
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| | | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina An envoy accredited by both sides was deputed to Medina. He arrived there while and forthwith proclaimed his mission before the assembled City. The people at first were silent. At last, one declared that both Talha and Az-Zubeir had done homage under compulsion, whereupon a great tumult arose; and the envoy, having seen and heard enough to prove diversity of view, at once took leave.
When the news of these things reached Ali, who was with his army in Nejd, he addressed a letter to Uthman Ibn Hanif, his governor. "There was no compulsi ...
See also:Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites Read more here: » Battle of Bassorah: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Modern Shi'a-Sunni relations
Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Autonomy.
Over the centuries, the Shia have gained suzerainty in Iran. With the rise of the Safavi empire, the Shi'as were finally able to establish a political state in which they were ascendant. [1]. Other shiite-dominated states emerged, such as Iraq when the Shiite majority achieved political enfranchisement in 2005.
Like any religion or ideology, the advent of Internet brought the oppurtunity for sharing ideas and beliefs on ...
See also:Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Origins of the schism, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Abbasid era, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Fatwas, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - The spread of Shiism in the middle ages, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Modern Shi'a-Sunni relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Autonomy, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Improving relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Shia positions Read more here: » Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations: Encyclopedia II - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Modern Shi'a-Sunni relations |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Abbasid era The Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by a new dynasty, the Abbasids. The first Abbasid caliph, As-Saffah recruited Shiite support in his campaign against the Umayyads by emphasizing his blood relationship to the Prophet's household through descent from his uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. The Shia also believe that he promised them that the Caliphate, or at least religious authority, would be vested in the Shiite Imam. As-Saffah assumed both the temporal and religious mantle of Caliph himself. He continued the Umayyad dynastic practic ...
See also:Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Origins of the schism, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Abbasid era, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Fatwas, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - The spread of Shiism in the middle ages, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Modern Shi'a-Sunni relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Autonomy, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Improving relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Shia positions Read more here: » Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations: Encyclopedia II - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Abbasid era |
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| | | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news When rumours of the defection first reached Medina, Ali refused to move against the malcontents so long as no overt act of rebellion threatened the unity of Islam. But shortly after, news arrived of the design on Basra. At first, Ali thought that the insurgents had not made Kufa, with its greater Bedawi population, their object. Ibn Abbas, however, pointed out that Basra was really the more dangerous, because fewer of the leading chiefs we ...
See also:Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites Read more here: » Battle of Bassorah: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Origins of the schism Shias record the start of the schism with the death of Muhammad, and in their view, a violent coup d'état against Ali in his first day as caliph, which they argue was automatic without recourse to an election or a formal investiture. After that, Shias contend they were systematicly persecuted and killed by the first three Caliphs of Islam, with a brief respite ensuing during the caliphate of Ali, although he was at constant war with those the Shia regarded as their enemies. Sunnis hold that the schism did not begin at the accession of the f ...
See also:Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Origins of the schism, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Abbasid era, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Fatwas, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - The spread of Shiism in the middle ages, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Modern Shi'a-Sunni relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Autonomy, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Improving relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Shia positions Read more here: » Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations: Encyclopedia II - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Origins of the schism |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Basra The rebel army reached Basra, and encamped close by. Messages were exchanged, and Uthman Ibn Hanif, the governor of Basra, aware that the cry of vengeance on the regicides really covered designs against his master Ali, called an assembly to try the temper of the people. Finding from the uproar that the strangers had a strong party in the city, he put on his armour, and, followed by the larger portion of the citizens, went forth to meet the enemy, who, on their side, was joined from the town by all the malcontents. A parley ensued. Talha, Zubair, and Aisha all three declaimed against th ...
See also:Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites Read more here: » Battle of Bassorah: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Basra |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end See the article Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate.
On March 3, 1924, the first President of the Turkish Republic, Kemal Atatürk, constitutionally abolished the institution of the Caliphate. Its powers were transfered to the Turkish Grand National Assembly (parliament) of the newly formed Turkish nation-state and the title has since been inactive. Scattered attempts to revive the Caliphate elsewhere in the Muslim World were made in the years immediately following its abandonment by Turkey, but none were successful. Hussein bin Al ...
See also:Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia, Caliph - Sources and references Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab On the way to Basra in Iraq, the rebel army received news that Ali had come out of Madina in their pursuit. They decided to leave the main road and proceed to Basra through a different route. When they passed through the valley of Hawab the dogs of the village surrounded Ummul Aisha's camel, barking loudly. She was immediately worried and asked for the name of the place. When she was told it was Hawab, she was shocked and she despairingly cried, "Alas! Alas! I am the wretched woman of Hawab. The Prophet of Allah had already warned me agai ...
See also:Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites Read more here: » Battle of Bassorah: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Prelude In 656 CE Uthman ibn Affan was besiged in his own house, surrounded by rebels that were uncontent with Uthman's Caliphate. They refused to provide him with food and water and kept him imprisoned, hoping to force his abdication. Uthman was murdered despite Ali's having sent his two sons, Hasan and Husayn, to defend Uthman.
Ali was offered the caliphate by the majority of Muslims after Uthman's death. He is reported to have refused the caliphate, saying, "You are not a people fit for my rulership nor are I a master fit for ...
See also:Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites Read more here: » Battle of Bassorah: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Prelude |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Colossus of Rhodes - The myth Many older illustrations (above) show the statue with one foot on either side of the harbour mouth with ships passing under it – ... the brazen giant of Greek fame, with conquering limbs astride from land to land .... Shakespeare's Cassius in Julius Caesar (II,i,136-8) says of Caesar:
"Why man, he doth bestride the narrow world
Like a Colossus, and we petty men
Walk under his huge legs and peep about
To find ourselves dishonourable graves."
The harbour-straddlin ...
See also:Colossus of Rhodes, Colossus of Rhodes - The decision to erect the statue, Colossus of Rhodes - Construction and fate, Colossus of Rhodes - The myth, Colossus of Rhodes - The Colossus in modern times, Colossus of Rhodes - Reference Read more here: » Colossus of Rhodes: Encyclopedia II - Colossus of Rhodes - The myth |
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| | | | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Muawiyah I - The Shi'a view of Mu'awiya The Shi'a have lost no opportunity to vilify Mu'awiya. His supposed conversion to Islam before the conquest of Mecca is dismissed as a fable, or mere hypocrisy. He is said to have opposed Ali, the rightful caliph, out of sheer greed for power and wealth. His reign was an unparalleled disaster, marked by persecution of Ali and his followers.
Shi'a quote the Sunni scholar Maududi:
"Kingship's foundation began with this change. Mu'awiya (ra) was not appointed with the consensus of the Muslims at large as was the case with ...
See also:Muawiyah I, Muawiyah I - Early Life, Muawiyah I - Governor of Syria, Muawiyah I - Conflict with Ali, Muawiyah I - Rule, Muawiyah I - Legacy, Muawiyah I - The Sunni view of Mu'awiya, Muawiyah I - The Shi'a view of Mu'awiya, Muawiyah I - Etymology of the name Read more here: » Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Muawiyah I - The Shi'a view of Mu'awiya |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Muawiyah I - Etymology of the name Muawiyah's name may also be used as a common noun in the Arabic language, mu`āwīya, which translates literally to "howling bitch" (i.e., a female canine in heat), derived from the root `awā, to howl. For this reason, some critics often make a point of referencing his name's literal meaning as a form of personal attack (insulting plays on prominent public figures' names are not solely a feature of modern times). Nevertheless, the name is not always inherently used as an insult, and some Arabs continue to use the name, presumably without the intention of specifically suggestin ...
See also:Muawiyah I, Muawiyah I - Early Life, Muawiyah I - Governor of Syria, Muawiyah I - Conflict with Ali, Muawiyah I - Rule, Muawiyah I - Legacy, Muawiyah I - The Sunni view of Mu'awiya, Muawiyah I - The Shi'a view of Mu'awiya, Muawiyah I - Etymology of the name Read more here: » Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Muawiyah I - Etymology of the name |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Muawiyah I - The Sunni view of Mu'awiya Most of the early Sunni historians saw his rule, and that of the Umayyad dynasty that followed him, as a descent into mere worldly rule; kingship rather than religious leadership. Few later Sunni historians wholeheartedly defend Mu'awiya, but many advocate restraint in critiquing his character and regime, citing his status as a companion of Muhammad.
However, even Sunni scholars who have been critical of Mu'awiya do not dispute his right to rule. Sunni clerics and scholars have generally preached submission to authority, even when authority is less than perfect. Sunnis tend to view communal dissension with ...
See also:Muawiyah I, Muawiyah I - Early Life, Muawiyah I - Governor of Syria, Muawiyah I - Conflict with Ali, Muawiyah I - Rule, Muawiyah I - Legacy, Muawiyah I - The Sunni view of Mu'awiya, Muawiyah I - The Shi'a view of Mu'awiya, Muawiyah I - Etymology of the name Read more here: » Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Muawiyah I - The Sunni view of Mu'awiya |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Muawiyah I - Conflict with Ali As a kinsman of the slain caliph 'Uthman, Mu'awiyah bore the duty of revenge. Because 'Ali did not apprehend and punish 'Uthman's murderers, Mu'awiyah regarded him as an accomplice to the murder and refused to acknowledge his caliphate. However he did not participate in the rebellion of Aisha (the Prophet's widow), Talha and Zubair who went to war against Ali in the Battle of the Camel. Ali was victorious and pardoned Aisha, had her escorted to Medina and allocated her a pension. Ali then turned towards Syria, which was in open revolt under her governor. He marched to the Euphrates and engaged Mu'awiya ...
See also:Muawiyah I, Muawiyah I - Early Life, Muawiyah I - Governor of Syria, Muawiyah I - Conflict with Ali, Muawiyah I - Rule, Muawiyah I - Legacy, Muawiyah I - The Sunni view of Mu'awiya, Muawiyah I - The Shi'a view of Mu'awiya, Muawiyah I - Etymology of the name Read more here: » Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Muawiyah I - Conflict with Ali |
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| | | | | Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Muawiyah I - Rule After his accession to the position of Caliph, Mu'awiya governed the geographically and politically disparate Caliphate, which spread from Egypt in the West to Iran in the East, by strengthening the power of his allies in the newly conquered Arab territories. Prominent positions within the emerging governmental structures were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious tolerance that was necessitated by the presence of ...
See also:Muawiyah I, Muawiyah I - Early Life, Muawiyah I - Governor of Syria, Muawiyah I - Conflict with Ali, Muawiyah I - Rule, Muawiyah I - Legacy, Muawiyah I - The Sunni view of Mu'awiya, Muawiyah I - The Shi'a view of Mu'awiya, Muawiyah I - Etymology of the name Read more here: » Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia II - Muawiyah I - Rule |
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