Muawiyah I

Alexander the Great died at an early age in 323 BC without having had time to put into place any plans for his succession. Infighting broke out between his generals, the "Diadochi", with three of them eventually dividing up much of his empire in the Mediterranean area. During the fighting Rhodes had sided with Ptolemy, and when Ptolemy eventually took control of Egypt, Rhodes and Ptolemaic Egypt formed an al ...

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Colossus of Rhodes, Colossus of Rhodes - The decision to erect the statue, Colossus of Rhodes - Construction and fate, Colossus of Rhodes - The myth, Colossus of Rhodes - The Colossus in modern times, Colossus of Rhodes - Reference

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The following represent solely Shia arguments against perceived Sunni persecution: Shias claim that The House of Saud has made no secret of declaring the Shi'a as "not being Muslims"The Arab Shia: The Forgotten Muslims, by Graham E. Fuller and Rend Rahim Francke. New York: Saint Martin's Press, 1999, chap1, ISBN 0-312-23956-4) [3], or "Mushrik". They claim this is evident from the Shia minority in Saudia Arabia which has absolutely no political power or rights. [4][5][6] Note that Saudi Arabia is an ab ...

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Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Origins of the schism, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Abbasid era, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Fatwas, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - The spread of Shiism in the middle ages, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Modern Shi'a-Sunni relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Autonomy, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Improving relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Shia positions

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The carnage in the ill-starred Battle of Camel (for so it came to be called) was very great. The field was covered with 10,000 bodies in equal proportion on either side; and this, notwithstanding that the victory was not followed up.Ali had given orders that no fugitive should be pursued, nor any wounded soldier slain nor plunder seized, nor the privacy of any house invaded. Later a great trench was dug, and into it the dead were lowered, friends and foes alike. Ali, encamped for three days without the city, himself performed the fune ...

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Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites

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Aisha was treated by Ali with the reverence due to one who bore the title of "the Prophet's Spouse in this life and also in the life to come." She was now 45 years of age, but had lost little of the fire and vivacity of youth.After the battle, the Caliph visited her tent, and expressed his satisfaction at finding her unhurt; adding mildly, but half reproachfully:—"The Lord pardon thee for what hath passed, and have mercy upon thee." "An ...

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Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites

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Marwan ibn al-Hakam shot his general Talha with an arrow Talha, disabled by the arrow in the leg, was carried into Basra, where he died. Bereft of their leaders, the insurgent troops gave way. They were falling back upon the city, when they passed by the camel of Aisha. Attacked fiercely from all around, she from within her litter kept crying out with fruitless energy,—"Slay the murderers of Uthman." The word ran through the retiring ranks, that "the Mother of the Faithful was in peril," and they stayed their flight to rescue her. Long the conflict raged around the camel. One after another warriors rushed to s ...

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Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites

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The bearing of 'Ali was generous towards his fallen foe. Having entered the city, he divided the contents of the treasury amongst the troops which had fought on his side, promising them a still larger reward "when the Lord should have delivered Syria (Muawiyah I) into his hands." But otherwise he treated friends and foes alike, and buried in oblivion animosities of the past. Marwan I and the adherents of the house of Banu Umayyad fled to their homes, or else found refuge in Syria and Muawiyah I. All that remained in the city swore fea ...

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Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites

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The army of Al Basra, numbering some 20,000 men, remained encamped on the outskirts of the city. Ali's force, advancing unopposed, halted within sight; and negotiations for peace went on, evidently substantial and sincere. Ali himself approached on horseback and Talha with Zubair rode forth to confer with him. "Wherefore have ye risen against me" said Ali; "did ye not swear homage to me?" "Yea" replied Talha "but with the sword over our necks; and now our demand is that justice be executed against the murderers of Uthman." Ali replied ...

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Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites

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Finding that the insurgent troops, with Aisha, Az-Zubeir, and Talha had already passed, Ali halted for a while on the road to Basra, waiting to strengthen his army for although joined on his march by certain loyal tribes, he still felt too weak for immediate action. To Kufa he addressed a special summons, inhabited as it was by many veterans on whose loyalty he might reasonably depend; and he added force to the call by promising that Kufa should be his seat of government. "See," he wrote, "have not I chosen your city befo ...

See also:

Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites

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Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed, and the Muslim community submitted to his choice. Uthman was elected by a council of electors, but was soon perceived by many Muslims to be ruling as a "king" rather than an elected leader. Uthman was killed by rebellious soldiers. Ali then took control, but was not universally accepted as caliph. He faced numerous rebellions and was assassinated after a tumultuous rule of only five years. This period ...

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Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia, Caliph - Sources and references

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Ali's army recruited from the Bedawi settlements and comprised a great number of notorious besiegers of Uthman. Afraid of bringing these into contact with the heated army of his opponents, still breathing out fire and slaughter against them, Ali commanded that; none who had shared in the attack on Uthman should for the present accompany him in his advance. These in their turn, with Al-Ashtar at their head, became alarmed. Talha's troops, sworn to their destruction, were double their number, if peace were patched up, no hope rem ...

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Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites

Read more here: » Battle of Bassorah: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army

Towards morning, a sudden shock changed the scene. The besiegers of Uthman, during the night, carried their design into execution. Led by them, squadrons of Bedawi lances bore down, while yet dark, upon the Basra tents. In a moment all was confusion. Each camp believed that it had been attacked by the other; and the dawn found both armies drawn up, as the conspirators desired, in mortal combat against each other. In vain Ali endeavoured to hold back his men. The sense of treachery embittered the conflict. It was a strange engagement,—the f ...

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Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites

Read more here: » Battle of Bassorah: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack

See the article Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate. On March 3, 1924, the first President of the Turkish Republic, Kemal Atatürk, constitutionally abolished the institution of the Caliphate. Its powers were transfered to the Turkish Grand National Assembly (parliament) of the newly formed Turkish nation-state and the title has since been inactive. Scattered attempts to revive the Caliphate elsewhere in the Muslim World were made in the years immediately following its abandonment by Turkey, but none were successful. Hussein bin Al ...

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Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia

Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end

Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry amongst Muslim rulers, the caliphate has lay dormant and largely unclaimed for much of the past 81 years. Though Islam is still a dominant influence in most Muslim societies and many Muslims might favor a caliphate in the abstract, tight restrictions on political activity in many Muslim countries coupled with the tremendous practical obstacles to uniting over fifty disparate nation-states under a single institution have prevented efforts to revive the caliphate from garnering much activ ...

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Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia

Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Revival of the caliphate

Years according to the Christian era (all AD) Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided. Accepted by Sunni Muslims and international consensus as the first four rulers; Shi'a Muslims believe that the first three were usurpers. Abu Bakr - 632 - 634 Umar ibn al-Khattab - 634 - 644 Uthman ibn Affan - 644 - 656 Ali ibn Abi Talib - 656 - 661 (the only caliph universally accepted by Sunnis and Shi'as) Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus. Muawi ...

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Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia, Caliph - Sources and references

Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats

The more important dynasties include: The Umayyad dynasty in Damascus (661-750), followed by: The Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad (750-1258), and later in Cairo (under Mameluk control) (1260-1517) The Shi'ite Fatimid dynasty in North Africa and Egypt (909-1171). Not universally accepted and not currently included in the following list. The Rahmanids, a surviving branch of the Damascus Umayyads, established 'in exile' as Emirs of Córdoba, Spain, declared themselves Caliphs (known as the Caliphs of Cordoba; ...

See also:

Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia, Caliph - Sources and references

Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Dynasties

Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry amongst Muslim rulers, the caliphate has lay dormant and largely unclaimed for much of the past 81 years. The reasons for this are varied and complex. During the first half of the European Middle Ages, the balance of power between the West and the Muslim World was tilted heavily in the latter's favor. Within 150 years of Muhammad's death, the Islamic Caliphate had grown to swallow fully half of the Christian world, which had been mired in internal conflict and was caught off-guard by the Islam ...

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Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia, Caliph - Sources and references

Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate

There has been much debate as to whether to rebuild the Colossus. Those for it say it would boost tourism in Rhodes greatly, but those against construction say it would cost a large amount (over 100 million euros). This idea has been proposed many times since 1970 but, due to lack of funding, work has not yet started. The plans for the Colossus have been in the works since 1998, by the Greek-Cypriot artist Nicolaos Gotziamanis. Another modern reference to the statue is in the sonnet "The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus. It reads...
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Colossus of Rhodes, Colossus of Rhodes - The decision to erect the statue, Colossus of Rhodes - Construction and fate, Colossus of Rhodes - The myth, Colossus of Rhodes - The Colossus in modern times, Colossus of Rhodes - Reference

Read more here: » Colossus of Rhodes: Encyclopedia II - Colossus of Rhodes - The Colossus in modern times

Years according to the Christian era (all AD) Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided. Accepted by Sunni Muslims and international consensus as the first four rulers; Shi'a Muslims believe that the first three were usurpers. Abu Bakr - 632 - 634 Umar ibn al-Khattab - 634 - 644 Uthman ibn Affan - 644 - 656 Ali ibn Abi Talib - 656 - 661 (the only caliph universally accepted by Sunnis and Shi'as) Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus. Muawi ...

See also:

Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia

Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats

On the following day, a severe conflict raged throughout the City, which ended in the discomfiture of Ali's party, and so the government passed into the hands of Talha and Zubair. They took along with seventy of the governor officers who were in charge of the public treasury as prisoners. They brought them to Aisha who ordered that they be put to death. The life of Uthman Ibn Hanif, the governor, was spared. Set at liberty, his head and beard were shaven, and his eyelashes and moustaches clipped; and in this sorry plight ...

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Battle of Bassorah, Battle of Bassorah - Prelude, Battle of Bassorah - Massing support, Battle of Bassorah - Ali receives news, Battle of Bassorah - Dogs of Haw'ab, Battle of Bassorah - Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Envoy to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra, Battle of Bassorah - Hasan and Kufa, Battle of Bassorah - Negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - The recruited besiegers of Uthman in Ali's army, Battle of Bassorah - Further negotiations, Battle of Bassorah - Surprise attack, Battle of Bassorah - End of the battle, Battle of Bassorah - Losses in the battle, Battle of Bassorah - The booty, Battle of Bassorah - Aisha retires to Medina, Battle of Bassorah - External sites

Read more here: » Battle of Bassorah: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bassorah - Counquer of Basra

Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry amongst Muslim rulers, the caliphate has lain dormant and largely unclaimed for much of the past 81 years. Though Islam is still a dominant influence in most Muslim societies and many Muslims might favor a caliphate in the abstract, tight restrictions on political activity in many Muslim countries coupled with the tremendous practical obstacles to uniting over fifty disparate nation-states under a single institution have prevented efforts to revive the caliphate from garnering much acti ...

See also:

Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia

Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Revival of the caliphate

The more important dynasties include: The Umayyad dynasty in Damascus (661-750), followed by: The Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad (750-1258), and later in Cairo (under Mameluk control) (1260-1517) The Shi'ite Fatimid dynasty in North Africa and Egypt (909-1171). Not universally accepted and not currently included in the following list. The Rahmanids, a surviving branch of the Damascus Umayyads, established 'in exile' as Emirs of Córdoba, Spain, declared themselves Caliphs (known as the Caliphs of Cordoba; ...

See also:

Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia

Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Dynasties