Encyclopedia - Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia Ii - Muawiyah I - Early Life
Muawiyah(معاوية) was born (c. 602) into a powerful clan, (Banu Abd Shams), of the tribe of the Quraysh. The Quraysh controlled the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yazid I: Encyclopedia - Yazid I
Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia - Caliph
Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yazid: Encyclopedia - Yazid
There were several notable persons named Yazid: Yazid I (born c. 645, died 683), second Umayyad Caliph upon succeeding his father Muawiy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umayyad: Encyclopedia - Umayyad
The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic بنو أمية banū umayya / الأمويون al-umawiyyūn); Persian امویان (Omaviyân), Turkish, Em...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 661: Encyclopedia - 661
Events Caliph Ali Ben Abu Talib is assassinated. He is succeeded by Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan, first Umayyad caliph Emperor Tenji ascend...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colossus Of Rhodes: Encyclopedia - Colossus Of Rhodes
The Colossus of Rhodes was a giant statue of the god Helios, erected on the Greek island of Rhodes by Chares of Lindos in the 3rd century...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uthman: Encyclopedia - Uthman
Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abu Sufyan Ibn Harb: Encyclopedia - Abu Sufyan Ibn Harb
Abu Sufyan ibn Harb was the leader of the Banu Abd Shams clan of the Quraish tribe and third cousin of Muhammad, and was the chieftain of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 680: Encyclopedia - 680
680 - Births. Boniface, missionary to Germany Empress Gensho of Japan 680 - Deaths. January 30 - Balthild, queen of Neustria and B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umayyad: Encyclopedia Ii - Umayyad - Umayyad Rulers
Muawiyah had been the governor of Syria under the 3rd caliph and his kinsman, Uthman ibn Affan. After the assassination of Uthman, he was...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yazid I: Encyclopedia Ii - Yazid I - Battle Of Karbala
Yazid was first opposed by the grandson of Muhammad, Husayn bin Ali, the son of the assassinated former caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib and the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uthman: Encyclopedia Ii - Uthman - Biography
Uthman was born into the wealthy Umayyad (Banu Umayya) clan of the Quraish tribe in Mecca, a few years after Muhammad. He was an early co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abd-allah Ibn Al-zubayr: Encyclopedia Ii - Abd-allah Ibn Al-zubayr - Ibn Al-zubair's Revolt
During the reign of Muawiyah I he was not active in politics, but upon the ascension of Yazid I, he refused to swear allegiance to the ne...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umayyad: Encyclopedia Ii - Umayyad - Umayyad Rulers
Muawiyah had been the governor of Syria under the 3rd caliph and his kinsman, Uthman ibn Affan. After the assassination of Uthman, he was...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rulers Of Damascus: Encyclopedia Ii - Rulers Of Damascus - Ummayad Dynasty
Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad emirs. Khalid ibn al-Walid (635-636) Abu Ubaid (636-637) Amr ibn al-Aas (637-640) Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan (6...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia Ii - Caliph - Origins Of The Caliphate
Most academic scholars agree that Muhammad had not explicitly established how the Muslim community was to be governed after his death. Tw...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia Ii - Caliph - Origins Of The Caliphate
Most academic scholars agree that Muhammad had not explicitly established how the Muslim community was to be governed after his death. Tw...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rhodes: Encyclopedia Ii - Rhodes - Geography
The island of Rhodes is shaped like a spearhead, 79.7 km long and 38 km wide with a total area of approximately 1,398 km² and a coastlin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - Massing Support
Aisha was returning to Medina from Mecca after Hajj, but turned back when she heard the news of Uthman's assassination and the accession ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colossus Of Rhodes: Encyclopedia Ii - Colossus Of Rhodes - The Decision To Erect The Statue
Alexander the Great died at an early age in 323 BC without having had time to put into place any plans for his succession. Infighting bro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Shi'a-sunni Relations: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Shi'a-sunni Relations - Shia Positions
The following represent solely Shia arguments against perceived Sunni persecution: Shias claim that The House of Saud has made no secret...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - Losses In The Battle
The carnage in the ill-starred Battle of Camel (for so it came to be called) was very great. The field was covered with 10,000 bodies in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - Aisha Retires To Medina
Aisha was treated by Ali with the reverence due to one who bore the title of "the Prophet's Spouse in this life and also in the life to c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - End Of The Battle
Marwan ibn al-Hakam shot his general Talha with an arrow Talha, disabled by the arrow in the leg, was carried into Basra, where he died. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - The Booty
The bearing of 'Ali was generous towards his fallen foe. Having entered the city, he divided the contents of the treasury amongst the tro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - Further Negotiations
The army of Al Basra, numbering some 20,000 men, remained encamped on the outskirts of the city. Ali's force, advancing unopposed, halted...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - Hasan And Kufa
Finding that the insurgent troops, with Aisha, Az-Zubeir, and Talha had already passed, Ali halted for a while on the road to Basra, wait...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia Ii - Caliph - The History Of The Caliphate
Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed, and the Muslim community submitted to his choice. Uthman was elected by a counc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - The Recruited Besiegers Of Uthman In Ali's Army
Ali's army recruited from the Bedawi settlements and comprised a great number of notorious besiegers of Uthman. Afraid of bringing these ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - Surprise Attack
Towards morning, a sudden shock changed the scene. The besiegers of Uthman, during the night, carried their design into execution. Led by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia Ii - Caliph - How The Caliphate Came To An End
See the article Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate. On March 3, 1924, the first President of the Turkish Republic, Kemal Atatürk, constitut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia Ii - Caliph - Revival Of The Caliphate
Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry amongst Muslim rulers, the caliphate has lay dormant and largely unclaimed for much of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia Ii - Caliph - Lists Of Caliphal Dynasties And Seats
Years according to the Christian era (all AD) Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided. Accepted by Sunni Muslims and international cons...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia Ii - Caliph - Dynasties
The more important dynasties include: The Umayyad dynasty in Damascus (661-750), followed by: The Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad (750-1258),...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia Ii - Caliph - Reasons For The Fall And Continuing Dormancy Of The Caliphate
Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry amongst Muslim rulers, the caliphate has lay dormant and largely unclaimed for much of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colossus Of Rhodes: Encyclopedia Ii - Colossus Of Rhodes - The Colossus In Modern Times
There has been much debate as to whether to rebuild the Colossus. Those for it say it would boost tourism in Rhodes greatly, but those ag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia Ii - Caliph - Lists Of Caliphal Dynasties And Seats
Years according to the Christian era (all AD) Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided. Accepted by Sunni Muslims and international cons...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - Counquer Of Basra
On the following day, a severe conflict raged throughout the City, which ended in the discomfiture of Ali's party, and so the government ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia Ii - Caliph - Revival Of The Caliphate
Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry amongst Muslim rulers, the caliphate has lain dormant and largely unclaimed for much of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia Ii - Caliph - Dynasties
The more important dynasties include: The Umayyad dynasty in Damascus (661-750), followed by: The Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad (750-1258),...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia Ii - Caliph - The History Of The Caliphate
Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed, and the Muslim community submitted to his choice. Uthman was elected by a counc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - Negotiations
Basra itself was not wholly hostile, and scores of the citizens came out to join the camp of Ali. The insurgent army, which still nearly ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Shi'a-sunni Relations: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Shi'a-sunni Relations - The Spread Of Shiism In The Middle Ages
The Buyids, who were Shi'a and had a significant influence not only in the provinces of Persia but also in the capital of the caliphate i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uthman: Encyclopedia Ii - Uthman - Sunni View Of Uthman
According to the Sunni account of Uthman, he was married to two of Muhammad's daughters at separate times, earning him the name Dhun Nura...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - Envoy To Medina
An envoy accredited by both sides was deputed to Medina. He arrived there while and forthwith proclaimed his mission before the assembled...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Shi'a-sunni Relations: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Shi'a-sunni Relations - Modern Shi'a-sunni Relations
Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Autonomy. Over the centuries, the Shia have gained suzerainty in Iran. With the rise of the Safavi e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Shi'a-sunni Relations: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Shi'a-sunni Relations - Abbasid Era
The Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by a new dynasty, the Abbasids. The first Abbasid caliph, As-Saffah recruited Shiite support in his c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uthman: Encyclopedia Ii - Uthman - Non-muslims
One non-Muslim academic, Bernard Lewis, says of Uthman: "Uthman, like Mu'awiya, was a member of the leading Meccan family of Ummaya and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - Ali Receives News
When rumours of the defection first reached Medina, Ali refused to move against the malcontents so long as no overt act of rebellion thre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Shi'a-sunni Relations: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Shi'a-sunni Relations - Origins Of The Schism
Shias record the start of the schism with the death of Muhammad, and in their view, a violent coup d'état against Ali in his first day a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - Basra
The rebel army reached Basra, and encamped close by. Messages were exchanged, and Uthman Ibn Hanif, the governor of Basra, aware that the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caliph: Encyclopedia Ii - Caliph - How The Caliphate Came To An End
See the article Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate. On March 3, 1924, the first President of the Turkish Republic, Kemal Atatürk, constitut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - Dogs Of Haw'ab
On the way to Basra in Iraq, the rebel army received news that Ali had come out of Madina in their pursuit. They decided to leave the mai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Bassorah: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Bassorah - Prelude
In 656 CE Uthman ibn Affan was besiged in his own house, surrounded by rebels that were uncontent with Uthman's Caliphate. They refused t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colossus Of Rhodes: Encyclopedia Ii - Colossus Of Rhodes - The Myth
Many older illustrations (above) show the statue with one foot on either side of the harbour mouth with ships passing under it – ... th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colossus Of Rhodes: Encyclopedia Ii - Colossus Of Rhodes - The Colossus In Modern Times
There has been much debate as to whether to rebuild the Colossus. Those for it say it would boost tourism in Rhodes greatly, but those ag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colossus Of Rhodes: Encyclopedia Ii - Colossus Of Rhodes - Construction And Fate
Ancient accounts (which differ to some degree) describe the structure as being built around several stone columns (or towers of blocks) o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia Ii - Muawiyah I - The Shi'a View Of Mu'awiya
The Shi'a have lost no opportunity to vilify Mu'awiya. His supposed conversion to Islam before the conquest of Mecca is dismissed as a fa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia Ii - Muawiyah I - Etymology Of The Name
Muawiyah's name may also be used as a common noun in the Arabic language, mu`āwīya, which translates literally to "howling bitch" (i.e....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia Ii - Muawiyah I - The Sunni View Of Mu'awiya
Most of the early Sunni historians saw his rule, and that of the Umayyad dynasty that followed him, as a descent into mere worldly rule; ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia Ii - Muawiyah I - Conflict With Ali
As a kinsman of the slain caliph 'Uthman, Mu'awiyah bore the duty of revenge. Because 'Ali did not apprehend and punish 'Uthman's murdere...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia Ii - Muawiyah I - Rule
After his accession to the position of Caliph, Mu'awiya governed the geographically and politically disparate Caliphate, which spread fro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Muawiyah I: Encyclopedia Ii - Muawiyah I - Legacy
Mu'awiyah greatly beautified Damascus and developed a court to rival that of the Byzantines. He expanded the frontiers of the empire, rea...   » Read the article