mountainous

Some of the first hostilities of the war occurred in Africa and in the Pacific Ocean, in the colonies and territories of the European powers. On 8 August 1914 a combined French and British Empire force invaded the German protectorate of Togoland in West Africa. Shortly thereafter, on August 10, German forces based in South-West Africa attacked South Africa, part of the British Empire. Another British Dominion, New Zealand, occupied German Samoa on 30 August; on September 11 the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb student. The Archduke was there to assert imperial authority over a disputed province. Princip was supported by pan-Serbian nationalists, with links to the Serbian military. Though this assassination is usually considered the immediate trigger for the war, its origins can be traced back to the complex web of alliances and counterbalances that developed between the various European pow ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

Read more here: » World War I: Encyclopedia II - World War I - Causes

World War I - Initial Actions. Main articles: Eastern Front (World War I), and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]See also:

World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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The end of the fighting came swiftly. Bulgaria was the first of the Central Powers to sign an armistice (29 September 1918). Germany requested a ceasefire on 3 October 1918. When Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered the German High Seas Fleet to sortie against the Entente's navies, the sailors mutinied in Wilhelmshaven, starting 29 October. On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated. On November 3, Austria-Hungary sent a flag of truce to the Italian Commander to ask an Armistice and terms of peace. The terms, having been arranged by telegraph with t ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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The First World War ended with a Europe scarred by trenches, spent resources, and littered with the bodies of the millions who died in battle. The direct consequences of World War I brought many old regimes crashing to the ground, and ultimately, would lead to the end of 300 years of European hegemony in the world. No other war had changed the map of Europe so dramatically--four empires were shattered: the German, the Austro-Hungarian, the Ottoman and the Russian. Their four dynasties, the Hohenzollerns, the Habsburgs, the Ottomans, a ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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The First World War was a clash of 20th century technology with 19th century tactics. This time, millions of soldiers, both volunteers and conscripts fought on all sides, with Kitchener's Army being a notable all volunteer force. Much of the war's combat involved trench warfare, where hundreds often died for each metre of land gained. Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during the First World War. Such battles include Ypres, Vimy Ridge, Marne, Cambrai, Somme, Verd ...

See also:

World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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One of the most distinguishing impacts of the war was that the reality of totality set in. Many consider World War I to have been the first modern war, a total war where the civilian populations were deliberately endangered as a direct tactic of war, which has continued in all subsequent wars. While civilians have always died or even been targeted in wars, World War I made civilian casualties accepted and commonplace (from, for example, aerial bombardment). All aspects of the societies fighting were affected by the conflict, often causing profound social change, e ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased for the main Allies (the UK, Italy, and U.S.), but decreased in France and Russia, in neutral Netherlands, and in the main three Central Powers. The shrinkage in GDP in Austria, Russia, France, and the Ottoman Empire reached 30 to 40 percent. In Austria, for example, most of the hogs were slaughtered and, at war's end, there was no meat. Of course, all nations had increases in government's share of GDP, surpassing fifty percent in both Germany and France and nearly reaching it in UK. To pay for p ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

Read more here: » World War I: Encyclopedia II - World War I - Economics of war

Three main factors shaped the Tasaday of the 1970s into the people they are today: want for marriage-aged women, reduction of the rainforest by outsiders, and displacement of other tribal peoples traditionally elsewhere in Mindanao who found sanctuary in the Tasaday/Blit Preserve. By some counts, these displaced Mindanao peoples numbered 3000 strong. Prior to the Tasaday's meetings with Dafal and Elizalde, males outnumbered females, leaving men without wives and boys without anyone to marry in the future (the Tasaday were at that time ...

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Tasaday, Tasaday - Some early history, Tasaday - First reported contacts, Tasaday - Manuel Elizalde Jr.'s continued relationship with the Tasaday, Tasaday - Press hoax claims and debunking the hoax, Tasaday - The Tasaday of the 1970s, Tasaday - Food and drugs, Tasaday - Tools and ornamentals, Tasaday - The Tasaday today, Tasaday - The Tasaday's fight to preserve their homeland

Read more here: » Tasaday: Encyclopedia II - Tasaday - The Tasaday today

According to MacLeish (1972), the Tasaday were unique because, "As Stone Age cave dwellers... Their like has not been found before in our time and, outside the limits of their unscarred wilderness, may never be found again." Though romantic and perhaps overstated, the article alludes to the fact that the Tasaday of the 1970s and certainly before the mid-20th century spoke their own dialect, gathered wild food, used stone tools, lived in caves, wore leaves for clothes, and settled matters by gentle discussion and consensus. Their chief provisions at this time (some of which are still depended on today) were as follows:

Tasaday, Tasaday - Some early history, Tasaday - First reported contacts, Tasaday - Manuel Elizalde Jr.'s continued relationship with the Tasaday, Tasaday - Press hoax claims and debunking the hoax, Tasaday - The Tasaday of the 1970s, Tasaday - Food and drugs, Tasaday - Tools and ornamentals, Tasaday - The Tasaday today, Tasaday - The Tasaday's fight to preserve their homeland

Read more here: » Tasaday: Encyclopedia II - Tasaday - The Tasaday of the 1970s

Crime is a major problem in South Africa. According to a survey for the period 1998 - 2000 compiled by the United Nations, South Africa was ranked first for murder by firearm (both absolute and per capita) and rape per capita. It was also number two for assault and murder (by all means) per capita. On the positive side, total crime per capita is 10th out of the 60 countries in the data set. Nevertheless, crime has had a pronounced effect on society: many wealthier South Africans moved into gated communities, abandoning the central business d ...

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South Africa, South Africa - Languages, South Africa - History, South Africa - Government, South Africa - Politics, South Africa - Provinces, South Africa - Geography, South Africa - Flora and fauna, South Africa - Economy, South Africa - Agriculture, South Africa - Demographics, South Africa - Culture, South Africa - Crime, South Africa - Military, South Africa - Media, South Africa - International rankings

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It may be argued that there is no "single" culture in South Africa because of its ethnic diversity. Today, the diversity in foods from many cultures are enjoyed by all and especially marketed to tourists who wish to sample the large variety of South African cuisine. In addition to food, music and dance feature prominently. South African cuisine is heavily meat-based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as a braai. South Africa has also developed into a major wine producer, ...

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South Africa, South Africa - Languages, South Africa - History, South Africa - Government, South Africa - Politics, South Africa - Provinces, South Africa - Geography, South Africa - Flora and fauna, South Africa - Economy, South Africa - Agriculture, South Africa - Demographics, South Africa - Culture, South Africa - Crime, South Africa - Military, South Africa - Media, South Africa - International rankings

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South Africa is a nation of 44.8 million people of diverse origins, cultures, languages, and beliefs. The 2001 Statistics South Africa census provided five racial categories by which people could classify themselves, the last of which, "unspecified/other" drew negligible responses, and these results were omitted. Results for the other categories were: Black—75% White—14% Coloured—9% Indian/Asian—3% By far the major part of the population classified itself as African or black, but ...

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South Africa, South Africa - Languages, South Africa - History, South Africa - Government, South Africa - Politics, South Africa - Provinces, South Africa - Geography, South Africa - Flora and fauna, South Africa - Economy, South Africa - Agriculture, South Africa - Demographics, South Africa - Culture, South Africa - Crime, South Africa - Military, South Africa - Media, South Africa - International rankings

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South Africa has a large agricultural sector, and is a net exporter of farming products. There are almost a thousand agricultural cooperatives and agribusinesses throughout the country, and agricultural exports constitute eight per cent of South Africa's total exports for the past five years. The agricultural industry contributes to around 30% of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts of Africa, as well as providing work for casual labourers and contributing towards arou ...

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South Africa, South Africa - Languages, South Africa - History, South Africa - Government, South Africa - Politics, South Africa - Provinces, South Africa - Geography, South Africa - Flora and fauna, South Africa - Economy, South Africa - Agriculture, South Africa - Demographics, South Africa - Culture, South Africa - Crime, South Africa - Military, South Africa - Media, South Africa - International rankings

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South Africa's armed forces, known as the South African National Defence Force (SANDF), was created in 1994 following South Africa's first post-apartheid national elections and the adoption of a new constitution. Previously known simply as the South African Defence Force (SADF), the new force consists of the old SADF, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), APLA and the TBVC state's defence forces. The SANDF is subdivided into four branches, namely: The South African Army

South Africa also has a large, free, and active press that regularly challenges the government, a habit formed during the apartheid era when the press was the media least controlled by the government. Major scandals have erupted when the press reported charges of corruption that were proven to be true in cases such as that of Schabir Shaik, in which deputy president Jacob Zuma was implicated, and the corruption allegations that led to the dismissal of Winnie Mandela from parliament. The government's ...

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South Africa, South Africa - Languages, South Africa - History, South Africa - Government, South Africa - Politics, South Africa - Provinces, South Africa - Geography, South Africa - Flora and fauna, South Africa - Economy, South Africa - Agriculture, South Africa - Demographics, South Africa - Culture, South Africa - Crime, South Africa - Military, South Africa - Media, South Africa - International rankings

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After President Marcos was deposed in 1986, Swiss anthropologist and journalist Oswald Iten, accompanied by Joey Lozano (a journalist from South Cotabato) and Datu Galang Tikaw (a member of the T'boli tribe to serve as chief translator, though he did not speak Tasaday), made an unauthorized investigation to the Tasaday caves where they spent about two hours with six Tasaday. Upon returning from the forest, Iten and Lozano reported the caves deserted and further claimed the "Tasaday" were simply members of known local tribes who put on the ap ...

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Tasaday, Tasaday - Some early history, Tasaday - First reported contacts, Tasaday - Manuel Elizalde Jr.'s continued relationship with the Tasaday, Tasaday - Press hoax claims and debunking the hoax, Tasaday - The Tasaday of the 1970s, Tasaday - Food and drugs, Tasaday - Tools and ornamentals, Tasaday - The Tasaday today, Tasaday - The Tasaday's fight to preserve their homeland

Read more here: » Tasaday: Encyclopedia II - Tasaday - Press hoax claims and debunking the hoax

To the Tasaday, Manuel Elizalde was known as Momo Dakel Diwata Tasaday, or roughly "Great Bringer of Good Fortune to the Tasaday", an entity the Tasaday say was prophesied by their ancestors. Elizalde not only served the Tasaday in his government-recognized position as head of PANAMIN, but privately for many years after his work with PANAMIN had ended. Prior to the closing of the preserve to visitors, PANAMIN funded essentially all efforts to find, visit, study and protect the Tasaday, with most of the money coming from Elizald ...

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Tasaday, Tasaday - Some early history, Tasaday - First reported contacts, Tasaday - Manuel Elizalde Jr.'s continued relationship with the Tasaday, Tasaday - Press hoax claims and debunking the hoax, Tasaday - The Tasaday of the 1970s, Tasaday - Food and drugs, Tasaday - Tools and ornamentals, Tasaday - The Tasaday today, Tasaday - The Tasaday's fight to preserve their homeland

Read more here: » Tasaday: Encyclopedia II - Tasaday - Manuel Elizalde Jr.'s continued relationship with the Tasaday

Up until the mid twentieth century, the Tasaday as of 1971 could recall historical contact with two other local groups (known to the Tasaday as the Sandukas and the Tasafangs), apparently with similar lifeways to the Tasaday and also from the forest. Contact with the modern world (e.g. metal, cloth and cultivated foods) was not known to the 1970s Tasaday until the mid-20th century (exact date unknown, possibly the 1950s), when they met and began sporadically trading with Dafal, an itinerant member of various Philippine tribes including the M ...

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Tasaday, Tasaday - Some early history, Tasaday - First reported contacts, Tasaday - Manuel Elizalde Jr.'s continued relationship with the Tasaday, Tasaday - Press hoax claims and debunking the hoax, Tasaday - The Tasaday of the 1970s, Tasaday - Food and drugs, Tasaday - Tools and ornamentals, Tasaday - The Tasaday today, Tasaday - The Tasaday's fight to preserve their homeland

Read more here: » Tasaday: Encyclopedia II - Tasaday - First reported contacts

"Yesterday I visited the battlefield of last year. The place was scarcely recognisable. Instead of a wilderness of ground torn up by shell, the ground was a garden of wild flowers and tall grasses. Most remarkable of all was the appearance of many thousands of white butterflies which fluttered around. It was as if the souls of the dead soldiers had come to haunt the spot where so many fell. It was eerie to see them. And the silence! It was so still that I could almost hear the beat of the butterfli ...

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World War I, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

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The "Green Revolution" is the name given to the most successful agricultural improvement program ever undertaken in the tropics. Funded initially by the Rockefeller Foundation, it aimed to improve corn, rice, and other cereal cultivators –breading plants that would produce more grain for the same amount of effort. From that point it expanded out to improved basic farming practices, particularly for rice farmers. The growth of crop yields was such that agriculture was able to outstrip population growth — per capita production increased ev ...

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Tropical agriculture, Tropical agriculture - Green Revolution, Tropical agriculture - Plant propagation, Tropical agriculture - Plant defenses, Tropical agriculture - Slash/mulch, Tropical agriculture - Small-scale irrigation, Tropical agriculture - Water harvesting pits, Tropical agriculture - Bucket drip irrigation, Tropical agriculture - Treadle pumps, Tropical agriculture - Pest control, Tropical agriculture - Crop rotation, Tropical agriculture - Integrated pest management, Tropical agriculture - Major constraints, Tropical agriculture - Acidic soils, Tropical agriculture - Salinization, Tropical agriculture - Day-length sensitive plants, Tropical agriculture - Pioneering crops, Tropical agriculture - Hunger season, Tropical agriculture - Major tropical food crops

Read more here: » Tropical agriculture: Encyclopedia II - Tropical agriculture - Green Revolution

The First World War was a clash of 20th century technology with 19th century tactics. This time, millions of soldiers, both volunteers and conscripts fought on all sides, with Kitchener's Army being a notable all volunteer force. Much of the war's combat involved trench warfare, where hundreds often died for each metre of land gained. Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during the First World War. Such battles include Ypres, Vimy Ridge, Marne, Cambrai, Somme, Verd ...

See also:

World War I, World War I - Introduction, World War I - Causes, World War I - Reasons and responsibilities, World War I - Participants in World War I, World War I - Opening hostilities, World War I - Early stages: from romanticism to the Western Front trenches, World War I - Hopes and fears, World War I - Trench warfare begins, World War I - Southern theatres, World War I - Ottoman Empire, World War I - Italian participation, World War I - The War in the Balkans, World War I - The Eastern Front, World War I - Initial Actions, World War I - The Russian Revolution, World War I - The Last Half of the War, World War I - Entry of the United States, World War I - German Spring Offensive of 1918, World War I - Entente’s victory, World War I - End of the war, World War I - Economics of war, World War I - Social effects, World War I - Technology, World War I - Aftermath, World War I - Casualties, World War I - Social trauma, World War I - Other names, World War I - Quotations, World War I - Dramatizations, World War I - Main articles, World War I - Media

Read more here: » World War I: Encyclopedia II - World War I - Technology