In psychology, motivation is the driving force (desire) behind all actions of human beings, animals, and lower organisms. Many textbooks define it as an internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it direction, desire or want that energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior, or an influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior. Motivation is often based on emotions, specifically, on the search for positive emotional experiences and the avoidance of negative ones, where positi ...

Including:

• Motivation - Types of motivation
• Motivation - Physiological needs
• Motivation - Other biological motivations
• Motivation - Secondary goals
• Motivation - Coercion
• Motivation - Self control
• Motivation - Controlling motivation
• Motivation - Early programming
• Motivation - Organization
• Motivation - Drugs
• Motivation - In Education
• Motivation - Is Money a Motivator?
• Motivation - Reference

Read more here: » Motivation: Encyclopedia - Motivation

See also:

Motivation, Motivation - Types of motivation, Motivation - Physiological needs, Motivation - Other biological motivations, Motivation - Secondary goals, Motivation - Coercion, Motivation - Self control, Motivation - Controlling motivation, Motivation - Early programming, Motivation - Organization, Motivation - Drugs, Motivation - In Education, Motivation - Is Money a Motivator?, Motivation - Reference

Read more here: » Motivation: Encyclopedia II - Motivation - Controlling motivation

Some would argue that the two best types of motivation are fear and desire. Motivation can be viewed as either extrinsic or intrinsic. Motivation - Physiological needs. The easiest kinds of motivation to analyse, at least superficially, are those based upon obvious physiological needs. These include hunger, thirst, and escape from pain. The analysis of the processes underlying such motivations can make use of research on animals, in ethology, comparative psychology, and physiological psychology, and the ho ...

See also:

Motivation, Motivation - Types of motivation, Motivation - Physiological needs, Motivation - Other biological motivations, Motivation - Secondary goals, Motivation - Coercion, Motivation - Self control, Motivation - Controlling motivation, Motivation - Early programming, Motivation - Organization, Motivation - Drugs, Motivation - In Education, Motivation - Is Money a Motivator?, Motivation - Reference

Read more here: » Motivation: Encyclopedia II - Motivation - Types of motivation

Once the basic needs of life are met, most people turn to the pursuit of pleasure, fun, and enjoyment. These include finding comfortable places to relax and rest, tasty food and drink, entertainment, recreation, sports, arts, socializing, romance, taking consciousness-altering substances such as caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, and other drugs.

Read more here: » Motivation: Why are we moved to do what we do? Ð Part II

A criminal organization is a group run by criminals to further their illegal activities. They are usually involved with drugs, prostitution, money laundering and black marketeering. These activities are also called vice and organized crime. Some also engage in acts of political, racist, and religiously motivated violence, and in acts of terrorism and crimes against humanity. Examples of criminal organizations would include the Mafia and the Yakuza. The role of prison gangs, by definition crimin ...

Read more here: » Criminal organization: Encyclopedia - Criminal organization

A bong or water pipe is a device that is usually used for smoking herbs, typically cannabis [1], salvia divinorum, tobacco, and much less frequently other substances such as methamphetamine. Because many countries have laws against owning drug paraphernalia a bong being sold openly, such as at a head shop, is likely advertised as for tobacco use only but this can vary according to location. During operation the user inhales through the device which causes smoke to fill a chamber; this smoke is usually first bubbled throu ...

Including:

• Bong - Operation
• Bong - Principles
• Bong - Motivations
• Bong - Bong water
• Bong - Cleaning
• Bong - Description
• Bong - Additional parts
• Bong - Materials
• Bong - Variety
• Bong - Bubbler
• Bong - Gravity bong
• Bong - Lung
• Bong - Popper

Read more here: » Bong: Encyclopedia - Bong

The term narcotic, derived from the Greek word narkotikos, meaning "benumbing or deadening", originally referred to a variety of substances that induced sleep (such state is narcosis). In the U.S. legal context, narcotic refers to opium, opium derivatives, and their semisynthetic or totally synthetic substitutes. Cocaine and coca leaves, which are classified as "narcotics" in the U.S. Controlled Subs ...

Including:

• Narcotic - Administration
• Narcotic - Effects
• Narcotic - Hazards
• Narcotic - Tolerance and dependence

Read more here: » Narcotic: Encyclopedia - Narcotic

The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is a United Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates, and LSD. During the 1960s, drug use and abuse increased greatly around the world, especially in Western nations. Inspired by psychedelic advocates such as Aldous Huxley and Timothy Leary, millions of young people experimented with powerful hallucinogens, and drugs of all kinds became freely available as manufacturers and traffickers took advantage of inconsistent national laws to ...

Including:

• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - History
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Schedules of Controlled Substances
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Scheduling process
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - World Health Organization evaluations of specific drugs
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Ephedrine
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Ketamine
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - MDMA
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Methcathinone
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Nicotine
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Tetrahydrocannabinol
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Medical and other drug uses
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Organic plants
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Precursors
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Analogs
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Penal provisions
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Treatment and prevention
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Recent trends
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Rise in stimulant trafficking
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Canadian noncompliance
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Licit drug problems
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Endnotes

Read more here: » Convention on Psychotropic Substances: Encyclopedia - Convention on Psychotropic Substances

Apathy is the lack of emotion, motivation, or enthusiasm. Apathy is a psychological term for a state of indifference — where an individual is unresponsive or "indifferent" to aspects of emotional, social, or physical life. Clinical apathy is considered to be at an elevated level, while a moderate level might be considered depression, and an extreme level could be diagnosed as a dissociative disorder. The physical aspect of apathy associated with physical deterioration, muscle loss, and lack of energy is called lethargy †...

Including:

• Apathy - Apathy in common and religious terms

Read more here: » Apathy: Encyclopedia - Apathy

Sertraline Sertraline hydrochloride (Zoloft®, Lustral®, Apo-Sertral®, Asentra®, Gladem®, Serlift®, Stimuloton®, Xydep®, Serlain®) is an orally administered antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) type. Sertraline - Uses. Sertraline is used medically mainly to treat the symptoms of depression and anxiety. It has also been prescribed for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, pan ...

Including:

• Sertraline - Uses
• Sertraline - Side effects
• Sertraline - Forms and dosages
• Sertraline - Precautions
• Sertraline - Controversy

Read more here: » Sertraline: Encyclopedia - Sertraline

Conspicuous consumption is a term introduced by the American economist Thorstein Veblen, in The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899). The term is used to describe the consumption of expensive goods, commodities and services for the sake of displaying social status and wealth. The term is generally reserved for those forms of consumption that are motivated by societal factors and is not used to describe impulsive behaviours associated with personality disorders, such as as binge eating or compulsive spending. Conspic ...

Including:

• Conspicuous consumption - Regarded as an addiction
• Conspicuous consumption - Marketing
• Conspicuous consumption - In the context of psychoactive substances
• Conspicuous consumption - A possible historical case: Easter Island
• Conspicuous consumption - Applications in activism

Read more here: » Conspicuous consumption: Encyclopedia - Conspicuous consumption

Certain drugs can affect the subjective qualities of perception, thought or emotion, resulting in altered interpretations of sensory input, alternate states of consciousness, or hallucinations. This general group of pharmacological agents can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants. All of these agents act as neurotransmitter mimics, often as agonists or antagonists at neurotransmitter receptors. Their primary effects are markedly different from those of st ...

Including:

• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Psychedelics
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Dissociatives
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Deliriants
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Etymology and alternative terms
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - History of use
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Early scientific investigations
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Hallucinogens after World War II
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Social status of hallucinogens
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Legal status
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Pharmacology
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Pharmacological classes of hallucinogens
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Psychedelics serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Dissociatives
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Deliriants anticholinergics
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Hallucinogenic plants, fungi, and animals
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Plants
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Fungi
• Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants - Animals

Read more here: » Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants: Encyclopedia - Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants

Certain drugs can affect the subjective qualities of perception, thought or emotion, resulting in altered interpretations of sensory input, alternate states of consciousness, or hallucinations. This general group of pharmacological agents can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants. All of these agents act as neurotransmitter mimics, often as agonists or antagonists at neurotransmitter receptors. Their primary effects are markedly different from those of st ...

Including:

• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Psychedelics
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Dissociatives
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Deliriants
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Etymology and alternative terms
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - History of use
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Traditional religious and shamanic use entheogens
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Early scientific investigations
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Hallucinogens after World War II
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Social status of hallucinogens
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Legal status
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Pharmacology
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Pharmacological classes of hallucinogens
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Psychedelics serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Dissociatives
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Deliriants anticholinergics
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Hallucinogenic plants fungi and animals
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Plants
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Fungi
• Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Animals

Read more here: » Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants: Encyclopedia - Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants

The DEA has been criticized for placing drugs which some researchers regard as having potential medical uses, such as MDMA and ibogaine, on highly restrictive schedules, even over the objections of some experts in the field of pharmacology and medicine. Critics claim that such decisions are motivated primarily by political factors stemming from the US government's War on Drugs, and that many potential benefits of such substances remain unknown due to the difficulty of conducting scientific research. There are also some scheduled substances t ...

See also:

Drug Enforcement Administration, Drug Enforcement Administration - Impact on the Drug Trade, Drug Enforcement Administration - History, Drug Enforcement Administration - Organization, Drug Enforcement Administration - Facilities, Drug Enforcement Administration - Narcotics Registration, Drug Enforcement Administration - Criticism, Drug Enforcement Administration - The DEA in popular culture

Read more here: » Drug Enforcement Administration: Encyclopedia II - Drug Enforcement Administration - Criticism

The DEA has been criticized for placing drugs which some researchers regard as having potential medical uses, such as MDMA and ibogaine, on highly restrictive schedules, even over the objections of some experts in the field of pharmacology and medicine. Critics claim that such decisions are motivated primarily by political factors stemming from the US government's War on Drugs, and that many potential benefits of such substances remain unknown due to the difficulty of conducting scientific research. There are also some scheduled substances t ...

See also:

Drug Enforcement Administration, Drug Enforcement Administration - History, Drug Enforcement Administration - Organization, Drug Enforcement Administration - Facilities, Drug Enforcement Administration - Narcotics Registration, Drug Enforcement Administration - Criticism, Drug Enforcement Administration - The DEA in popular culture

Read more here: » Drug Enforcement Administration: Encyclopedia II - Drug Enforcement Administration - Criticism

Since moving to Seattle, Kristen Pfaff had reportedly become deeply involved in the local heroin scene. By winter of 1994, she had entered and successfully completed drug rehab, and was thought to be completely clean by close friends. Pfaff's close relationship with Cobain meant that she took his April 1994 death quite hard. Shortly following Cobain's death, Pfaff decided to leave Hole and return to Minneapolis. This decision was motivated in part by a need to "find herself" following her friends overdose, and a desire to escape the readily available drugs in Seattle. She spent the sprin ...

See also:

Kristen Pfaff, Kristen Pfaff - Early life, Kristen Pfaff - Musical Career, Kristen Pfaff - Drugs and death, Kristen Pfaff - Conspiracy theories

Read more here: » Kristen Pfaff: Encyclopedia II - Kristen Pfaff - Drugs and death

The development of addiction is thought to involve a simultaneous process of 1) increased focus on and engagement in a particular behavior and 2) the attenuation or "shutting down" of other behaviors. For example, animals allowed the unlimited ability to self-administer psychoactive drugs will show such a strong preference that they will forgo food, sleep, and sex for continued access. The neuro-anatomical correlate of this that the brain regions involved in driving goal-directed behavior grow increasingly selective for particular motivating ...

See also:

Addiction, Addiction - Terminology and usage, Addiction - Varied forms of addiction, Addiction - Physical dependency, Addiction - Psychological addiction, Addiction - Addiction and drug control legislation, Addiction - Methods of care, Addiction - Diverse explanations, Addiction - Neurobiological basis, Addiction - Criticism, Addiction - Casual addiction

Read more here: » Addiction: Encyclopedia II - Addiction - Neurobiological basis

Concerns are growing about the side effects of Paxil. Recent studies have found that the drug is relatively ineffective in children, and suggested that they are prone to becoming suicidal in the early stages of treatment. Some psychologists believe that this is due to the way the drug begins to work in many patients. The first effect most people notice is a decrease in the lethargy and amotivation they experienced during their depression. This effect happens before the depression itself improves, so children may end up with enough "energy" and motivation to act on sui ...

See also:

Paroxetine, Paroxetine - Addictive potential, Paroxetine - Side effects, Paroxetine - Persistent sexual side effects, Paroxetine - Withdrawal symptoms, Paroxetine - Chemistry, Paroxetine - Pharmacology

Read more here: » Paroxetine: Encyclopedia II - Paroxetine - Side effects

Concerns are growing about the side effects of Paxil. Recent studies have found that the drug is relatively ineffective in children, and suggested that they are prone to becoming suicidal in the early stages of treatment. Some psychologists believe that this is due to the way the drug begins to work in many patients. The first effect most people notice is a decrease in the lethargy and amotivation they experienced during their depression. This effect happens before the depression itself improves, so children may end up with enough "energy" and motivation to act on sui ...

See also:

Paroxetine, Paroxetine - Addictive potential, Paroxetine - Side effects, Paroxetine - Withdrawal symptoms, Paroxetine - Chemistry, Paroxetine - Pharmacology

Read more here: » Paroxetine: Encyclopedia II - Paroxetine - Side effects

The setting up of the Assets Recovery Agency was a key aspect of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (POCA), which was the result of the Government’s aim to take the profit out of crime and dismantle and disrupt the organised crime empires by removing the money that is their motivation and their major source of income. It brings together previous legislation, such as the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 and Part VI of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, with the changes recommended in a comprehensive report of a study conducted by the Performan ...

See also:

Assets Recovery Agency, Assets Recovery Agency - Background, Assets Recovery Agency - The Agency’s remit and aims

Read more here: » Assets Recovery Agency: Encyclopedia II - Assets Recovery Agency - Background