morphemes

Phonological history of English consonants - H-cluster reductions. Glide cluster reductions The wine-whine merger is a merger by which the sound /ʍ/ or sequence /hw/ (spelt wh) becomes [w]. The yew-hew merger is a process that causes the cluster /hj/ to be reduced to /j/. The hl-cluster, hr-cluster and ...

Including:

• Phonological history of English consonants - Consonant cluster reductions
• Phonological history of English consonants - H-cluster reductions
• Phonological history of English consonants - Y-cluster reductions
• Phonological history of English consonants - Other initial cluster reductions
• Phonological history of English consonants - Final cluster reductions
• Phonological history of English consonants - Phonological history of NG
• Phonological history of English consonants - NG coalescence
• Phonological history of English consonants - G-dropping
• Phonological history of English consonants - H-dropping and h-adding
• Phonological history of English consonants - H-dropping
• Phonological history of English consonants - H-adding
• Phonological history of English consonants - Elimination of velar fricatives in English
• Phonological history of English consonants - Taut-taught merger
• Phonological history of English consonants - Wait-weight merger
• Phonological history of English consonants - Lock-loch merger
• Phonological history of English consonants - Elimination of dental fricatives in English dialects
• Phonological history of English consonants - TH fronting
• Phonological history of English consonants - TH stopping
• Phonological history of English consonants - Vent-went merger
• Phonological history of English consonants - Initial fricative voicing

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Zellig Sabbetai Harris (October 23, 1909 - May 22, 1992) was an American linguist, mathematical syntactician, and methodologist of science. Originally a Semiticist, he is best known for his work in structural linguistics and discourse analysis and for the discovery of transformational syntax. Harris was born in Balta, now Odessa oblast, Ukraine, and came with his family to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1913. A student in the Oriental Studies department, he received his bachelor's (1930), master's (1932), and doctoral (1934) deg ...

Including:

• Zellig Harris - Works

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The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, Pinyin: Hànyǔ, 华语/華語, Huáyǔ or 中文, Zhōngwén) forms part of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. About one-fifth of the people in the world speak some form of Chinese as their native language, making it the language with the most native speakers. In general, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. However, Chinese is also distinguished for a high level of internal diversity. Regional variation between different variants/dialects is comparable t ...

Including:

• Chinese language - Spoken Chinese
• Chinese language - Language or language family?
• Chinese language - Written Chinese
• Chinese language - Chinese characters
• Chinese language - History
• Chinese language - Influence on other languages
• Chinese language - Sounds
• Chinese language - Romanization
• Chinese language - Other Transcriptions
• Chinese language - Morphology
• Chinese language - Loanwords
• Chinese language - Grammar

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A stem, in linguistics, is the combination of the basic form of a word (called the root) plus any derivational morphemes, but excluding inflectional elements. This means, alternatively, that the stem is the form of the word to which inflectional morphemes can be added, if applicable. For example, the root of the English verb form destabilized is stabil- (alternate form of stable); the stem is de·stabil·ize, which includes the derivational affixes de- and -ize, but not ...

Including:

• Word stem - Reference

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The root is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Content words in nearly all languages contain, and may consist only of, root morphemes. However, sometimes the term "root" is also used to describe the word minus its inflectional endings, but with its lexical endings in place. For example, chatters has the inflectional root or lemma chatter, but the lexical root chat. Inflectional roots are often called stems, and a root in the ...

Including:

• Root linguistics - Reconstructed roots

Read more here: » Root linguistics: Encyclopedia - Root linguistics

Bound morphemes are morphemes that can only occur when attached to root morphemes. Affixes are bound morphemes. Common English bound morphemes include: -ing, -ed, -er, and pre-. Morphemes that are not bound morphemes are free morphemes. Category: Linguistic morphology ...

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The Chinese written language consists of a writing system stretching back nearly 4000 years. Its logographic writing system employs a large number of symbols, known as characters, to represent individual words or morphemes. The writing system is considered to have also been a unifying force for much of Chinese history, transcending differences in spoken language. From the time of the Qin Dynasty onwards, a standard written language (at first Classical Chinese and later Vernacular Chinese) has always been in place to bridge the diverge ...

Including:

• Chinese written language - Written standards
• Chinese written language - Transcending intelligibility of speech
• Chinese written language - Chinese characters
• Chinese written language - Character forms
• Chinese written language - Writing direction

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An analytic language (or isolating language) is a language in which the vast majority of morphemes are free morphemes and considered to be full-fledged "words". By contrast, in a synthetic language, a word is composed of agglutinated or fused morphemes that denote its syntactic meanings. Analytic language - Features of analytic languages. Analytic languages often express abstract concepts using independent words, while synthetic languages tend to use adpositions, affixes and internal modifica ...

Including:

• Analytic language - Features of analytic languages

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A meaning is a set of thoughts that people take symbols to have. Meanings can do many things, such as provoke a certain idea, or denote a certain real-world entity. Meanings can be linguistic and non-linguistic. Linguistic meaning is any meaning that words and other items of language have. Non-linguistic meaning is whatever meaning can be conveyed without the use of language. Meanings can be presented through various different mediums, or vehicles of communication. The kind of medium that is used determines ...

Including:

• Meaning - Philosophical approaches
• Meaning - Gottlob Frege
• Meaning - Saul Kripke
• Meaning - Meaning as use
• Meaning - Translation
• Meaning - Linguistic approaches
• Meaning - Semantics
• Meaning - Semiotics
• Meaning - Pragmatics

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India is rich in languages, boasting not only the indigenous sprouting of Dravidian and Indo-Aryan tongues, but of the absorption of Middle-Eastern and European influences as well. Distinct, often ancient, and rich literary traditions are to be found in several languages, among them Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Telugu, and Urdu, and not to mention two Classical languages of the world, Tamil and Sanskrit. Languages of India - The languages of India. While 22 major languages are recognized a ...

Including:

• Languages of India - The languages of India
• Languages of India - Alphabets of Indian languages
• Languages of India - Phonetic alphabet
• Languages of India - Urdu alphabet
• Languages of India - List of Indian Languages

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African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called Black English, Black Vernacular, or Black English Vernacular (BEV), is a type of lect (dialect , ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language. It is known colloquially as Ebonics, Ebo, or Jive. With pronunciation that in some respects is common to that of Southern American English, the lect is spoken by many blacks in the United States. AAVE shares many characteristics with various Creole English dialects spoken ...

Including:

• African American Vernacular English - History and social context
• African American Vernacular English - AAVE as a Creole
• African American Vernacular English - Educational issues
• African American Vernacular English - Grammatical features
• African American Vernacular English - Phonological features
• African American Vernacular English - Aspect marking
• African American Vernacular English - Negation
• African American Vernacular English - Lexical features
• African American Vernacular English - Other grammatical characteristics

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In linguistics, a grammatical agent is the participant of a situation that carries out the action in this situation. Also, agent is the name of the thematic role with the above definition. Typically, the situation is denoted by a sentence, the action—by a verb in the sentence, and the agent—by a noun phrase. For example, in the sentence "Jack kicked the ball", Jack is the agent. In certain languages, the agent is declined or otherwise marked to indicate its grammatical role. In Japanese, for instance, t ...

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The term construction grammar (CxG) covers a "family" of theories, or models, of grammar that are based on the idea that the primary unit of grammar is the grammatical construction rather than the atomic syntactic unit and the rule that combines atomic units, and that the grammar of a language is made up of taxonomies of families of constructions. CxG is typically associated with cognitive linguistics, partly because many of the linguists that are involved in CxG are also involved in cognitive linguistics, and partly bec ...

Including:

• Construction grammar - Some history
• Construction grammar - The grammatical construction in CxG
• Construction grammar - Syntax-lexicon continuum
• Construction grammar - Grammar as an inventory of constructions
• Construction grammar - Full-entry model
• Construction grammar - Usage-based model
• Construction grammar - Default inheritance model
• Construction grammar - Complete inheritance model
• Construction grammar - There is a general shift towards the usage-based model
• Construction grammar - Synonymy and monotony
• Construction grammar - Some construction grammars
• Construction grammar - Construction Grammar
• Construction grammar - Goldbergian/Lakovian construction grammar
• Construction grammar - Cognitive Grammar
• Construction grammar - Radical construction grammar
• Construction grammar - Embodied construction grammar
• Construction grammar - Fluid Construction Grammar
• Construction grammar - Others

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An agglutinative language is a language in which the words are formed by joining morphemes together. This term was introduced by Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1836 to classify languages from a morphological point of view. It was derived from the Latin verb agglutinare, which means "to glue together." An agglutinative language is a form of synthetic language where each affix typically represents one unit of meaning (such as "diminutive", "past tense", "plural", etc.), and bound morphemes are expressed by affixes (and not by int ...

Including:

• Agglutinative language - Examples of agglutinative languages

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Animal communication is any behaviour on the part of one animal that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoosemiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication - Intraspecies vs. interspecies communication. The sender and receiver of a communication may ...

Including:

• Animal communication - Intraspecies vs. interspecies communication
• Animal communication - Interspecies communication
• Animal communication - Prey to predator
• Animal communication - Predator to prey
• Animal communication - Symbiotic species
• Animal communication - Human/animal communication
• Animal communication - Intraspecies communication
• Animal communication - Forms of communication
• Animal communication - Functions of communication
• Animal communication - Evolution of communication
• Animal communication - Communication and understanding
• Animal communication - Animal communication and human behaviour
• Animal communication - Animal communication and linguistics
• Animal communication - External link

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Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is the Institute Professor Emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Chomsky is credited with the creation of the theory of generative grammar, often considered the most significant contribution to the field of theoretical linguistics of the 20th century. He also helped spark the cognitive revolution in psychology through his review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior, which challenged the behaviorist approach to the study of mind and language dominant in the ...

Including:

• Noam Chomsky - Biography
• Noam Chomsky - Chomsky's name
• Noam Chomsky - Contributions to linguistics
• Noam Chomsky - Generative grammar
• Noam Chomsky - Chomsky hierarchy
• Noam Chomsky - Contributions to psychology
• Noam Chomsky - Opinion on criticism of science culture
• Noam Chomsky - Chomsky's influence in other fields
• Noam Chomsky - Political views
• Noam Chomsky - Chomsky on terrorism
• Noam Chomsky - Criticism of United States government
• Noam Chomsky - Views on globalization
• Noam Chomsky - Views on socialism
• Noam Chomsky - Mass media analysis
• Noam Chomsky - Chomsky and the Middle East
• Noam Chomsky - Criticism of intellectual communities
• Noam Chomsky - Chomsky's influence as a political activist
• Noam Chomsky - Opposition to the Vietnam War
• Noam Chomsky - Alleged marginalization in the mainstream media
• Noam Chomsky - Worldwide audience
• Noam Chomsky - Criticisms
• Noam Chomsky - Academic Achievements Awards and Honors
• Noam Chomsky - Bibliography
• Noam Chomsky - Linguistics
• Noam Chomsky - Political works
• Noam Chomsky - About Chomsky
• Noam Chomsky - Filmography
• Noam Chomsky - Political contemporaries

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A word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together. Typically a word will consist of a root or stem and zero or more affixes. Words can be combined to create phrases, clauses and sentences. A word consisting of two or more stems joined together is called a compound. Word - Difficulty in defining the term. The precise definition of what a word is depends on which language the definition is for, and the dividing line between w ...

Including:

• Word - Difficulty in defining the term
• Word - Words in different classes of languages
• Word - Complexity of word boundaries in speech
• Word - Determining word boundaries

Read more here: » Word: Encyclopedia - Word

Linguistic strings can be made up of phenomena like words, phrases, and sentences, and each seems to have a different kind of meaning. Individual words all by themselves, such as the word "bachelor," have one kind of meaning, because they only seem to refer to some abstract concept. Phrases, such as "the brightest star in the sky", seem to be different from individual words, because they are complex symbols arranged into some order. There is also the meaning of whole sentences, such as "Barry is a bachelor", which is both a complex whole, and seems to ...

See also:

Meaning, Meaning - Philosophical approaches, Meaning - Gottlob Frege, Meaning - Saul Kripke, Meaning - Meaning as use, Meaning - Translation, Meaning - Linguistic approaches, Meaning - Semantics, Meaning - Semiotics, Meaning - Pragmatics

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The precise definition of what a word is depends on which language the definition is for, and the dividing line between words and phrases is not always clear. In most writing systems, a word is usually marked out in the text by interword separation such as spaces or word dividers used in some languages such as Amharic. In other languages such as Chinese and Japanese, and in many ancient languages such as Sanskrit, word boundaries are not shown. Even in writing systems that use interword separation, word boundaries are not always clear ...

See also:

Word, Word - Difficulty in defining the term, Word - Words in different classes of languages, Word - Complexity of word boundaries in speech, Word - Determining word boundaries

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It is possible, though not certain, that all languages spoken in the world today are related by descent from a single ancestral tongue. The established language families would then be only the upper branches of the genealogical tree of all languages. For this reason, language isolates have been the object of numerous studies seeking to uncover their genealogy. For instance, Basque has been compared with every living and extinct language family known, from S ...

See also:

Language isolate, Language isolate - Genetic relationship, Language isolate - Looking for relationships, Language isolate - Isolate not isolated or isolating, Language isolate - Extinct isolates, Language isolate - List of language isolates, Language isolate - Bibliography

Read more here: » Language isolate: Encyclopedia II - Language isolate - Looking for relationships