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moral obligation | A Wisdom Archive on moral obligation | | moral obligation A selection of articles related to moral obligation | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO moral obligation | | | |  moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Bernard Williams - His lifeWilliams was born in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, the only son of a civil servant. He was educated at Chigwell School and read Greats (Classics) at Balliol College, Oxford. After graduating in 1951 with the rare distinction of a congratulatory first-class honours degree, the highest award at this level in the British university system, he spent his year-long national service in the Royal Air Force (RAF), flying Spitfires in Canada.
He met his future wife, Shirley Brittain-Catlin, the daughter of political scientist and philosopher George ...
See also:Bernard Williams, Bernard Williams - His life, Bernard Williams - His moral philosophy, Bernard Williams - Critique of utilitarianism, Bernard Williams - Critique of Kantianism, Bernard Williams - Reasons for action, Bernard Williams - Williams' philosophical legacy, Bernard Williams - Books and papers by Bernard Williams Read more here: » Bernard Williams: Encyclopedia II - Bernard Williams - His life |
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| | | | moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Harriet Martineau - London and the United States In 1832 she moved to London, where she numbered among her acquaintances Henry Hallam, Henry Hart Milman, Thomas Malthus, Monckton Milnes, Sydney Smith, Edward George Bulwer-Lytton, and later Thomas Carlyle. Until 1834 she continued to be occupied with her political economy series and with a supplemental series of Illustrations of Taxation. Four stories supporting the Whig Poor Law reforms came out about the same time. These tales, direct, lucid, written without any appearance of effort, and yet practically effective, display the characterist ...
See also:Harriet Martineau, Harriet Martineau - Early life, Harriet Martineau - London and the United States, Harriet Martineau - Ambleside, Harriet Martineau - Mesmerism Read more here: » Harriet Martineau: Encyclopedia II - Harriet Martineau - London and the United States |
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| | | | moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Lincoln-Douglas debate - Debate Structure There are very few "official rules" associated with the actual debates themselves. Almost any norm accepted by the community can be (and often times is) challenged and disregarded by a debater in favor of a form that they feel more often represents "good debate." Norms also vary based on where the debate is taking place; accepted standards in one state may be different from those in another.
In the standard LD Debate structure, each side presents two kinds of speeches. The first is the constructive speech, where the affirmative will a ...
See also:Lincoln-Douglas debate, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Overview, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Debate Structure, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Constructive Speeches, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Common Affirmative Case, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Common Negative Case, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Cross Examination Period, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Rebuttal Speeches, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Alternative forms of LD, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Judging, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Approaches to Academic Debate, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Competition, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Tournament Organization, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Resolutions Read more here: » Lincoln-Douglas debate: Encyclopedia II - Lincoln-Douglas debate - Debate Structure |
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| | | | moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Bernard Williams - Williams' philosophical legacy In a secular humanist tradition, with no appeal to God or any external moral authority, Williams' theory strikes at the very foundation of conventional morality: that one would sometimes do good even if one did not want to because, in order to be rational, one had to. However, one question raised by the British moral philosopher, Philippa Foot, counters this approach by asking: is desiring to be good really a bad thing? Is it not more reasonable to argue that the person who wants to be good is a better person than the one who d ...
See also:Bernard Williams, Bernard Williams - His life, Bernard Williams - His moral philosophy, Bernard Williams - Critique of utilitarianism, Bernard Williams - Critique of Kantianism, Bernard Williams - Reasons for action, Bernard Williams - Williams' philosophical legacy, Bernard Williams - Books and papers by Bernard Williams Read more here: » Bernard Williams: Encyclopedia II - Bernard Williams - Williams' philosophical legacy |
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| | | | moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Bernard Williams - Reasons for action Williams' insistence that morality is about people and their real lives, and that self-interest and even selfishness are not contrary to morality, is illustrated in what is called his "internal reasons for action" argument, part of what philosophers call the "internal/external reasons" debate.
Before Williams, some philosophers tried to argue that moral agents had "external reasons" — by which they meant objective reasons, or reasons external to the moral agent — for performing a moral act. If action X was good, and was part of th ...
See also:Bernard Williams, Bernard Williams - His life, Bernard Williams - His moral philosophy, Bernard Williams - Critique of utilitarianism, Bernard Williams - Critique of Kantianism, Bernard Williams - Reasons for action, Bernard Williams - Williams' philosophical legacy, Bernard Williams - Books and papers by Bernard Williams Read more here: » Bernard Williams: Encyclopedia II - Bernard Williams - Reasons for action |
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| | | | moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Harriet Martineau - Early life Martineau was born in Norwich, where her father was a manufacturer. The family was of Huguenot extraction (see James Martineau) and professed Unitarian views. The atmosphere of her home was industrious, intellectual and austere; she herself was clever, but weakly and unhappy; she had no sense of taste or smell, and moreover early grew deaf, having to use an ear trumpet. At the age of fifteen the state of her health and nerves led to a prolonged visit to her father's sister, Mrs Kentish, who kept a school at Bristol. Here, in the companionshi ...
See also:Harriet Martineau, Harriet Martineau - Early life, Harriet Martineau - London and the United States, Harriet Martineau - Ambleside, Harriet Martineau - Mesmerism Read more here: » Harriet Martineau: Encyclopedia II - Harriet Martineau - Early life |
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| | | | moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Harriet Martineau - Mesmerism Miss Martineau edited a volume of Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development, published in March 1851. Its form is that of a correspondence between herself and the garrulous self-styled scientist Henry G. Atkinson, and it expounds that doctrine of philosophical atheism to which Miss Martineau in Eastern Life had depicted the course of human belief as tending. The existence of a first cause is not denied, but is declared unknowable, and the authors, while regarded by others as denying it, certainly considered themselves ...
See also:Harriet Martineau, Harriet Martineau - Early life, Harriet Martineau - London and the United States, Harriet Martineau - Ambleside, Harriet Martineau - Mesmerism Read more here: » Harriet Martineau: Encyclopedia II - Harriet Martineau - Mesmerism |
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| | | | moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Bernard Williams - His moral philosophy Williams' books and papers include studies of René Descartes and Ancient Greek philosophy, as well as more detailed attacks on utilitarianism and Kantianism.
Williams was a systems destroyer, attacking all "isms" with equal vigour. He turned his back on the meta-ethics studied by most moral philosophers trained in the Western analytic tradition — "What is the Good?" and "What does the word 'ought' mean?" — and concentrated instead on practical ethics. Williams tried to address the question of how to live a good life, with the emp ...
See also:Bernard Williams, Bernard Williams - His life, Bernard Williams - His moral philosophy, Bernard Williams - Critique of utilitarianism, Bernard Williams - Critique of Kantianism, Bernard Williams - Reasons for action, Bernard Williams - Williams' philosophical legacy, Bernard Williams - Books and papers by Bernard Williams Read more here: » Bernard Williams: Encyclopedia II - Bernard Williams - His moral philosophy |
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| | | | moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Lincoln-Douglas debate - Judging Debate rounds are typically judged by an adult, often an assistant debate coach, the parent of a competitor, or a college student who participated in the event in the past. Some Novice-only tournaments will employ experienced students as judges.
Judging an LD round can be very difficult, especially for inexperienced judges. Not only are the questions intrinsically complex, but the typical debater uses arguments and citations from philosophers and other writers that the judge may not be familiar with. Additionally, LD topics often invo ...
See also:Lincoln-Douglas debate, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Overview, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Debate Structure, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Constructive Speeches, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Common Affirmative Case, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Common Negative Case, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Cross Examination Period, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Rebuttal Speeches, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Alternative forms of LD, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Judging, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Approaches to Academic Debate, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Competition, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Tournament Organization, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Resolutions Read more here: » Lincoln-Douglas debate: Encyclopedia II - Lincoln-Douglas debate - Judging |
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| | | | moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Lincoln-Douglas debate - Alternative forms of LD Most debates center around proving the resolution either true or false; however, this is not the only way to handle the debate. The alternative approach, almost exclusively used by negative debaters, is kritiking the resolution. A kritik (German for critique) does not abide by the conventional value structure nor does it attempt to prove or disprove the truth of the resolution; instead, it seeks to prove the resolution harmful or impossible to argue. This approach is by no means widespread, and while frowned upon in some areas, is steadily gaining acceptance as crossover of Policy De ...
See also:Lincoln-Douglas debate, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Overview, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Debate Structure, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Constructive Speeches, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Common Affirmative Case, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Common Negative Case, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Cross Examination Period, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Rebuttal Speeches, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Alternative forms of LD, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Judging, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Approaches to Academic Debate, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Competition, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Tournament Organization, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Resolutions Read more here: » Lincoln-Douglas debate: Encyclopedia II - Lincoln-Douglas debate - Alternative forms of LD |
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| | | | moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Lincoln-Douglas debate - Approaches to Academic Debate Different areas of the country approach debate with different goals. In some states, such as Kansas, high school Speech is a for-credit class with a competitive debate element. Inter-school tournaments are held on weekends, but the training for them is often curricular. In other areas, speech competition may be a school-sponsored team similar to football or basketball which has practice after school, rather than being part of the curriculum, or it may be organized as ...
See also:Lincoln-Douglas debate, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Overview, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Debate Structure, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Constructive Speeches, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Common Affirmative Case, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Common Negative Case, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Cross Examination Period, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Rebuttal Speeches, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Alternative forms of LD, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Judging, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Approaches to Academic Debate, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Competition, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Tournament Organization, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Resolutions Read more here: » Lincoln-Douglas debate: Encyclopedia II - Lincoln-Douglas debate - Approaches to Academic Debate |
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| | | | moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Lincoln-Douglas debate - Competition Most high school debaters participate in local tournaments in their city, school district, or state. Hundreds of such tournaments are held each weekend at high schools throughout the US during the debate season.
A small subset of high school debaters, mostly from elite public and private schools, travel around the country to tournaments in what is called the "National Circuit." Major National Circuit tournaments include the Glenbrooks at Glenbrook North and Glenbrook South High Schools in North Shore, Chicago, the Barkley Forum at Emory University, and the Heart of Tex ...
See also:Lincoln-Douglas debate, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Overview, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Debate Structure, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Constructive Speeches, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Common Affirmative Case, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Common Negative Case, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Cross Examination Period, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Rebuttal Speeches, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Alternative forms of LD, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Judging, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Approaches to Academic Debate, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Competition, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Tournament Organization, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Resolutions Read more here: » Lincoln-Douglas debate: Encyclopedia II - Lincoln-Douglas debate - Competition |
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| | | | moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Lincoln-Douglas debate - Overview Lincoln-Douglas Debate involves the philosophical analysis and debate of a resolution that has no definite answer. Two debaters face each other in a round, with one representing the affirmative side and the other representing the negative side. The affirmative must prove the resolution true; the negative must simply prevent the affirmative from achieving this goal. Most debate events recognize two levels of competitors: Junior Varsity and Varsity ...
See also:Lincoln-Douglas debate, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Overview, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Debate Structure, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Constructive Speeches, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Common Affirmative Case, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Common Negative Case, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Cross Examination Period, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Rebuttal Speeches, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Alternative forms of LD, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Judging, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Approaches to Academic Debate, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Competition, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Tournament Organization, Lincoln-Douglas debate - Resolutions Read more here: » Lincoln-Douglas debate: Encyclopedia II - Lincoln-Douglas debate - Overview |
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| | | | moral obligation: Encyclopedia II - Bernard Williams - Critique of utilitarianism Williams was particularly critical of utilitarianism, a consequentialist theory, the simplest version of which argues that moral acts are good only insofar as they promote the greatest happiness of the greatest number, regardless of any issues of personhood or moral agency.
One of Williams' famous arguments against utilitarianism centres on Jim, a scientist doing research in a South American country led by a brutal dictator. One day, Jim finds himself in the central square of a small town facing 20 rebels, captured and tied up. The ca ...
See also:Bernard Williams, Bernard Williams - His life, Bernard Williams - His moral philosophy, Bernard Williams - Critique of utilitarianism, Bernard Williams - Critique of Kantianism, Bernard Williams - Reasons for action, Bernard Williams - Williams' philosophical legacy, Bernard Williams - Books and papers by Bernard Williams Read more here: » Bernard Williams: Encyclopedia II - Bernard Williams - Critique of utilitarianism |
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