Liturgically, the Church has much more in common with the Latin rite, especially as it was at the time of separation, than other Orthodox rites. For example, their bishops wear vestments almost identical to those of Western bishops. They usually do not use a full iconostasis, but rather a curtain (which was also used in the West at the time of separation). Armenian priests of the lower ranks are allowed to marry. ...

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Armenian Apostolic Church, Armenian Apostolic Church - Origins and history, Armenian Apostolic Church - Labeling, Armenian Apostolic Church - Structure and leadership, Armenian Apostolic Church - Similarities to other churches, Armenian Apostolic Church - Today

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The Aksumite people represented a mix of Cushitic and Semitic speaking people in Ethiopia and southern Arabia. The Aksumite kings had the official title negusa nagast - King of Kings. Aksumite kings traced their lineage to David, Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. This royal heritage was claimed by all emperors of Ethiopia. ...

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Kingdom of Aksum, Kingdom of Aksum - Geography, Kingdom of Aksum - Society Structure, Kingdom of Aksum - Foreign relations and economy, Kingdom of Aksum - Cultural achievements, Kingdom of Aksum - Bibliography

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The battle took place only four years after the prophet Muhammad died in 632. He was succeeded by the first Caliph, Abu Bakr, who sought to bring all the Arabic-speaking peoples under Muslim control. In 633 Muslim armies invaded Syria, and after raids and skirmishing quickly captured Damascus in 635. The Byzantine emperor Heraclius organized a force of about 40 000 troops on learning of the loss of Damascus and Emesa. The advance of this large Byzantine army, caused the Muslims under Khalid ibn Walid to abandon the cities, and retreat southward towards the Riv ...

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Battle of Yarmuk, Battle of Yarmuk - Battle, Battle of Yarmuk - Aftermath

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Syriac Christian heritage is transmitted through the Syriac language, a dialect of Aramaic. Unlike the Greek Christian culture, Syriac culture borrowed much from early Rabbinic Judaism and Mesopotamian culture. Whereas Latin and Greek Christian cultures became protected by the Roman and Byzantine Empire, Syriac Christianity often found itself marginalised and persecuted. Antioch was the political capital of this culture, and was the seat of the patriarchs of the church. However, Antioch was heavily Hellenized, and the Mesopotamian cities of Edessa, Nisibi ...

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Syriac Christianity, Syriac Christianity - History, Syriac Christianity - Churches of the Syriac tradition, Syriac Christianity - Saint Thomas Christians in India

Read more here: » Syriac Christianity: Encyclopedia II - Syriac Christianity - History

The Armenians are an ancient people who have inhabited parts of Turkey, Iran and the Caucasus for more than three thousand years. The first known instance of an Armenian to come anywhere near Jerusalem arrived in the 95 BC under King Tigranes II of Armenia. The Armenian armies captured Caesarea before leaving the Holy Land. It was at this time that Jews may have come to trade with Armenia and settle in that far away land when likewise some Armenians came to know of the lands around Jerusalem and may have traded with the Herodian Jewish state ...

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Armenian Quarter, Armenian Quarter - The Armenian people and their establishment in Jerusalem: 95 BC–640 AD, Armenian Quarter - The First Muslim Period 638–1099, Armenian Quarter - The Crusader Periods 1099–1187 1229–1244, Armenian Quarter - 1260–1517—The Mamluk period, Armenian Quarter - The Ottoman Period 1517–1917, Armenian Quarter - Struggles over the Holy sites, Armenian Quarter - The British Mandate Period—1917–1948, Armenian Quarter - The 1948 War and Jordanian Rule 1948–1967, Armenian Quarter - The 1967 War and Israeli Rule—1967–present

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The Persian occupation of Egypt, beginning in 619 or 618, was one of the triumphs in the last Sasanian war against Byzantium. Khosrow II Parvêz, of the revived Persian Empire had begun this war in retaliation for the assassination of the emperor Mauricius (582-602) and had achieved a series of early successes, culminating in the conquests of Jerusalem (614) and Alexandria (619). A Byzantine counteroffensive launched by Heraclius in spring 622 shifted the advantage, however, and the war was brought to an end by the fall of Khosrow on 25 Febr ...

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History of Greek and Roman Egypt, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Ptolemaic Egypt, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Ptolemy I, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Ptolemy II, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Ptolemy III, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - The decline of the Ptolemies, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - The later Ptolemies, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Roman Egypt, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Roman rule in Egypt, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Christian Egypt, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Byzantine Egypt, History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Persian and Arab Conquests

Read more here: » History of Greek and Roman Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of Greek and Roman Egypt - Persian and Arab Conquests

The early Catholic Church came to be organized under the three patriarchs of Rome, Alexandria and Antioch, to which later were added the patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem. The Bishop of Rome was at that time recognized as first among them, as is stated, for instance, in canon 3 of the First Council of Constantinople (381) - many interpret "first" as meaning here first among equals - and doctrinal or procedural disputes were oftentimes referred to Rome, as when, on appeal by St Athanasius against the decision of the Council of Tyre ( ...

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Catholicism, Catholicism - Catholic Church, Catholicism - Brief organizational history of the Church, Catholicism - The Roman Catholic Church, Catholicism - Other Catholic groups, Catholicism - Distinctive beliefs and practices, Catholicism - Beliefs, Catholicism - Sacraments, Catholicism - Footnotes, Catholicism - Sources, Catholicism - Additional reading

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Like many other aspects of the Roman world, chariot racing continued in the Byzantine Empire, although the Byzantines did not keep as many records and statistics as the Romans did. Constantine preferred chariot racing to gladiatorial combat, which he considered a vestige of paganism. The Olympic Games were eventually ended by the devoutly Christian emperor Theodosius I in 394, in a move to suppress paganism and promote Christianity, but chariot racing continued to be popular. The Hippodrome of Constantinople (really a Roman circus, not the o ...

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Chariot racing, Chariot racing - Early chariot racing, Chariot racing - The Olympic Games, Chariot racing - Roman chariot racing, Chariot racing - Byzantine chariot racing, Chariot racing - Sources

Read more here: » Chariot racing: Encyclopedia II - Chariot racing - Byzantine chariot racing

Communion between Christian Churches has been broken over matters of faith, when each side accused the other of heresy or departure from the true faith (orthodoxy). Communion has been broken also because of disputes that do not involve matters of faith, as when there is disagreement about questions of authority or the legitimacy of the election of a particular bishop. In these latter cases, each side accuses the other of schism, but not of heresy. Major breaches of communion: The Churches that accepted the teaching of the ...

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Eastern Rite, Eastern Rite - Eastern and Western Latin Catholics, Eastern Rite - Historical background, Eastern Rite - The term Uniat[e], Eastern Rite - List of Eastern Catholic Churches

Read more here: » Eastern Rite: Encyclopedia II - Eastern Rite - Historical background

The Persian conquest and sacking of Jerusalem in 614 and the subsequent Islamic conquest in 638 found the Armenians under siege from their Byzantine masters and they therefore welcomed the invaders as a way to get back the Church property confiscated under Emperor Justinian, and which they had been forbidden from entering. The Armenians now became subject to the Pact of Omar and they became Dhimmis. They would pay a special poll tax called Jizya, sometimes be forced to wear special clothing including Blue Turbans, and not be allowed to const ...

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Armenian Quarter, Armenian Quarter - The Armenian people and their establishment in Jerusalem: 95 BC–640 AD, Armenian Quarter - The First Muslim Period 638–1099, Armenian Quarter - The Crusader Periods 1099–1187 1229–1244, Armenian Quarter - 1260–1517—The Mamluk period, Armenian Quarter - The Ottoman Period 1517–1917, Armenian Quarter - Struggles over the Holy sites, Armenian Quarter - The British Mandate Period—1917–1948, Armenian Quarter - The 1948 War and Jordanian Rule 1948–1967, Armenian Quarter - The 1967 War and Israeli Rule—1967–present

Read more here: » Armenian Quarter: Encyclopedia II - Armenian Quarter - The First Muslim Period 638–1099

The British authorities, with their spit-shined boots and years of colonial experience were quick to embrace the Status Quo, despite Balfour Declaration to create a Jewish Homeland. The British looked to the Status Quo of 1852 for guidance, keeping the four quarters of the Old City while at the same time allowing a major building program outside the city walls. In the 1920s most of the Armenian quarter by this time had “European style gable roofs” as opposed to the domes preferred in the Muslim quarter. In 1922 Armenians made up 8 ...

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Armenian Quarter, Armenian Quarter - The Armenian people and their establishment in Jerusalem: 95 BC–640 AD, Armenian Quarter - The First Muslim Period 638–1099, Armenian Quarter - The Crusader Periods 1099–1187 1229–1244, Armenian Quarter - 1260–1517—The Mamluk period, Armenian Quarter - The Ottoman Period 1517–1917, Armenian Quarter - Struggles over the Holy sites, Armenian Quarter - The British Mandate Period—1917–1948, Armenian Quarter - The 1948 War and Jordanian Rule 1948–1967, Armenian Quarter - The 1967 War and Israeli Rule—1967–present

Read more here: » Armenian Quarter: Encyclopedia II - Armenian Quarter - The British Mandate Period—1917–1948

The Great Schism was not the first schism between East and West; there had, in fact, been over two centuries of schism during the first millennium of the Church. From 343 to 398, the Church was split over Arianism, a doctrine supported by many in the East, though rejected by the Pope in the West. A new controversy arose in 404, when the Byzantine Emperor Arcadius deposed the Roman-backed Patriarch of Constantinople, John Chrysostom. The Pope soon broke off communion with all the eastern patriarchates, for they had countenanced Chrysostom's banishment. The division was healed only in 415, when the eastern patriarchs ...

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East-West Schism, East-West Schism - Origins, East-West Schism - Early schisms, East-West Schism - Great Schism, East-West Schism - Reconciliation

Read more here: » East-West Schism: Encyclopedia II - East-West Schism - Early schisms

The leading Eastern bishops were coerced, after a short resistance, into subscribing. Mennas, Patriarch of Constantinople, first protested that to sign was to condemn the Council of Chalcedon, and then yielded, as he told Stephen the Roman apocrisarius at Constantinople, that his subscription should be returned to him if the Pope disapproved of it. Stephen and Dacius, Bishop of Milan, who was then at Constantinople, broke off communion with him. Zoilus the Patriarch of Alexandria, Ephraim the Patriarch of Antioch, and Peter the Patriarch of ...

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Three-Chapter Controversy, Three-Chapter Controversy - Background, Three-Chapter Controversy - The subscription, Three-Chapter Controversy - The schism in the West, Three-Chapter Controversy - Its effect in the East, Three-Chapter Controversy - Its later effect

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At the "Robber Synod" of Ephesus Leo's representatives delivered his famous Tome (Latin text, a letter), or statement of the faith of the Roman Church in the form of a letter addressed to Flavian, which repeats, in close adherence to Augustine, the formulas of western Christology, without really touching the problem that was agitating the East. The council did not read the letter, and paid no attention to the protests of Leo's legates, but depos ...

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Pope Leo I, Pope Leo I - Early life, Pope Leo I - Zeal for orthodoxy, Pope Leo I - Asserts his authority in Gaul, Pope Leo I - The Tome, Pope Leo I - Leo's significance

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Tewahido is a Ge'ez word meaning "being made one"; it is related to the Arabic word توحيد tawhid, meaning "monotheism". This refers to the Oriental Orthodox belief in the one single unique Nature of Christ (a complete union of the Divine and Human Natures), as opposed to the "two Natures of Christ" belief (unmixed Divine and Human Natures, called the Hypostatic Union) held by today's Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia article on the Henoticon [1]: the Patriarchs of Alexandr ...

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Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - Origins, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - Jesuit interim: 1500 – 1633, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - Recent history, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - Distinctive traits, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - Biblical canon, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - Language, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - Architecture, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - Ark of the Covenant, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - Similarities to Judaism

Read more here: » Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church: Encyclopedia II - Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - Origins

Makuria is by far the best-known kingdom of Christian Nubia, but there are still many gaps in our knowledge. The most important source for the history of the area is various Arab travelers and historians who passed through Nubia during this period. The accounts are often problematic as many of the Arab writers were biased against their Christian neighbours, and these works generally focus on only the military conflicts between Egypt and Nubia.[2] One except ...

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Makuria, Makuria - Sources, Makuria - History, Makuria - Origins, Makuria - Height, Makuria - Decline, Makuria - Economy, Makuria - Government, Makuria - Religion, Makuria - Culture, Makuria - Rulers, Makuria - Notes

Read more here: » Makuria: Encyclopedia II - Makuria - Sources

The main economic activity in Makuria was agriculture, with farmers growing several crops a year of barley, millet, and dates. The methods used were generally the same that had been used for millennia. Small plots of well irrigated land were lined along the banks of the Nile, which would be fertilized by the river's annual flooding. One important technological advance was the saqiya, an oxen-powered water wheel, that was introduced in the Roman period and helped increase yields and population density.^{See also:}

Makuria, Makuria - Sources, Makuria - History, Makuria - Origins, Makuria - Height, Makuria - Decline, Makuria - Economy, Makuria - Government, Makuria - Religion, Makuria - Culture, Makuria - Rulers, Makuria - Notes

Read more here: » Makuria: Encyclopedia II - Makuria - Economy

Makuria was a monarchy ruled by a king based in Dongola. The king was also considered a priest and could perform mass. [18] How succession was decided is not clear. Early writers indicate it was from father to son. After the eleventh century, however, it seems clear that Makuria was using the uncle-to-sister's-son system favoured for millennia in Kush. Shinnie speculates that the later form may have actually been used throughout, and that the early Arab wri ...

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Makuria, Makuria - Sources, Makuria - History, Makuria - Origins, Makuria - Height, Makuria - Decline, Makuria - Economy, Makuria - Government, Makuria - Religion, Makuria - Culture, Makuria - Rulers, Makuria - Notes

Read more here: » Makuria: Encyclopedia II - Makuria - Government

By the sixth century, three states had emerged as the political and cultural heirs of the Meroitic kingdom. Nobatia in the north, had its capital at Faras, in what is now Egypt; the central kingdom, Muqurra, was centered at Dunqulah, the old city on the Nile about 150 kilometers south of modern Dunqulah; and Alwa, in the heartland of old Meroe in the south, had its capital at Sawba. In all three kingdoms, warrior aristocracies ruled Meroitic populations from royal courts where functionar ...

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Early history of Sudan, Early history of Sudan - Prehistory, Early history of Sudan - Kush, Early history of Sudan - Meroe, Early history of Sudan - Christian Nubia, Early history of Sudan - Sources

Read more here: » Early history of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - Early history of Sudan - Christian Nubia

Among dogmatic treatises Theodoret mentions (Epist. cxiii, cxvi) having written against Arius and Eunomius, probably one work, to which were joined the three treatises against the Macedonians. There were, besides, two works against the Apollinarians, and of the Opus adversus Marcionem nothing has been preserved. The treatises On the Trinity and On the Divine Dispensation (cf. Peri theologias kai tes theias enanthropeseos; Epist. cxiii), assigned by A. Ehrhard to the work On the Holy and Life-giving Trini ...

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Theodoret, Theodoret - Life, Theodoret - The Nestorian controversy, Theodoret - Works: exegetical, Theodoret - Works: apologetic historical, Theodoret - Works: dogmatic, Theodoret - Translations

Read more here: » Theodoret: Encyclopedia II - Theodoret - Works: dogmatic

The area was inhabited in earliest times by Hers, Sujs, Tchilbs, and Lbins. Collectively called Hers (Heretians), these tribes came under the rule of Albanian kingdom in the 3rd century BC. With its decline, the area was gradually incorporated into the Iberian kingdom forming one of its counties (saeristavo) in the 5th century and its peoples were eventually assimilated into the Georgians proper. It was when the name Hereti first appeared in the Georgian sources. According to traditional accounts, the name of the province originated from the legendary patriarch Heros, the son of Thargamos, who founded the city of Hereti (later known ...

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Hereti, Hereti - History, Hereti - Rulers, Hereti - External link, Hereti - Literature

Read more here: » Hereti: Encyclopedia II - Hereti - History

The inhabitants were very mixed. There was an aristocratic and administrative Persian upper class, but most of the population were middle class Persian Zoroastrians and the rest Aramaic-speaking peasants. There were a number of Tāzis (Arabs), most of whom lived as pastoralists along the western margins of the settled lands, but some lived as townspeople, especially in Hireh (al-Hira). In addition, there were another group of Iranian, Kurds, who lived along the foothills of the Zagros Mountains, and a surprisingly large number of Greeks, mostly prisoners capture ...

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Khvarvaran, Khvarvaran - Ethnic Diversity & Religion, Khvarvaran - The Tazi Arab conquest and the early Islamic period, Khvarvaran - External link

Read more here: » Khvarvaran: Encyclopedia II - Khvarvaran - Ethnic Diversity & Religion