The Mongols are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China, particularly Inner Mongolia. They currently number about 8.5 million and speak the Mongol language. There are approximately 2.3 million Mongols in Mongolia, 4 million Mongols living in Inner Mongolia, and 2 million Mongols living in neighboring provinces. In addition, there are a number of ethnic groups in North China and Russia related to the Mongols: the Daur, Buryat, Evenk, Dorbod and Kalmyk. Mongols - History. Including:

• Mongols - History
• Mongols - Genghis Khan
• Mongols - Mongol Empire
• Mongols - Ethnic cultural and religious diversity
• Mongols - Military innovation
• Mongols - Timeline of conquest
• Mongols - Modern history

Read more here: » Mongols: Encyclopedia - Mongols

See also:

Mongols, Mongols - History, Mongols - Genghis Khan, Mongols - Mongol Empire, Mongols - Ethnic cultural and religious diversity, Mongols - Military innovation, Mongols - Timeline of conquest, Mongols - Modern history

Read more here: » Mongols: Encyclopedia II - Mongols - History

The notion that the Mongol Empire was tremendously destructive should be viewed with caution. Historian R. J. Rummel estimated that 30 million people were killed during the reign of the Mongol Empire, and the population of China fell by half in fifty years of Mongol rule. However, it should be noted that most of the history which modern historians rely on was written by enemies of the Mongols. Thus ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mongol Empire - Overview

Yuriy II (Юрий II), also known as George II of Vladimir or Georgy II Vsevolodovich (1189 - 1238), was the 4th Grand Prince of Vladimir (1212-16, 1218-38) who presided over Vladimir-Suzdal at the time of the Mongol invasion of Russia. The third and best-loved son of Vsevolod III, he first distinguished himself in the battles against Ryazan in 1208. His father wanted Yury to inherit Rostov and his elder brother Konstantin to succeed him in Vladimir. The latter, however, declared that he would rule both towns or nothing at all. Thereupon Vsevolod disinher ...

Read more here: » Yuri II: Encyclopedia - Yuri II

Zhu Qizhen (November 29, 1427 – February 23, 1464) was an emperor of the Ming Dynasty. He ruled as the Zhengtong Emperor from 1435 to 1449，and as the Tianshun Emperor from 1457 to 1464. Zhengtong Emperor - First Reign. Zhu Qizhen was the son of the Xuande Emperor Zhu Zhanji and his Empress Sun. At the beginning of Zhengtong's reign, the Ming dynasty was prosperous and at the height of its power as a result Xuande Emperor's able administration. Zhengtong's accession at the age of eight make ...

Including:

• Zhengtong Emperor - First Reign
• Zhengtong Emperor - Imprisonment by the Mongols
• Zhengtong Emperor - House Arrest and Second Reign
• Zhengtong Emperor - Note

Read more here: » Zhengtong Emperor: Encyclopedia - Zhengtong Emperor

Chagatai Khan (alternative spellings Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Jagatai), a son of Genghis Khan (1206—1227), controlled the part of the Mongol Empire which extended from the Ili river (eastern Kazakhstan) and Kashgaria (western Tarim Basin) to Transoxiana. He inherited most of what are now the five Central Asian states and northern Iran after the death of his father which he ruled until his death in 1242. The Empire later came to be known as the Chagatai Khanate, part of the Mongol Empire. These te ...

Including:

• Chagatai Khanate - Mongol successor states
• Chagatai Khanate - The Chagatai Khanate after Chagatai
• Chagatai Khanate - Tughlugh Timur and Tamerlane
• Chagatai Khanate - Successors of the Chagataites

Read more here: » Chagatai Khanate: Encyclopedia - Chagatai Khanate

Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy (Russian: Влади́миро-Су́здальское кня́жество), or Vladimir-Suzdal Rus (Влади́мирско-Су́здальская Русь), was a major principality which succeeded Kievan Rus as the most powerful East Slavic state in the late 12th century and lasted until the late 14th century. Traditionally perceived as a cradle of the Great Russian language and nationality, Vladimir-Suzdal gradually ev ...

Including:

• Vladimir-Suzdal - Origin
• Vladimir-Suzdal - Heyday
• Vladimir-Suzdal - Mongol yoke

Read more here: » Vladimir-Suzdal: Encyclopedia - Vladimir-Suzdal

The Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous empire in human history. The 12th and 13th century, when the empire came to power, is often called the "Age of the Mongols". The Mongol armies during that time were extremely well organized. The death toll (by battle, massacre, flooding, and famine) of the Mongol wars of conquest is placed at about 40 million according to some sources. Non-military achievements of the Mongol Empire include the introduction of a writing system, based on the Uighur script, and the same is still used in Inner ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mongol Empire - Legacy

The notion that the Mongol Empire was tremendously destructive should be viewed with caution. Historian R. J. Rummel estimated that 30 million people were killed during the reign of the Mongol Empire, and the population of China fell by half in fifty years of Mongol rule. However, it should be noted that most of the history which modern historians rely on was written by enemies of the Mongols. Thus, there is always a room for exaggeration. Nonetheless, as David Nicole points out in The Mongol Warlords, "terror and mass extermination of anyone oppos ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mongol Empire - Overview

Mongol Empire - Military setup. Main article: Military advances of Genghis Khan The Mongol military organization was simple, but effective. The organization was based on an old tradition of the steppe, which was like today’s decimal system: the army was built upon a squad of ten, called an "arban"; ten "arbans" constituted a company of a hundred, called a "jaghun". Ten "jaghuns" made a regiment of a thousand – "mingghan". Ten "mingghans" would then constitute a regiment of ten thousand ("tumen"), ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mongol Empire - Organization

Mongol Empire - Military setup. Main article: Military advances of Genghis Khan The Mongol military organization was simple, but effective. The organization was based on an old tradition of the steppe, which was like today’s decimal system: the army was built upon a squad of ten, called an arban; ten arbans constituted a company of a hundred, called a jaghun. Ten jaghuns made a regiment of a thousand, a mingghan. Ten mingghans would then constitute a regiment of ten thousand (tumen), ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mongol Empire - Organization

When Genghis Khan died, a major potential weakness of the system he had set up manifested itself. It took many months to summon the kurultai, as many of its most important members were leading military campaigns thousands of miles from the Mongol heartland. And then it took months more for the kurultai to come to the decision that had been almost inevitable from the start — that Genghis's choice as successor, his third son Ögedei, should indeed become Great Khan. Ögedei was a rather passive ruler and personally self-indulgent, but he was ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mongol Empire - Disintegration

Genghis Khan, through political manipulation and military might, united the Mongol tribes under his rule by 1206. He quickly came into conflict with the Jin empire of the Jurchen and the Western Xia in northern China. Under the provocation of the Khwarezmid Empire, he moved into Central Asia as well, devastating Transoxiana and eastern Persia, then raiding into southern Russia and the Caucasus. While engaged in a final war against the Western Xia, Genghis fell ill and died. Before dying, Genghis Khan divided his empire among his sons and imm ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mongol Empire - Formation

When Genghis Khan died, a major potential weakness of the system he had set up manifested itself. It took many months to summon the kurultai, as many of its most important members were leading military campaigns thousands of miles from the Mongol heartland. And then it took months more for the kurultai to come to the decision that had been almost inevitable from the start — that Genghis's choice as successor, his third son Ögedei, should indeed become Great Khan. Ögedei was a rather passive ruler and personally self-indulgent, but ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mongol Empire - Disintegration

Following are the Khanate in the way in which Genghis Khan created after his death were: Blue Horde and White Horde (combined into the Golden Horde) - Batu Khan and Orda Khan Il-Khanate - Hulegu Khan Empire of the Great Khan (China) - Ogedei Khan Mongol homeland (present day Mongolia, including Kharakhorum) - Tolui Khan Chagadai Khanate - Chagatai Khan The empire's expansion continued for a generation or more after Genghis's death in 1227 — indeed, it was under Genghis's succes ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan

The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent from around 1215 to 1360 helped bring political stability and re-establish the Silk Road vis-à-vis Karakorum. With rare exceptions such as Marco Polo or Christian ambassadors such as William of Rubruck, few Europeans traveled the entire length of the silk road. Instead traders moved products much like a bucket brigade, with luxury goods being traded from one middleman to another, from China to the West, and resulting ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mongol Empire - Silk Road

The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent from around 1215 to 1360 helped bring political stability and re-establish the Silk Road vis-à-vis Karakorum. With rare exceptions such as Marco Polo or Christian ambassadors such as William of Rubruck, few Europeans traveled the entire length of the Silk Road. Instead traders moved products much like a bucket brigade, with luxury goods being traded from one middleman to another, from China to the West, and resulting ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mongol Empire - Silk Road

At first, the Mongol Empire was ruled by Ogedei Khan,Genghis Khan'a third son and designated heir. But after his death in 1241, the fractures which would ultimately crack the Empire began to show. Emnity between the grandchildren of Genghis Khan resulted in a 5 year regency by Ogedei's widow until she finally got her son Guyuk Khan confirmed as Great Khan. But he only ruled two years, and following his death -- he was on his way to confront his cousin Batu Khan, who had never accepted his authority -- another regency followed until finally a ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan

The destruction of the armies of the Central European countries in 1241 left the way open for the Mongols to invade Europe, and only the death of the Great Khan (Ögedei Khan) prevented it. The famous remark of the French king that he was going to fight the Tartars and would either send them back to hell or be himself sent to paradise was a sign of the fear the Mongol invasions aroused. Ironically, the European invasions were a third theater of operations, second to both the Middle East and Song China. Had the Mongols sent the forces which d ...

See also:

Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongol invasion of Europe - Introduction, Mongol invasion of Europe - The invasion of Europe, Mongol invasion of Europe - The war against Hungary, Mongol invasion of Europe - Why were the Mongols so successful?, Mongol invasion of Europe - The end of the Mongol advance in Europe, Mongol invasion of Europe - Second mongol attack against Poland

Read more here: » Mongol invasion of Europe: Encyclopedia II - Mongol invasion of Europe - Introduction

In 1223, after defeating Russian and Kipchak armies at the Battle of Kalka, a Mongol army under the generals Subedei and Jebe Noyon was sent to subdue Volga Bulgaria. The Mongol cavalry was caught in ambush and was defeated near the Zhiguli hills on the right bank of the Volga; the remainder of the force withdrew. The Mongols returned in 1229 under the command of Kukday and Bubede. This force defeated Bulgar frontier-guards at the Ural River and began the occupation of the upper Ural valley. A few years later, in 1232, the Mongol cavalry subjugated the southeastern part ...

See also:

Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - The Mongol campaigns, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Population transfer, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Rebellions, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Impact on the region, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Ethnolinguistic impact, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Aftermath, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria: Encyclopedia II - Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - The Mongol campaigns