Money - Private currencies

Money is any marketable good or token used by a society as a store of value, a medium of exchange, and a unit of account. Since the needs arise naturally, societies organically create one or several money objects when none exists. In other cases, a central authority creates a single money object and compels its use; this is more frequently the case in modern societies with paper money. The value of money emerges in no small part from its utility as a medium of exchange, however its utility as a medium of exchange depends on it having recognised market value. Hence th ...

Including:

• Money - Essential characteristics of money
• Money - Credit as money
• Money - Desirable features of money
• Money - Modern forms of money
• Money - Money and economics
• Money - History of money
• Money - Private currencies
• Money - Money supply
• Money - Growing the money supply
• Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia - Money

In many countries, the issue of private paper currencies has been severely restricted by law. In the United States, the Free Banking Era lasted between 1837 and 1866, during which almost anyone could issue their own paper money. States, municipalities, private banks, railroad and construction companies, stores, restaurants, churches and individuals printed an estimated 8,000 different monies by 1860. If the issuer went bankrupt, closed, left town, or otherwise went out of business the note would be worthless. Such organizations earned ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Private currencies

In many countries, the issue of private paper currencies has been severely restricted by law. In the United States, the Free Banking Era lasted between 1837 and 1866, during which almost anyone could issue their own paper money. States, municipalities, private banks, railroad and construction companies, stores, restaurants, churches and individuals printed an estimated 8,000 different monies by 1860. If the issuer went bankrupt, closed, left town, or otherwise went out of business the note would be worthless. Such organizations earned ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Private currencies

The money supply is the amount of money available within a specific economy available for purchasing goods or services. The supply is usually considered as four escalating categories M0, M1, M2 and M3. The categories grow in size with M3 representing all forms of money (including credit) and M0 being just base money (coins, bills, and central bank deposits). M0 is also money that can satisfy private banks' reserve requirements. In the United States, the Federal Reserve is responsible for controlling the mo ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Money supply

Main article: Money supply The money supply is the amount of money available within a specific economy available for purchasing goods or services. The supply is usually considered as four escalating categories M0, M1, M2 and M3. The categories grow in size with M3 representing all forms of money (including credit) and M0 being just base money (coins, bills, and central bank deposits). M0 is also money that can satisfy private banks' reserve requirements. In the United States, the Federal Reserve is responsible for controlling the money supply (monetary policy). Mo ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Money supply

Money is one of the most central topics studied in economics and forms its most cogent link to finance. The amount of money in an economy affects inflation and interest rates and hence has profound effects. The monetary policy of government aims to manage money, inflation and interest to affect output and employment. A monetary crisis can have very significant economic effects, particularly if it leads to monetary failure and the adoption of a much less efficient barter economy. This happened in Russia (for instance) during the 1990s. Modern economics also faces a difficulty in decidi ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Money and economics

When using money anonymously, the most common methods are cash (either coin or banknotes), stored-value cards or gold. When using money substitutes in such a way as to leave a financial record of the transaction, the most common methods are checks, debit cards, credit cards, and electronic money. ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Modern forms of money

Money has developed over the years from conch shells to sophisticated international banking systems. The history of money has generally seen commodity money replaced by more formal systems, as money has been progressively brought under the control of governments. ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - History of money

Credit is often loosely referred to as money. However credit only satisfies items one and three of the above "Essential Characteristics of Money" criteria. Credit completely fails criterion number two. Hence to be strictly accurate credit is a money substitute and not money proper. This distinction between money and credit causes much confusion in discussions of monetary theory. In lay terms, and when convenient in academic discussion, credit and money are frequently used interchangeably. For example bank deposits are generally includ ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Credit as money

Money has all of the following three characteristics: 1. It must be a medium of exchange When an object is consistently used as an intermediate object of trade, as opposed to direct barter, then it is regarded as a medium of exchange. The utility of such an object in simplifing the process of trade leads to direct demand for the object. In order for a single object to become or to remain dominant in this function requires either coercion or faith. When people are coerced to use or alternatively they trust an object and demand it in order to do their excha ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Essential characteristics of money

To function as money, the monetary item should possess a number of features: To be a medium of exchange: It should be liquid, easily tradable, with a low spread between the prices to buy and sell. A low spread typically occurs when an item is fungible. It should be easily transportable; precious metals have a high value to weight ratio. This is why oil, copper, or bricks are not suitable as money. Paper notes ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Desirable features of money

Credit is often loosely referred to as money. However credit only satisfies items one and three of the above "Essential Characteristics of Money" criteria. Credit completely fails criterion number two. Hence to be strictly accurate credit is a money substitute and not money proper. This distinction between money and credit causes much confusion in discussions of monetary theory. In lay terms, and when convenient in academic discussion, credit and money are frequently used interchangeably. For example bank deposits are generally includ ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Credit as money

Money is one of the most central topics studied in economics and forms its most cogent link to finance. The amount of money in an economy affects inflation and interest rates and hence has profound effects. The monetary policy of government aims to manage money, inflation and interest to affect output and employment. A monetary crisis can have very significant economic effects, particularly if it leads to monetary failure and the adoption of a much less efficient barter economy. This happened in Russia (for instance) during the 1990s. Modern economics also faces a difficulty in decidi ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Money and economics

When using money anonymously, the most common methods are gold, cash (either coin or banknotes) and stored-value cards. When using money substitutes in such a way as to leave a financial record of the transaction, the most common methods are checks, debit cards, credit cards, and digital cash. ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Modern forms of money

To function as money, the monetary item should possess a number of features: To be a medium of exchange: It must be liquid, easily tradable, with a low spread between the prices to buy and sell. A low spread typically occurs when an item is fungible. It must be easily transportable; precious metals have a high value to weight ratio. This is why oil, copper, or bricks are not suitable as money. To be a unit of account: It must be divisible into small units without destroyin ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Desirable features of money

Money has all of the following three characteristics: 1. It must be a medium of exchange When an object is consistently used as an intermediate object of trade, as opposed to direct barter, then it is regarded as a medium of exchange. The utility of such an object in simplifing the process of trade leads to direct demand for the object. In order for a single object to become or to remain dominant in this function requires either coercion or faith. When people are coerced to use or alternatively they trust an object and demand it in order to do their excha ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Essential characteristics of money

See main article History of money Money has developed over the years from conch shells to sophisticated international banking systems. The history of money has generally seen commodity money replaced by more formal systems, as money has been progressively brought under the control of governments. ...

See also:

Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - History of money