monetary policy

A central bank, reserve bank or monetary authority, is an entity responsible for the monetary policy of its country, or group of member states (as in the EU). Its primary responsibility is to maintain the stability of the national currency and money supply, but more active duties include controlling subsidized loan interest rates, and acting as a "bailout" lender of last resort to the banking sector during times of financial crisis (private banks ofte ...

Including:

• Central bank - Activities and responsibilities
• Central bank - Instruments of monetary policy
• Central bank - Open Market Operations
• Central bank - Interest rates
• Central bank - Reserve requirements
• Central bank - Capital Requirements
• Central bank - Banking supervision and other activities
• Central bank - Independence
• Central bank - History

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In response to rising unemployment levels in the 1970s, Representative Augustus Hawkins and Senator Hubert Humphrey created the Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act. It was signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 27, 1978, and codified as 15 USC § 3101. The Act explicitly instructs the nation to strive toward four ultimate goals: full employment, growth in production, price stability, and balance of trade and budget. By explicitly setting requirements and goals for the federal government to attain, the Act is markedly ...

See also:

Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act, Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act - Impetus and strategy, Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act - Overview, Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act - Amendments

Read more here: » Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act: Encyclopedia II - Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act - Overview

The Bretton Woods system of international monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states. The Bretton Woods system was the first example in world history of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states. Preparing to rebuild the international economic system as World War II was still raging, 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in the town of B ...

Including:

• Bretton Woods system - The origins of the Bretton Woods System
• Bretton Woods system - The experiences of the Great Depression
• Bretton Woods system - The rise of U.S. hegemony
• Bretton Woods system - The design of the Bretton Woods system
• Bretton Woods system - Informal regimes
• Bretton Woods system - Formal regimes
• Bretton Woods system - Readjusting the Bretton Woods system
• Bretton Woods system - The dollar shortages and the Marshall Plan
• Bretton Woods system - Bretton Woods and the Cold War
• Bretton Woods system - The Late Bretton Woods System
• Bretton Woods system - The U.S. balance of payments crisis 1958–68
• Bretton Woods system - Structural changes underpinning the decline of international monetary management
• Bretton Woods system - The paralysis of international monetary management
• Bretton Woods system - Conclusions
• Bretton Woods system - Notes and references

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In British politics and economics, Black Wednesday (or 'White Wednesday' in Euro-sceptic parlance) refers to September 16, 1992 when the government was forced to withdraw the Pound from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) by currency speculators—most notably George Soros who earned over USD$1 billion in doing so. In 1997 the UK Treasury estimated the cost at £3.3 billion. "The trading losses in August and September were estimated at £800m, but the main loss to taxpayers arose because the devaluation could have made them ...

Including:

• Black Wednesday - The prelude
• Black Wednesday - The currency speculators' attack
• Black Wednesday - The aftermath
• Black Wednesday - The future?
• Black Wednesday - Footnotes
• Black Wednesday - External link

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Political parties Elections The Conservative Party is the largest political party on the right-of-centre in the United Kingdom. Its current leader is David Cameron, who as Leader of the Opposition heads the Shadow Cabinet. The Conservative Party is descended from the Tory Party, one of the two ruling parties of 18th and 19th Century British Politics, and its members are still commonly referred to as Tories. Though the Conservatives were considered to be the dominant governing party in the United Kingdom for ...

Including:

• Conservative Party UK - Name
• Conservative Party UK - Conservative Party today
• Conservative Party UK - Policies
• Conservative Party UK - Economic policy
• Conservative Party UK - Social policy
• Conservative Party UK - Foreign Policy
• Conservative Party UK - History
• Conservative Party UK - Internal Factions
• Conservative Party UK - Associated groups

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Politics series Factions Minarchism Anarcho-capitalism Paleolibertarianism Neolibertarianism Left-libertarianism Influences Austrian School Classical liberalism Individualist anarchism Objectivism Mixed economy Ideas Liberty Free markets Capitalism Non-aggression Key issues Parties Economic views Views ...

Including:

• Austrian School - History
• Austrian School - Analytical framework
• Austrian School - Contributions
• Austrian School - Major Austrian economists
• Austrian School - Other related economists
• Austrian School - Critics
• Austrian School - Seminal works

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The business cycle or economic cycle refers to the ups and downs seen somewhat simultaneously in most parts of an economy. The cycle involves shifts over time between periods of relatively rapid growth of output (recovery and prosperity), alternating with periods of relative stagnation or decline (contraction or recession). These fluctuations are often measured using the real gross domestic product. To call those alternances "cycles" is rather misleading as they don't tend to repeat at fairly regular time intervals. Most ...

Including:

• Business cycle - Types of business cycle
• Business cycle - Traditional business cycle models
• Business cycle - Politically-based business cycle models
• Business cycle - Preventing Business Cycles
• Business cycle - Alternative Interpretations of Business Cycles
• Business cycle - Austrian School
• Business cycle - Marxist Views
• Business cycle - Cycles or fluctuations?
• Business cycle - Problems of Measurement

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Money is any marketable good or token used by a society as a store of value, a medium of exchange, and a unit of account. Since the needs arise naturally, societies organically create one or several money objects when none exists. In other cases, a central authority creates a single money object and compels its use; this is more frequently the case in modern societies with paper money. The value of money emerges in no small part from its utility as a medium of exchange, however its utility as a medium of exchange depends on it having recognised market value. Hence th ...

Including:

• Money - Essential characteristics of money
• Money - Credit as money
• Money - Desirable features of money
• Money - Modern forms of money
• Money - Money and economics
• Money - History of money
• Money - Private currencies
• Money - Money supply
• Money - Growing the money supply
• Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

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In economics, inflation is an increase in the general level of prices of a given kind in a given currency. Inflation is measured by taking a "basket" of goods, and comparing the prices at two intervals, and adjusting for changes in the intrinsic basket. Thus, there are different measurements of inflation, depending on the basket of goods selected. The most common measures are of consumer inflation, producer inflation and GDP deflators, or price indexes. Th ...

Including:

• Inflation - Measuring inflation
• Inflation - The role of inflation in the economy
• Inflation - Misery index
• Inflation - Causes of inflation
• Inflation - Monetary Theory
• Inflation - Neo-Keynesian Theory
• Inflation - Other theories of inflation
• Inflation - Stopping inflation
• Inflation - Monetary policy
• Inflation - Price controls

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The Right Honourable Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925), is a British politician. She was the leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990, and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990, and has been the only woman to hold either post. Her premiership was the longest since Lord Liverpool's tenure between 1812 and 1827. Undoubtedly one of the most significant British politicians in recent political history, she is a ...

Including:

• Margaret Thatcher - Early life and education
• Margaret Thatcher - Political career between 1950 and 1970
• Margaret Thatcher - In Heath's Cabinet
• Margaret Thatcher - As Leader of the Opposition
• Margaret Thatcher - As Prime Minister
• Margaret Thatcher - 1979–1983
• Margaret Thatcher - 1983–1987
• Margaret Thatcher - 1987–1990
• Margaret Thatcher - Fall from power
• Margaret Thatcher - Post-political career
• Margaret Thatcher - Legacy
• Margaret Thatcher - Family life
• Margaret Thatcher - Titles and honours
• Margaret Thatcher - Titles from birth
• Margaret Thatcher - Honours

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Unemployment and inflation levels began to rise in the early 1970s, reviving familiar fears of an economic recession. In the past, the country's economic policy had been defined by the Employment Act of 1946, which encouraged the federal government to pursue "maximum employment, production, and purchasing power" through cooperation with private enterprise. Some Congressmen, dissatisfied with the vague wording of this act, sought to create ...

See also:

Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act, Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act - Impetus and strategy, Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act - Overview, Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act - Amendments

Read more here: » Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act: Encyclopedia II - Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act - Impetus and strategy

Sébastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban (May 15, 1633 - March 30, 1707), commonly referred to as Vauban, was a Marshal of France and the foremost military engineer of his age, famed for both his skill to design fortifications and to break through them. He also advised Louis XIV on how to consolidate France's borders, to make them more defensible. Vauban made a radical suggestion of giving up some land that was indefensible to allow for a stronger, less porous border with France's neighbours. Vauban - Life and do ...

Including:

• Vauban - Life and doctrines
• Vauban - Fortifications
• Vauban - Reference

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Wall Street is the name of a narrow thoroughfare in lower Manhattan running east from Broadway downhill to the East River. Considered to be the historical heart of the Financial District, it was the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange. . The phrase "Wall Street" is also used to refer to American financial markets and financial institutions as a whole. Interestingly, most New York financial firms are no longer headquartered on Wall Street (JPMorgan Chase, the last major holdout, sold its headquarters tower at 60 ...

Including:

• Wall Street - History
• Wall Street - Decline and Revitalization
• Wall Street - Wall Street Today
• Wall Street - Personalities
• Wall Street - Cultural Influence
• Wall Street - Wall Street vs. Main Street
• Wall Street - Perceptions
• Wall Street - In Literature and Popular Culture
• Wall Street - Similar Institutions
• Wall Street - Buildings
• Wall Street - Financials

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The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department and the treasury of the United States government. It was established by an Act of U.S. Congress in 1789 to manage the revenue of the United States government. United States Department of the Treasury - Overview. It is administered by the United States Secretary of the Treasury and the Treasurer of the United States who receives and keeps the monies of the United States. The Department prints and mints all paper currency and coins in circul ...

Including:

• United States Department of the Treasury - Overview
• United States Department of the Treasury - History
• United States Department of the Treasury - Operating units
• United States Department of the Treasury - External link

Read more here: » United States Department of the Treasury: Encyclopedia - United States Department of the Treasury

The Federal Reserve System (also the Federal Reserve; informally The Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. The Federal Reserve System is composed of a central Board of Governors in Washington, D.C. and twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks located in major cities throughout the nation. Alan Greenspan previously served as the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. On October 24, 2005, President Bush nominated Ben Bernanke to replace Greenspan as Chairman. Greenspan retires on ...

Including:

• Federal Reserve - Background
• Federal Reserve - Roles and responsibilities
• Federal Reserve - Organization of the Federal Reserve
• Federal Reserve - Interest rates
• Federal Reserve - The Reserve Banks
• Federal Reserve - Legal Status and Position in Government
• Federal Reserve - Influence of Government
• Federal Reserve - Fractional-Reserve Banking
• Federal Reserve - Criticisms of the Fed
• Federal Reserve - Historical Criticisms
• Federal Reserve - Economic Indicators
• Federal Reserve - Opacity

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In economics, a Consumer Price Index (CPI, also retail price index) is a statistical measure of a weighted average of prices of a specified set of goods and services purchased by wage earners in urban areas. It is a price index which tracks the prices of a specified set of consumer goods and services, providing a measure of inflation. The CPI is a fixed quantity price index and a sort of cost-of-living index. The CPI can be used to track changes in prices of all goods and services purchased for consumption by urban house ...

Including:

• Consumer price index - Core CPI
• Consumer price index - Calculating the CPI
• Consumer price index - Base year
• Consumer price index - Chained
• Consumer price index - Hedonic adjustments
• Consumer price index - Substitution
• Consumer price index - Uses of CPI data
• Consumer price index - CPIs around the world
• Consumer price index - United States
• Consumer price index - Eurozone
• Consumer price index - Sweden
• Consumer price index - Israel

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Chinese economic reform (Chinese: 改革开放; pinyin: Găigé kāifàng) refers to the program of economic changes called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" in the mainland of the People's Republic of China (PRC) that were started in 1978 by pragmatists within the Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Deng Xiaoping and are ongoing as of the early 21st century. The goal of Chinese economic reform was to generate sufficient surplus value to finance the modernization of the mainland Chinese economy. Neither the socialist command ...

Including:

• Chinese economic reform - History of Chinese Economic Reform
• Chinese economic reform - Comparison to Perestroika

Read more here: » Chinese economic reform: Encyclopedia - Chinese economic reform

A bank is an institution that provides financial service, particularly taking deposits and extending credit. Currently the term bank is generally understood as an institution that holds a banking license. Banking licenses are granted by bank regulatory authorities and provide rights to conduct the most fundamental banking services such as accepting deposits and making loans. There are also financial institutions that provide certain banking services without meeting the legal definition of a bank, a so called non-banking financial company. Banks have a long history, and have influ ...

Including:

• Bank - Services typically offered by banks
• Bank - Types of banks
• Bank - Types of retail bank
• Bank - Types of Investment Banks
• Bank - Both combined
• Bank - Other types of banks
• Bank - Banks in the economy
• Bank - Role in the money supply
• Bank - Bank crises
• Bank - Regulation
• Bank - Public perceptions of banks
• Bank - Profitability
• Bank - Bank Size Information
• Bank - Top ten banking groups in the world ranked by tier-one capital in 2004 In U.S. Dollars
• Bank - Top ten banking groups in the world ranked by assets in 2003 In U.S. Dollars
• Bank - Top ten bank holding companies in the world ranked by profit in 2003 In U.S. Dollars
• Bank - Top ten bank holding companies in the U.S. ranked by deposits In U.S. Dollars
• Bank - History of banking
• Bank - Related topics

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In common usage, the word capitalism means an economic system in which all or most of the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit, and the investment of capital is privately determined; and in which production, distribution, and prices of goods, services, and labor are determined mainly through the influence of the forces of supply and demand in the operation of a free market . Capitalism has also been referred by various sources by the terms free market economy, free enterprise system,e ...

Including:

• Capitalism - Etymology
• Capitalism - Capitalist theory
• Capitalism - Contrasts with capitalism
• Capitalism - History of capitalism
• Capitalism - Capitalism as a theory
• Capitalism - Capitalism as a practice
• Capitalism - Characteristics of capitalist economies
• Capitalism - Private ownership of the means of production
• Capitalism - Free market
• Capitalism - Profit
• Capitalism - Self interest
• Capitalism - Private enterprise
• Capitalism - Economic growth
• Capitalism - Economic mobility
• Capitalism - Self-organization
• Capitalism - Which economies are capitalist?
• Capitalism - Criticisms of capitalism
• Capitalism - Unequal distribution of wealth and income
• Capitalism - Employment/unemployment
• Capitalism - Marxist critique of capitalism
• Capitalism - Capitalism in decline or on the rise?
• Capitalism - Sustainability
• Capitalism - Human rights violations imperialism and democracy
• Capitalism - Other approaches
• Capitalism - Capitalism in political ideologies
• Capitalism - Indices of economic freedom
• Capitalism - Notes

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Argentina is a country in South America, situated between the Andes in the west and the southern Atlantic Ocean in the east and south. It is bordered by Paraguay and Bolivia in the north, Brazil and Uruguay in the northeast, and Chile in the west and south. It also claims the British overseas territories of the Falkland Islands (known in Spanish as the Islas Malvinas ) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Under the name of Argentine Antarctica, it claims around 1,000,000 km² of Antarctica, overlappin ...

Including:

• Argentina - Origin and history of the name
• Argentina - History
• Argentina - Politics
• Argentina - Administrative Divisions
• Argentina - Urbanization
• Argentina - Geography
• Argentina - Enclaves and exclaves
• Argentina - Economy
• Argentina - Demographics
• Argentina - Culture
• Argentina - Language
• Argentina - Religion

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