The foundation of modern Islamist thought is the many centuries of Islamic theology and political science, but the development of modern Islamism was also both a reaction to and influenced by the other ideologies of the modern world. Modern Islamism began in the colonial period, and it was overtly anti-imperialist. It was also opposed to the local elites who wanted independence, but who also supported adopting western liberal ideals. Writers like the Egyptian Sayyid Qutb and the Pakistani Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi saw western style individualism as counter to centuries of tradition, and ...

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Islamism, Islamism - Definition, Islamism - History, Islamism - The Deobandi Movement, Islamism - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Islamism - The Muslim Brotherhood, Islamism - Islamic Jihad movements, Islamism - Wahhabism, Islamism - Recent history, Islamism - Islamism and modern political theory, Islamism - Islamist movements

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Including:

Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism Aryan invasion theory - Later developments Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory Aryan invasion theory - Literature

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In modern India, the discussion of Indo-Aryan migration is charged politically and religiously. Supporters of migration are faced with several accusations. The major one is that the British Raj and European Indologists from the 19th century to the present day promoted the Aryan Invasion hypothesis in support of Eurocentric notions of white supremacy. Assertions that the highly advanced proto-Hindu Vedic culture could not have had its roo ...

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Aryan invasion theory, Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism, Aryan invasion theory - Later developments, Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues, Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory, Aryan invasion theory - Literature

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The theory that the original Aryans were northern Europeans who had migrated into India was used by some British imperialists as an ideological justification for British control of India, on the grounds that the founders of Indian culture were of the same race as the Anglo-Saxon invaders who established the British Raj. The theory provided an argument for an alliance between the British and the Indian ruling classes. However some Indian nationalists also took the view that the Aryans had originated outside India. In The Arctic Home in the ...

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Aryan invasion theory, Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism, Aryan invasion theory - Later developments, Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues, Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory, Aryan invasion theory - Literature

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The theory arose from the discovery by William Jones that Sanskrit was related to the classical European languages Latin and Greek, and to Avestan, the ancient language of Iran. Jones surmised that all four languages derived from a common source "which perhaps no longer exists". For Jones, writing in the 1790s, this discovery was consistent with the biblical account of the origins of the tribe of Japheth, one of the sons of Noah, who was thought to have been the ancestor of the European peoples, and to have migrated from Mount Ararat into Eu ...

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Aryan invasion theory, Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism, Aryan invasion theory - Later developments, Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues, Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory, Aryan invasion theory - Literature

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Because of the view that the Aryans were the ancestors of Europeans it was assumed by many scholars that they must have been "white" caucasians. Interpretations were made of the Vedic scriptures to support this view. The Varna (caste) system associates the high-caste Brahmins with the colour white and the low-caste Shudras with the colour black. Hence it was argued that the higher castes were white-skinned invaders, who had subordinated dark-skinned natives. The derogatory application of the word "anasa" (noseless) to the Dasa, the enemies o ...

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Aryan invasion theory, Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism, Aryan invasion theory - Later developments, Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues, Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory, Aryan invasion theory - Literature

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Sociocultural evolution(ism) is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and social evolution, describing how cultures and societies have developed over time. Although such theories typically provide models for understanding the relationship between technologies, social structure, the values of a society, and how and why they change with time, they vary as to the extent to which the ...

Including:

Sociocultural evolution - Overview Sociocultural evolution - Classical social evolutionism
Sociocultural evolution - Development Sociocultural evolution - Sociocultural evolutionism and the idea of progress Sociocultural evolution - Critique and impact on modern theories
Sociocultural evolution - Modern theories Sociocultural evolution - Contemporary moral and political debates over sociocultural evolution Sociocultural evolution - Notes

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Even in the 19th century several theorists had criticised the use of the term "primitive [i.e. primal] Aryans" to refer to the earliest speakers of Indo-European languages, wherever they may have originated. They argued that the word should only describe the cultures in which the term "Arya" was used – those that occupied Iran and northern India. The tribal name of the earliest speakers is unknown, hence the term Proto-Indo-Europeans is now used. Such writers stated that equation of the Indo-Iranians with northern European invaders was unj ...

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Aryan invasion theory, Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism, Aryan invasion theory - Later developments, Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues, Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory, Aryan invasion theory - Literature

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Islamism refers to a set of political ideologies derived from various religious views of Muslim fundamentalists, which hold that Islam is not only a religion, but also a political system that should govern the legal, economic and social imperatives of the state. Islamist movements seek to re-shape the state by implementing a conservative formulation of Sharia. [1] Islamists regard themselves as Muslims rather than Islamists, while moderate Muslims and liberal movements within Islam reject this notion. Some perceive Islamists as Triump ...

Including:

Islamism - Definition Islamism - History
Islamism - The Deobandi Movement Islamism - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi Islamism - The Muslim Brotherhood Islamism - Islamic Jihad movements Islamism - Wahhabism Islamism - Recent history
Islamism - Islamism and modern political theory Islamism - Islamist movements

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Previous: Modernism Postmodernism is any of a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, history, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding modernism. It can apply to movements in the arts, to mean stylistic developments such as collage, the return of ornament and historical reference, as well as appropriation of popular media. In sociology postmodernism is said to be an economic and cultural c ...

Including:

Postmodernism - Uses of the term Postmodernism - The development of postmodernism
Postmodernism - Early usage of the term
Postmodernism - Deconstruction Postmodernism - Postmodernism's manifestations
Postmodernism - Postmodernism in language Postmodernism - Postmodernism in art Postmodernism - Postmodernism in architecture Postmodernism - Postmodernism in literature Postmodernism - Postmodernism in music Postmodernism - Postmodernism in political science
Postmodernism - Postmodernism in philosophy
Postmodernism - Postmodernism and post-structuralism Postmodernism - Postmodernity and digital communications
Postmodernism - Postmodernism and its critics Postmodernism - Relationship between modernism and postmodernism
Postmodernism - Theoretical postmodernism Postmodernism - Cultural and political postmodernism
Postmodernism - Notes

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While the classical "Aryan invasion" scenario – the idea that a wave of Vedic Aryan invaders were the cause of the Indus Valley Civilization's destruction – has fallen out of favor, the majority of archaeologists would not dispute that the Sanskrit language and Hindu religion have some external sources in addition to internal ones. Sanskrit and other Indic languages are clearly related to the Iranian languages which historically have occupied much of Central Asia. However, even as early as the Rig-Veda (1500-1200 BCE), Sanskrit contains ...

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Aryan invasion theory, Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism, Aryan invasion theory - Later developments, Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues, Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory, Aryan invasion theory - Literature

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Politics series Factions Minarchism Anarcho-capitalism Paleolibertarianism Neolibertarianism Left-libertarianism Influences Austrian School Classical liberalism Individualist anarchism Objectivism Mixed economy Ideas Liberty Free markets Capitalism Non-aggression Key issues Parties Economic views Vi ...

Including:

Anarcho-capitalism - Philosophy
Anarcho-capitalism - The nonaggression axiom Anarcho-capitalism - Original appropriation Anarcho-capitalism - The contractual society Anarcho-capitalism - Private law and order Anarcho-capitalism - The use of force
Anarcho-capitalism - Conflicts within anarcho-capitalist theory Anarcho-capitalism - Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism
Anarcho-capitalism - Left and Right anarchism
Anarcho-capitalism - History and influences
Anarcho-capitalism - Liberalism Anarcho-capitalism - American individualist anarchism Anarcho-capitalism - The Austrian School
Anarcho-capitalism - Anarcho-capitalism in the real world
Anarcho-capitalism - Medieval Iceland Anarcho-capitalism - Modern Somalia Anarcho-capitalism - The Internet Anarcho-capitalism - Science Fiction
Anarcho-capitalism - Criticisms of anarcho-capitalism
Anarcho-capitalism - Practical questions Anarcho-capitalism - Moral questions Anarcho-capitalism - Terminological criticism from other anarchists
Anarcho-capitalism - Notes
Anarcho-capitalism - Books Anarcho-capitalism - Related subjects Anarcho-capitalism - General

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Absolute monarchy is an idealized form of government, a monarchy where the ruler has the power to rule his or her country and citizens freely with no laws or legally-organized direct opposition telling him or her what to do, although some religious authority may be able to discourage the monarch from some acts and the sovereign is expected to act according to custom. There is no constitution or body of law above what is decreed by the sovereign. As a theory of civics, absolute monarchy puts total trust in well-bred a ...

Including:

Absolute monarchy - Theories and History
Absolute monarchy - Divine Rights Absolute monarchy - Thomas Hobbes Absolute monarchy - Enlightened Despotism
Absolute monarchy - Modern examples Absolute monarchy - Examples in the Past

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The Clash of Civilizations is a controversial theory in international relations. The basis of Huntington's thesis is that people's cultural/religious identity will be the primary agent of conflict in the post-Cold War world. Huntington's thesis was originally formulated in an article entitled "The Clash of Civilizations?" published in the academic journal Foreign Affairs in 1993. The term itself was first used by Bernard Lewis in the September 1990 issue of The Atlantic Monthly entitled "The Roots of Muslim Rage." Huntin ...

Including:

Clash of Civilizations - Huntington's The Clash of Civilizations Clash of Civilizations - Huntington's Civilizations Clash of Civilizations - Huntington's Theories for Civilizational Clash Clash of Civilizations - Modernization Westernization and Torn Countries Clash of Civilizations - Criticisms of Huntington's Thesis Clash of Civilizations - Huntington's Predictions: Analysis and Retrospect Clash of Civilizations - Bibliography

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When the critique of classical social evolutionism became widely accepted, modern anthropological and sociological approaches changed to reflect their responses to the critique of their predecessor. Modern theories are careful to avoid unsourced, ethnocentric speculation, comparisons, or value judgements; more or less regarding individual societies as existing within their own historical contexts. These conditions provided the context for new theories such as cultural relativism and multilineal evolution. By the 1940s cultural anthrop ...

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Sociocultural evolution, Sociocultural evolution - Overview, Sociocultural evolution - Classical social evolutionism, Sociocultural evolution - Development, Sociocultural evolution - Sociocultural evolutionism and the idea of progress, Sociocultural evolution - Critique and impact on modern theories, Sociocultural evolution - Modern theories, Sociocultural evolution - Contemporary moral and political debates over sociocultural evolution, Sociocultural evolution - Notes

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In the field of political theory, Niccolò Machiavelli theorized early and influentially on the mechanisms of gaining and retaining political power in his work The Prince, published posthumously in 1532. Power is usually defined as the ability to impose one's will on others, or to pursue one's goals at the expense of others' interests. Power can be exercised through violence or through coercion, the threa ...

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Power international, Power international - Recent history, Power international - Theory, Power international - Foreign Policy and Power, Power international - Great Powers throughout Modern History, Power international - Minor Powers, Power international - Categories of powers

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Sociocultural evolution - Development. The 14th century Islamic scholar Ibn Khaldun, considered by some to be the father of sociology, concluded that societies are living organisms that experience cyclic birth, growth, maturity, decline, and ultimately death due to universal causes several centuries before the Western civilisation developed the science of sociology. Nonetheless, theories of social and cultural evolution were common in modern European thought. Prior to the 18th century, Europeans predominantly bel ...

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Sociocultural evolution, Sociocultural evolution - Overview, Sociocultural evolution - Classical social evolutionism, Sociocultural evolution - Development, Sociocultural evolution - Sociocultural evolutionism and the idea of progress, Sociocultural evolution - Critique and impact on modern theories, Sociocultural evolution - Modern theories, Sociocultural evolution - Contemporary moral and political debates over sociocultural evolution, Sociocultural evolution - Notes

Read more here: » Sociocultural evolution: Encyclopedia II - Sociocultural evolution - Classical social evolutionism

An absolute monarch is one who has total control over his or her country and who claims that they rule by divine right. In order to be a successful absolute monarch, one must keep one’s threats far away and out of power, so as to ensure full political control. In addition, a monarch must have complete control over the religious groups of the country. This has been dictated by the past, as the rulers who follow these guidelines have prospered and maintained their power while those who didn’t were overthrown or killed. Charles the First, L ...

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Absolute monarchy, Absolute monarchy - Modern examples, Absolute monarchy - Theories and History, Absolute monarchy - Historical Examples

Read more here: » Absolute monarchy: Encyclopedia II - Absolute monarchy - Historical Examples

Virtually all anthropologists and sociologists assume that human beings have natural social tendencies and that particular human social behaviors have non-genetic causes and dynamics (i.e. they are learned in a social environment and through social interaction). Societies exist in complex social (i.e. interacting with other societies) and biotic (i.e. interacting with natural resources and constraints) environments, and adapt themselves to these environmen ...

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Sociocultural evolution, Sociocultural evolution - Overview, Sociocultural evolution - Classical social evolutionism, Sociocultural evolution - Development, Sociocultural evolution - Sociocultural evolutionism and the idea of progress, Sociocultural evolution - Critique and impact on modern theories, Sociocultural evolution - Modern theories, Sociocultural evolution - Contemporary moral and political debates over sociocultural evolution, Sociocultural evolution - Notes

Read more here: » Sociocultural evolution: Encyclopedia II - Sociocultural evolution - Overview

The Great Powers are usually taken to be those nations or political entities that, through their great economic and military strength, are the arbiters of world diplomacy, and whose opinions must be taken into account by other nations before effecting initiatives. Characteristically, they have the ability to intervene militarily almost anywhere, and they also have soft, cultural power, often in the form of econom ...

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Power international, Power international - Recent history, Power international - Theory, Power international - Foreign Policy and Power, Power international - Great Powers throughout Modern History, Power international - Minor Powers, Power international - Categories of powers

Read more here: » Power international: Encyclopedia II - Power international - Recent history