Mishneh Torah - Critics and criticism. The Mishneh Torah was strongly opposed almost as soon as it appeared. Major sources of contention were the absence of sources and the fact that the work appeared to be intended to supersede study of the Talmud. Some criticisms appear to have been less rational in nature. The most sincere but influential opponent, whose comments are printed parallel to virtually all editions of the Mishneh Torah, was Rabbi Abraham ben David ...

See also:

Mishneh Torah, Mishneh Torah - Names of the work, Mishneh Torah - The books and sections, Mishneh Torah - Language and style, Mishneh Torah - Maimonides' sources, Mishneh Torah - Omissions, Mishneh Torah - Opposition, Mishneh Torah - Critics and criticism, Mishneh Torah - Maimonides' Reply, Mishneh Torah - Yonah of Gerona, Mishneh Torah - Influence, Mishneh Torah - Decisors, Mishneh Torah - Codes and commentators, Mishneh Torah - Present day, Mishneh Torah - English translations, Mishneh Torah - External link

Read more here: » Mishneh Torah: Encyclopedia II - Mishneh Torah - Opposition

The Talmud (תלמוד) is a record of rabbinic discussions on Jewish law, Jewish ethics, customs, legends and stories, which Jewish tradition considers authoritative. It is a fundamental source of legislation, customs, case histories and moral exhortations. The Talmud has two components, the Mishnah which is the first written compilation of Judaism's Oral Law, and the Gemara, a discussion of the Mishnah (though the terms Talmud and Gemara are generally used interchangeably). It expands on the earlier writings in the Torah in general ...

Including:

• Talmud - Structure and function
• Talmud - Mishna and Gemara
• Talmud - Orders and tractates
• Talmud - Form and style
• Talmud - Halakha and Aggadah
• Talmud - The two Talmuds
• Talmud - Talmud Yerushalmi Jerusalem Talmud
• Talmud - Talmud Bavli Babylonian Talmud
• Talmud - Comparison of style and subject matter
• Talmud - Attitude to the Talmud within Judaism
• Talmud - Karaism
• Talmud - Talmudic Study and Kabbalah
• Talmud - The Enlightenment
• Talmud - Jews in Western culture
• Talmud - The Talmud in modern-day Judaism
• Talmud - Historical study
• Talmud - Changes within the text of the Talmud
• Talmud - External attacks on the Talmud
• Talmud - Charges of racism
• Talmud - Modern day Talmud scholars
• Talmud - Conservative
• Talmud - The Daf Yomi Daily Page
• Talmud - Translations
• Talmud - Translations of Talmud Bavli
• Talmud - Translations of Talmud Yerushalmi

Read more here: » Talmud: Encyclopedia - Talmud

Moshe ben Maimon (March 30, 1135–December 13, 1204) was a Jewish rabbi, physician, and philosopher. Moshe ben Maimon's Hebrew name is רבי משה בן מיימון and his Arabic name is موسى بن ميمون بن عبد الله القرطبي الإسرائيلي, Mussa bin Maimun ibn Abdallah al-Kurtubi al-Israili. However, he is most commonly known by his Greek name, Moses Maimonides (Μωησής Μαϊμονίδης), and many Jewish works refer to him by the acronym of his title and name, RaMBaMIncluding:

• Maimonides - Biography
• Maimonides - Works and bibliography
• Maimonides - Influence
• Maimonides - The 13 principles of faith
• Maimonides - Halakhic works
• Maimonides - Philosophy
• Maimonides - Negative theology
• Maimonides - Prophecy
• Maimonides - The problem of evil
• Maimonides - Astrology
• Maimonides - True beliefs versus necessary beliefs
• Maimonides - Resurrection acquired immortality and the afterlife

Read more here: » Maimonides: Encyclopedia - Maimonides

Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaism's rabbinic writing/s throughout history. However, the term often used as an exact cognate of the Hebrew term Sifrut Hazal (ספרות חז"ל; "Literature [of our] Sages, [of] blessed memory"), where the latter usually refers specifically to literature from the Talmudic era. The latter, more specific, sense is how the term is normally used in medieval and modern rabbinic writing (where Hazal normally refers only to the sages of the ...

Including:

• Rabbinic literature - The oral law
• Rabbinic literature - The Midrash
• Rabbinic literature - Later works by category
• Rabbinic literature - Jewish law
• Rabbinic literature - Jewish thought and ethics
• Rabbinic literature - Liturgy
• Rabbinic literature - Later works by historical period
• Rabbinic literature - Works of the Geonim
• Rabbinic literature - Works of the Rishonim the early rabbinical commentators
• Rabbinic literature - Works of the Acharonim the later rabbinical commentators
• Rabbinic literature - Meforshim
• Rabbinic literature - Bibliography

Read more here: » Rabbinic literature: Encyclopedia - Rabbinic literature

The Jewish Messiah, (משיח) or Mashiach, or Moshiach, has traditionally referred to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be "anointed" (in Hebrew, mashiach -- משיח ("messiah") means "anointed" with holy olive oil) and inducted to rule the Jewish people. In Standard Hebrew the Messiah is often referred to as מלך המשיח Méleḫ haMašíaḥ (Tiberian Hebrew Méleḵ hamMāšîªḥ), literall ...

Including:

• Jewish Messiah - Views of Maimonides
• Jewish Messiah - Textual requirements
• Jewish Messiah - Present-day positions
• Jewish Messiah - Orthodox Judaism
• Jewish Messiah - Conservative Judaism
• Jewish Messiah - The messiah in Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism
• Jewish Messiah - Judaism and Christianity

Read more here: » Jewish Messiah: Encyclopedia - Jewish Messiah

Arba'ah Turim (ארבעה טורים, Hebrew: "Four columns" - on the High Priest's breastplate), also abbreviated as Tur, is an important work of Jewish law, composed by Rabbi Yaakov ben Asher (Spain, 1270 -c.1340; also referred to as "Ba'al ha-Turim", "Master of the Tur"). "The Tur" is composed in four divisions ("Arba'ah Turim"); these are further organised by topic, by section (siman, pl. simanim) and by law (se'if, pl. se'ifim). The Arba'ah Turim: Orach ...

Read more here: » Arba'ah Turim: Encyclopedia - Arba'ah Turim

Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. It is one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths and one of the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. The tenets and history of Judaism are the major part of the foundation of other Abrahamic religions, including Samaritanism, Christianity, and Islam. Over at least the last two thousand years, Judaism has not been monolithic in practice, and has not had any centralized authority or binding dogma. Despite this, Judaism in all its variations has remained tightly bound ...

Including:

• Judaism - Introduction
• Judaism - Monotheism
• Judaism - Practical worship and the laws
• Judaism - Traditional view of the development of Judaism
• Judaism - Critical historical view of the development of Judaism
• Judaism - Religious doctrine and Principles of Faith
• Judaism - The traditional Jewish bookshelf
• Judaism - Jewish Law and interpretation
• Judaism - What makes a person Jewish?
• Judaism - Jewish philosophy
• Judaism - Jewish denominations
• Judaism - Jewish denominations in Israel
• Judaism - Karaism
• Judaism - Jewish prayer and practice
• Judaism - Prayers
• Judaism - Jewish holidays
• Judaism - Torah readings
• Judaism - Synagogues and Jewish buildings
• Judaism - Dietary laws: Kashrut
• Judaism - Family purity
• Judaism - Life-cycle events
• Judaism - Community leadership
• Judaism - Classical priesthood
• Judaism - Prayer leaders
• Judaism - Specialized religious roles
• Judaism - Jewish religious history
• Judaism - Ancient Jewish religious history
• Judaism - Historical Jewish groupings to 1700
• Judaism - Persecutions
• Judaism - Hasidism
• Judaism - The Enlightenment and Reform Judaism
• Judaism - The Holocaust
• Judaism - The present situation
• Judaism - Judaism and other religions
• Judaism - Christianity and Judaism
• Judaism - Islam and Judaism
• Judaism - Jews and Judaism
• Judaism - Jewish law and religion
• Judaism - Comparative

Read more here: » Judaism: Encyclopedia - Judaism

Rabbi Avraham son of Rambam (1168 – December 7, 1237, also Avraham Maimuni) the son of Maimonides (Rambam) was the head of the Egyptian Jewish community following his father. Avraham son of Rambam - Biography. Avraham was born in Fostat, Egypt - his father, Maimonides, was fifty-one years old then. The boy was "modest, highly refined and unusually good natured"; he was also noted for his brilliant intellect and even while a youth became known as a great scholar. When his father died ...

Including:

• Avraham son of Rambam - Biography
• Avraham son of Rambam - Works

Read more here: » Avraham son of Rambam: Encyclopedia - Avraham son of Rambam

Abraham ben David was a Jewish, French commentator on the Talmud. He was born in Provence, France, about 1125 CE; died at Posquières, 27 November 1198 CE. He was the son-in-law of Abraham ben Isaac Ab-Bet-Din (known as the Rabad II). He was the father of Isaac the Blind, a Neoplatonist and important Jewish mystical thinker. The teachers under whose guidance he acquired most of his Talmudic learning ...

Including:

• Abraham ben David - Persecution
• Abraham ben David - Literary Works
• Abraham ben David - Rashi and RABaD
• Abraham ben David - Attitude as a Critic
• Abraham ben David - Maimonides and RABaD
• Abraham ben David - Judaism a Religion of Deed not of Dogma

Read more here: » Abraham ben David: Encyclopedia - Abraham ben David

Tzadik - צדיק (plural: Tzadikkim) is the Hebrew word for "righteous one", and is a title which is generally given to those whom are considered to be righteous such as a spiritual master or Rebbe. The root of the word Tzadik, is Tzedek (צדק), which means justice or righteousness. Tzadik - Characteristics of a Tzadik. In classic Jewish thought, there are various definitions of a Tzadik. According to Maimonides (based on Tractate Yevamot of the Babylonian Talmud, 49b-5 ...

Including:

• Tzadik - Characteristics of a Tzadik
• Tzadik - The hidden Tzadik or Lamedvavnik
• Tzadik - Miracle workers
• Tzadik - Becoming a Tzadik
• Tzadik - The relationship between God and a Tzaddik

Read more here: » Tzadik: Encyclopedia - Tzadik

The Noahide Laws (Hebrew: שבע מצוות בני נח -- Seven Noahide Laws), also called the Brit Noah ("Covenant [of] Noah") are the mitzvot (commandments) and halakhot ("laws") that Judaism teaches that all non-Jews are morally bound to follow. They are listed in the Talmud and elaborated on by post-Talmudic authorities. Opinions differ on the reach of these commandments and the laws derived from them, but all contemporary authorities agree that there are seven commandments. These command ...

Including:

• Noahide Laws - Origin
• Noahide Laws - The seven laws
• Noahide Laws - Definition of Noahides
• Noahide Laws - Subdividing the seven laws
• Noahide Laws - Recent developments
• Noahide Laws - Other religions as Noahide
• Noahide Laws - Islam
• Noahide Laws - Christianity
• Noahide Laws - Christian criticism
• Noahide Laws - Christian adherence
• Noahide Laws - Notes

Read more here: » Noahide Laws: Encyclopedia - Noahide Laws

The article Judaism and Christianity compares and contrasts two closely related Abrahamic religions that are in some ways parallel to each other and in other ways fundamentally divergent in theology and practice. Whereas the article on the Judeo-Christian tradition emphasizes continuities and convergences between the two religions, this article emphasizes that Judaism and Christianity each have widely diverging views of their respective relationship to the other, and of elements they have in common, such as the Bible and God. Including:

• Judaism and Christianity - Neither religion is monolithic
• Judaism and Christianity - Raison d'être of the religion
• Judaism and Christianity - The nature of religion: national versus universal
• Judaism and Christianity - Concepts of God
• Judaism and Christianity - Understanding of the Bible
• Judaism and Christianity - Sin and Original Sin
• Judaism and Christianity - Faith versus good deeds
• Judaism and Christianity - Love
• Judaism and Christianity - Abortion
• Judaism and Christianity - War violence and pacifism
• Judaism and Christianity - Judgement
• Judaism and Christianity - Capital punishment
• Judaism and Christianity - Heaven and Hell
• Judaism and Christianity - The Messiah
• Judaism and Christianity - Catholic views
• Judaism and Christianity - Eastern Orthodox views
• Judaism and Christianity - Jewish views
• Judaism and Christianity - Evangelism
• Judaism and Christianity - Miscellaneous
• Judaism and Christianity - Mutual views
• Judaism and Christianity - Common Jewish views of Christianity
• Judaism and Christianity - Common Christian views of Judaism

Read more here: » Judaism and Christianity: Encyclopedia - Judaism and Christianity

Business ethics is a form of applied ethics that examines ethical rules and principles within a commercial context; the various moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business setting; and any special duties or obligations that apply to persons who are engaged in commerce.” Generally speaking, business ethics is a normative discipline, whereby particular ethical standards are assumed and then applied. It makes specific judgements about what is right or wrong, which is to say, it makes claims about what ought to be done ...

Including:

• Business ethics - Related disciplines
• Business ethics - Typical issues
• Business ethics - Conflicting interests
• Business ethics - Ethical issues and approaches
• Business ethics - Corporate ethics policies
• Business ethics - Ethics officers
• Business ethics - Religious views on business ethics
• Business ethics - Christian business ethics
• Business ethics - Jewish business ethics
• Business ethics - Muslim business ethics

Read more here: » Business ethics: Encyclopedia - Business ethics

Ablution in Judaism. This article refers to ceremonies of ritual purity performed by religious Jews. The origins for these rituals and customs are found in the Mishnah and Talmud, and have been codified in various codes of Jewish law and tradition, such as Maimonides's Mishneh Torah (12th century) and Joseph Karo's Shulkhan Arukh (16th century.) These customs are most commonly observed within Orthodox Judaism. Those within Conservative Judaism widely observe the riturals related to Netilat yadayim; using a mikvah ...

Read more here: » Ablution in Judaism: Encyclopedia - Ablution in Judaism

Divine Providence, or simply Providence, is a theological term which refers to the sovereignty, superintendence, or agency of God over events in people's lives and throughout history. Divine Providence - In Christian thought. This term is an integral part of John Calvin's theological framework known as Calvinism. Calvinism emphasisizes the depravity of man and the complete sovereignty of God. God's plan for the world and every soul that he has created is guided by his will, or providence. According t ...

Including:

• Divine Providence - In Christian thought
• Divine Providence - In Jewish thought
• Divine Providence - Classical Jewish philosophy
• Divine Providence - Contemporary Orthodox thought

Read more here: » Divine Providence: Encyclopedia - Divine Providence

Free will is the philosophical doctrine that holds that our choices are ultimately up to ourselves. The phrase "up to ourselves" is vague, and, just like free will itself, admits of a variety of interpretations. Because of this ambiguity, the utility of the concept of free will is questioned by some. Several logically independent questions can be asked about free will. Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism. Determinism holds that each state of affairs is necessitated (determined) by the states of aff ...

Including:

• Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism
• Free will - Moral responsibility
• Free will - Compatibilist theories and the could-have-done-otherwise principle
• Free will - The science of free will
• Free will - Neurology and psychiatry
• Free will - Determinism and emergent behaviour
• Free will - In theology
• Free will - In Christian thought
• Free will - In Jewish thought

Read more here: » Free will: Encyclopedia - Free will

Jewish services are the communal prayer recitations which form part of the observance of Judaism. These prayers, often with instructions and commentary, are found in the siddur, the traditional Jewish prayer book. Jewish men are required to pray three times daily and four times daily on the Sabbath and Jewish holidays (five times on Yom Kippur). While prayer alone is valid, praying with a minyan (quorum of ten adult males) is considered ideal. Many synagogues (particularly Reform and Conservative, and large Orthodox ones ...

Including:

• Jewish services - The prayers and their origins
• Jewish services - Backgrounds
• Jewish services - Text and language
• Jewish services - Quorum
• Jewish services - Concentration
• Jewish services - Weekday prayer services
• Jewish services - Shacharit: morning prayers
• Jewish services - Mincha: afternoon prayers
• Jewish services - Ma'ariv or Arvit: evening prayers
• Jewish services - Shabbat services
• Jewish services - Friday night services
• Jewish services - Saturday morning: Shacharit
• Jewish services - Saturday morning additional service: Musaf
• Jewish services - Saturday afternoon: Mincha
• Jewish services - Saturday evening: Maariv
• Jewish services - Services on Passover Shavuot and Sukkot
• Jewish services - Related customs
• Jewish services - Guide on etiquette for visitors

Read more here: » Jewish services: Encyclopedia - Jewish services

This entry contains a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. Note that all dates are given according to the Common Era (Christian), not the Jewish calendar. For more detailed information on Jewish history, including links to individual country histories, see Jewish history. Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history. A separate article exists on the timeline of Biblical characters and the Israelites. See the entry on the history of ancient Israel and Judah. Note, however, that the ...

Including:

• Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history
• Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history
• Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE
• Timeline of Jewish history - 701 to 1500
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1501 to 1800
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1801 to 1900
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1901 to 1945
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today

Read more here: » Timeline of Jewish history: Encyclopedia - Timeline of Jewish history

Halakha (Hebrew: הלכה; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish rabbinic law, custom and tradition. Like the religious laws in many other cultures, Judaism classically drew no distinction in its laws between religious and non-religious life. Hence, Halakha guides not only religious practices and beliefs, but numerous aspects of day-to-day life. Historically, Halakha served many Jewish communities as an enforceable avenue of civil and religious law. In the mo ...

Including:

• Halakha - Terminology
• Halakha - The scope of Halakha
• Halakha - The laws of the Torah
• Halakha - Categories of law
• Halakha - Sin: violation of Jewish law
• Halakha - Gentiles and Jewish law
• Halakha - The sources and process of Halakha
• Halakha - Eras of history important in Jewish law
• Halakha - The thirteen rules by which Jewish law was derived
• Halakha - How Halakha is viewed today
• Halakha - Flexibility within the Halakha
• Halakha - Codes of Jewish law

Read more here: » Halakha: Encyclopedia - Halakha

This article deals with Jewish views of religious pluralism. Religious pluralism is a set of religious worldviews that hold that one's religion is not the sole and exclusive source of truth, and thus recognizes that some level of truth and value exists in at least some other religions. As such, religious pluralism goes beyond religious tolerance, which is the condition of peaceful existence between adherents of different religions or religious denominations. Within the Jewish community, there is a shared common history, a shared langu ...

Including:

• Jewish views of religious pluralism - Classical Jewish views
• Jewish views of religious pluralism - General classical views on other religions
• Jewish views of religious pluralism - Classical views on Christianity
• Jewish views of religious pluralism - Modern post-Enlightenment era Jewish views
• Jewish views of religious pluralism - Views on dialogue with non-Jews in general
• Jewish views of religious pluralism - Views on Jewish-Christian dialogue
• Jewish views of religious pluralism - Views on Jewish-Muslim dialogue
• Jewish views of religious pluralism - Views on dialogue with non-monotheists
• Jewish views of religious pluralism - Intra-religious pluralism

Read more here: » Jewish views of religious pluralism: Encyclopedia - Jewish views of religious pluralism