Mishnaic Hebrew

The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה, "repetition") is a major source of rabbinic Judaism's religious texts. It is the first recording of the oral law of the Jewish people, as championed by the Pharisees and is considered the first work of Rabbinic Judaism. The Mishnah was redacted around the year 200 CE by Judah haNasi ("Judah the Prince"). He is usually simply referred to as Rebbi ("Rabbi"). Nearly all of the Mishnah is written in Mishnaic Hebrew, except for a few verses, which are written in Aramaic. Rabbinic commentaries on ...

Including:

• Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah
• Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah
• Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah
• Mishnah - The generations of the Mishnah sages
• Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation
• Mishnah - Commentaries
• Mishnah - Historical study

Read more here: » Mishnah: Encyclopedia - Mishnah

This article is in need of attention. You can help Wikipedia by editing it into a better article. Please also consider changing this notice to be more specific. Biblical or Classical Hebrew is the ancient form of the Hebrew language, in which the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) was written, and which the ancient Israelites spoke. It is not spoken in its pure form today, although it is studied by religious Jews (and also by Christian theologians and academics) for practical application and ...

Including:

• Biblical Hebrew language - Descendant languages
• Biblical Hebrew language - Phonology
• Biblical Hebrew language - Historical sound changes
• Biblical Hebrew language - Resources

Read more here: » Biblical Hebrew language: Encyclopedia - Biblical Hebrew language

Ge-Hinnom is the name of the valley to the south and south-west of Jerusalem (Josh. 15:8, 18:16; Neh. 11:30; II Kings 23:10; II Chronicles|II Chron. 33:6; Jer. 7:31 ff., 19:2, 32:35). Its Arabic name is Wadi al-Rababah. The southwestern gate of the city, overlooking the valley, came to be known as "The Gate of the Valley". The valley was notorious for the worship of Moloch conducted there (comp. Jer. 2:23). According to Jer. 7:31 ff., 19:6 ff., it was to be turned into a place of burial; hence "the accursed valley Ge-hinnom" (" ...

Including:

• Ge-Hinnom - Reference

Read more here: » Ge-Hinnom: Encyclopedia - Ge-Hinnom

The Tosefta is a second compilation of oral law from the period of the Mishnah. In many ways, the Tosefta acts as a supplement to the Mishnah (tosefta means "supplement"). The Mishnah is the basic compilation of the Oral law of Judaism; it was compiled around 200 CE. It is a Halakhic work which corresponds in structure almost exactly to the Mishnah, with the same divisions for sedarim ("orders") and masekhot ("tractates"). It is mainly ...

Including:

• Tosefta - Orthodox scholars
• Tosefta - Non-Orthodox scholars
• Tosefta - External link

Read more here: » Tosefta: Encyclopedia - Tosefta

The Yemenite Hebrew language or Temani Hebrew language is a descendant of Biblical Hebrew traditionally used by Yemenite Jews. It is believed by some scholars that its phonology was heavily influenced by Yemeni-spoken Arabic. Yet, according to other scholars as well as Yemenite Jewish Rabbis such as Rabbi Yosef Qafah the Temani Hebrew dialect was not influenced by Yemenite Arabic, as this type of Arabic was also spoken by Yemenite Jews and is distinct from the liturgical Hebrew and the coversational Hebrew of the communities. Pron ...

Read more here: » Yemenite Hebrew language: Encyclopedia - Yemenite Hebrew language

The oldest and most treasured books of the Jewish people have been the Torah and Tanakh (i.e. the Hebrew Bible) written almost entirely in Biblical Hebrew and widely used by Jews during their history. Jews zealously studied these detailed Hebrew texts, observed the commandments formulated in them, based their prayers on them, and spoke its language. Jews maintained a belief that Hebrew was God's "language" as well (as it was the language God uses in the Torah itself), hence its name "lash ...

See also:

Jewish languages, Jewish languages - Background, Jewish languages - Contemporary trends, Jewish languages - Use of the Hebrew alphabet, Jewish languages - List of Jewish languages, Jewish languages - Afro-Asiatic languages, Jewish languages - Indo-European languages, Jewish languages - Uralo-Altaic, Jewish languages - Kartvelic, Jewish languages - Dravidian, Jewish languages - Alphabetical list

Read more here: » Jewish languages: Encyclopedia II - Jewish languages - Background

The name John derives through Jewish and Christian tradition ultimately from the Biblical Hebrew name יוחנן Yôḥānān, short for יהוחנן Yəhôḥānān. In Christendom, feminine forms of this name have developed as well, reaching English in the primary forms Jan, Jane, Jean and Joan, and diminutized as Janet. Interestingly, the name has come full circle, entering Israeli Hebrew as the name שון Shon, which derives from English Shawn< ...

See also:

John name, John name - John, John name - Jon / Jonathan, John name - Evolution of the name John

Read more here: » John name: Encyclopedia II - John name - John

As Biblical Hebrew (BH) evolved from Proto-Semitic (PS) it underwent a number of mergers[1],[2]: PS */ð/ and */z/ merged as BH /z/ PS */θ/ and */š/ merged as BH /š/ PS */θ̣/, */ɬ̣/, and See also:

Biblical Hebrew language, Biblical Hebrew language - Descendant languages, Biblical Hebrew language - Phonology, Biblical Hebrew language - Historical sound changes, Biblical Hebrew language - Resources

Read more here: » Biblical Hebrew language: Encyclopedia II - Biblical Hebrew language - Historical sound changes

However, recent scholarship, especially by Professor Judith Hauptman reveals that the Tosefta draws on source material earlier than the later material in the Mishnah. It may well be that parts of the Tosefta predate the Mishnah. The Tosefta has been translated into English by Rabbi Jacob Neusner and his students. They have also produced a commentary. ...

See also:

Tosefta, Tosefta - Orthodox scholars, Tosefta - Non-Orthodox scholars, Tosefta - External link

Read more here: » Tosefta: Encyclopedia II - Tosefta - Non-Orthodox scholars

Mutually intelligible languages - Written and spoken forms. Germanic Afrikaans, Dutch,and Low German (Plattdutsch).In some places a dialect continuum still exists between Low German (in Germany) and Dutch (in the Netherlands). German, Yiddish and Luxembourgish all rooted in mainly German vocabulary Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. The three are considered to comprise the Mainland Scandinavian group. Written Danish and the Bokmål form of Norwegian are particularly cl ...

See also:

Mutually intelligible languages, Mutually intelligible languages - Intelligibility, Mutually intelligible languages - Asymmetry, Mutually intelligible languages - Mutually intelligible languages or variants of one language?, Mutually intelligible languages - Selected list of mutually intelligible languages, Mutually intelligible languages - Written and spoken forms, Mutually intelligible languages - Spoken form only, Mutually intelligible languages - Written form only, Mutually intelligible languages - Selected list of related languages not mutually intelligible, Mutually intelligible languages - Selected list of mutually intelligible languages now extinct

Read more here: » Mutually intelligible languages: Encyclopedia II - Mutually intelligible languages - Selected list of mutually intelligible languages

The name John derives through Jewish and Christian tradition ultimately from the Biblical Hebrew name יוחנן Yôḥānān, short for יהוחנן Yəhôḥānān, meaning "Jehovah is merciful." In Christendom, feminine forms of this name have developed as well, reaching English in the primary forms Jan, Jane, Jean and Joan, and diminutized as Janet. Interestingly, the name has come full circle, entering Israeli Hebrew as the name שון Shon, which ...

See also:

John name, John name - John, John name - Jon / Jonathan, John name - Evolution of the name John

Read more here: » John name: Encyclopedia II - John name - John

Both the Mishnah and Talmud contain little serious biographical studies of the people discussed therein, and the same tractate will conflate the points of view of many different people. Yet, sketchy biographies of the Mishaic sages can often be constructed with historical detail from Talmudic and Midrashic sources. Many modern historical scholars have focused on the timing and the formation the Mishnah. A vital question is whether it is comprised of sources which date from its editor's lifetime, and to what extent is it comprised of e ...

See also:

Mishnah, Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah, Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The generations of the Mishnah sages, Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation, Mishnah - Commentaries, Mishnah - Historical study

Read more here: » Mishnah: Encyclopedia II - Mishnah - Historical study

Asymmetries often exist in the natural mutual intelligibility between languages. For example, in the case of speakers of Spanish and Portuguese, Spanish-speakers almost universally report substantially greater difficulty in attempting to understand Portuguese (especially in spoken form) than is true of Portuguese-speakers attempting to understand Spanish. Or to take another example: Icelandic speakers understand Swedish language much more easily than the other way round, because Icelandic has preserved several archaic feat ...

See also:

Mutually intelligible languages, Mutually intelligible languages - Intelligibility, Mutually intelligible languages - Asymmetry, Mutually intelligible languages - Mutually intelligible languages or variants of one language?, Mutually intelligible languages - Selected list of mutually intelligible languages, Mutually intelligible languages - Written and spoken forms, Mutually intelligible languages - Spoken form only, Mutually intelligible languages - Written form only, Mutually intelligible languages - Selected list of related languages not mutually intelligible, Mutually intelligible languages - Selected list of mutually intelligible languages now extinct

Read more here: » Mutually intelligible languages: Encyclopedia II - Mutually intelligible languages - Asymmetry

The name Jon can be either a variation of John (as, e.g., in Sweden) or a shortening of the etymologically distinct name Jonathan, which derives from Biblical Hebrew יונתן Yônāṯān, short for יהונתן Yəhônāṯān, meaning "Whom Jehovah gave." It is the inversion of נתניהו Nəṯanyāhû meaning "Gift of Jehovah." This name is almost nonexistent in English, but the variant מתניהו Mattanyāhû spawned the hypocoristic (familiar) form מתי Mattay, which evolved independently in C ...

See also:

John name, John name - John, John name - Jon / Jonathan, John name - Evolution of the name John

Read more here: » John name: Encyclopedia II - John name - Jon / Jonathan

For individuals to achieve moderate proficiency or understanding in a language (called L2) other than their mother tongue or first language (L1) typically requires considerable time and effort through study and/or practical application. However, for those many groups of languages displaying mutual intelligibility, namely, those, usually genetically related languages, similar to each other in grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, or other features, speakers of one language usually find it relatively easy to achieve some degree of understanding ...

See also:

Mutually intelligible languages, Mutually intelligible languages - Intelligibility, Mutually intelligible languages - Asymmetry, Mutually intelligible languages - Mutually intelligible languages or variants of one language?, Mutually intelligible languages - Selected list of mutually intelligible languages, Mutually intelligible languages - Written and spoken forms, Mutually intelligible languages - Spoken form only, Mutually intelligible languages - Written form only, Mutually intelligible languages - Selected list of related languages not mutually intelligible, Mutually intelligible languages - Selected list of mutually intelligible languages now extinct

Read more here: » Mutually intelligible languages: Encyclopedia II - Mutually intelligible languages - Intelligibility

This broad picture was substantially modified by major historical shifts beginning in the late nineteenth century. The immigration of millions of European Jews to North America caused a dramatic increase in the number of Jewish English-speakers; colonialism in the Maghreb led most of its Jews to shift to French or Spanish; Zionism revived Hebrew as a spoken language, giving it a substantially increased vocabulary and a simplified sound system; the Holocaust tragically and massively eradicated the vast majority of Yiddish-speaking European Je ...

See also:

Jewish languages, Jewish languages - Background, Jewish languages - Contemporary trends, Jewish languages - Use of the Hebrew alphabet, Jewish languages - List of Jewish languages, Jewish languages - Afro-Asiatic languages, Jewish languages - Indo-European languages, Jewish languages - Uralo-Altaic, Jewish languages - Kartvelic, Jewish languages - Dravidian, Jewish languages - Alphabetical list

Read more here: » Jewish languages: Encyclopedia II - Jewish languages - Contemporary trends

According to Jewish Law, the Written Law must be transmitted from a written source, and the Oral Law orally. Therefore, it was forbidden to write down the Oral Law in any form, other than for notes. The Babylonian Talmud (Hagiga 14a) states that there were either six-hundred or seven-hundred orders of the Mishnah. Hillel the Elder organized them into six orders to make it easier to remember. Over time, different traditions of the Oral Law came into being, debating what the laws or their rulings were. Further, (according to the ...

See also:

Mishnah, Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah, Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The generations of the Mishnah sages, Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation, Mishnah - Commentaries, Mishnah - Historical study

Read more here: » Mishnah: Encyclopedia II - Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah

Rabbinical Judaism holds that the Five Books of Moses called the (Written) Torah have always been transmitted in parallel with an oral tradition. Two guides to laws were given to Moses at Mount Sinai. The first, known as Torah she-bi-khtav, or the "Written Law" is composed of only the Five Books of Moses -- Genesis through Deuteronomy. These five books are the Hebrew Bible. When the writings of the Nevi'im [נביאים] meaning: "Prophets" and Ketuvim [כתובים] meaning "Writings", the wisdom and creative literature, are a ...

See also:

Mishnah, Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah, Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The generations of the Mishnah sages, Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation, Mishnah - Commentaries, Mishnah - Historical study

Read more here: » Mishnah: Encyclopedia II - Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah

The Mishnah consists of six orders (sedarim). This explains the traditional name for the Talmud as Shas, which is an abbreviation of shishah sedarim, "six orders". Each of the six orders contains between 7 and 12 tractates, called masechtot. Each masechet is divided into verses called mishnayot (singular - mishna). First Order: Zeraim ("Seeds"). 11 tractates. It deals with agricultural laws and prayers. Second Order: Moed ("Festival"). 12 tractates. This pertains t ...

See also:

Mishnah, Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah, Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The generations of the Mishnah sages, Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation, Mishnah - Commentaries, Mishnah - Historical study

Read more here: » Mishnah: Encyclopedia II - Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah

The Mishnah was and still is traditionally studied through recitation (out loud). Many medieval manuscripts of the Mishnah are vowelized, and some of these contain partial Tiberian cantillation. Jewish communities around the world preserved local melodies for chanting the Mishnah, and distinctive ways of pronouncing its words. Most vowelized editions of the Mishnah today reflect standard Ashkenazic vowelization, and often contain mistakes. The Albeck edition of the Mishnah was vowelized by Hannokh Yellin, who made careful eclec ...

See also:

Mishnah, Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah, Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The generations of the Mishnah sages, Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation, Mishnah - Commentaries, Mishnah - Historical study

Read more here: » Mishnah: Encyclopedia II - Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation