The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה, "repetition") is a major source of rabbinic Judaism's religious texts. It is the first recording of the oral law of the Jewish people, as championed by the Pharisees and is considered the first work of Rabbinic Judaism. The Mishnah was redacted around the year 200 CE by Judah haNasi ("Judah the Prince"). He is usually simply referred to as Rebbi ("Rabbi"). Nearly all of the Mishnah is written in Mishnaic Hebrew, except for a few verses, which are written in Aramaic. Rabbinic commentaries on ...

Including:

• Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah
• Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah
• Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah
• Mishnah - The generations of the Mishnah sages
• Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation
• Mishnah - Commentaries
• Mishnah - Historical study

Read more here: » Mishnah: Encyclopedia - Mishnah

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Mishnah, Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah, Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The generations of the Mishnah sages, Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation, Mishnah - Commentaries, Mishnah - Historical study

Read more here: » Mishnah: Encyclopedia II - Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah

The Mishnah consists of six orders (sedarim). This explains the traditional name for the Talmud as Shas, which is an abbreviation of shishah sedarim, "six orders". Each of the six orders contains between 7 and 12 tractates, called masechtot. Each masechet is divided into verses called mishnayot (singular - mishna). First Order: Zeraim ("Seeds"). 11 tractates. It deals with agricultural laws and prayers. Second Order: Moed ("Festival"). 12 tractates. This pertains t ...

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Mishnah, Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah, Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The generations of the Mishnah sages, Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation, Mishnah - Commentaries, Mishnah - Historical study

Read more here: » Mishnah: Encyclopedia II - Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah

Both the Mishnah and Talmud contain little serious biographical studies of the people discussed therein, and the same tractate will conflate the points of view of many different people. Yet, sketchy biographies of the Mishaic sages can often be constructed with historical detail from Talmudic and Midrashic sources. Many modern historical scholars have focused on the timing and the formation the Mishnah. A vital question is whether it is comprised of sources which date from its editor's lifetime, and to what extent is it comprised of e ...

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Mishnah, Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah, Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The generations of the Mishnah sages, Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation, Mishnah - Commentaries, Mishnah - Historical study

Read more here: » Mishnah: Encyclopedia II - Mishnah - Historical study

Akiba ben Joseph (or Rabbi Akiva, Rebbi Akiva, c. 50-c. 135) was a famous Jewish rabbi of the 2nd century. He was a great authority in the matter of Jewish tradition, and one of the most central and essential contributors to the early Oral Torah, mainly the Mishnah and the midrash halakha. He laid the foundations of the mishnaic dispute, by which pairs or larger groups of sages dispute points of Halakha or Bible interpretation. Rabbi Akiva - In the Mishnah. A member of the ...

Including:

• Rabbi Akiva - In the Mishnah
• Rabbi Akiva - Biography

Read more here: » Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia - Rabbi Akiva

The Tosefta is a second compilation of oral law from the period of the Mishnah. In many ways, the Tosefta acts as a supplement to the Mishnah (tosefta means "supplement"). The Mishnah is the basic compilation of the Oral law of Judaism; it was compiled around 200 CE. It is a Halakhic work which corresponds in structure almost exactly to the Mishnah, with the same divisions for sedarim ("orders") and masekhot ("tractates"). It is mainly ...

Including:

• Tosefta - Orthodox scholars
• Tosefta - Non-Orthodox scholars
• Tosefta - External link

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The Gemara (גמרא - from gamar: Hebrew "[to] complete"; Aramaic "[to] study") is a component of the Talmud, comprising the rabbinical commentaries and analysis on the Mishnah, undertaken in Babylon. During the centuries following Rabbi Judah's editing of the Mishna, it was studied exhaustively by generation after generation of rabbis. Eventually, some of these rabbis wrote down their discussions and commentaries on the Mishna's laws in a series of books known as the Talmud. The rabbis of Palestine edited their discuss ...

Including:

• Gemara - Gemara and Mishnah
• Gemara - The Sugya
• Gemara - Argumentation and debate
• Gemara - Prooftexts
• Gemara - Questions

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Tannaim (תנאים) is the plural term for the Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded the the Mishnah, from approx. 70-200 CE. The period of the Tannaim (also referred to as the Mishnaic period) came after the period of the Zugot ("pairs"), and before the period of the Amoraim; lasting about 130 years. The singular form of the word, tanna (תנא), is an Aramaic term for the Hebrew word shana, which also is the root-word of Mishnah. The verb shano (שנה) literally means "to repeat [what on ...

Including:

• Tannaim - The origin of the Tannaim
• Tannaim - Prominant Tannaim
• Tannaim - The Nesi'im
• Tannaim - The generations of the Tannaim
• Tannaim - Before the destruction of the Second Temple
• Tannaim - The generation of the destruction
• Tannaim - Between the destruction of the Temple to the revolt of Bar Kokhba
• Tannaim - The generation of the revolt of Bar Kokhba
• Tannaim - After the revolt
• Tannaim - Compilers of the Mishnah
• Tannaim - External link

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The Talmud (תלמוד) is a record of rabbinic discussions on Jewish law, Jewish ethics, customs, legends and stories, which Jewish tradition considers authoritative. It is a fundamental source of legislation, customs, case histories and moral exhortations. The Talmud has two components, the Mishnah which is the first written compilation of Judaism's Oral Law, and the Gemara, a discussion of the Mishnah (though the terms Talmud and Gemara are generally used interchangeably). It expands on the earlier writings in the Torah in general ...

Including:

• Talmud - Structure and function
• Talmud - Mishna and Gemara
• Talmud - Orders and tractates
• Talmud - Form and style
• Talmud - Halakha and Aggadah
• Talmud - The two Talmuds
• Talmud - Talmud Yerushalmi Jerusalem Talmud
• Talmud - Talmud Bavli Babylonian Talmud
• Talmud - Comparison of style and subject matter
• Talmud - Attitude to the Talmud within Judaism
• Talmud - Karaism
• Talmud - Talmudic Study and Kabbalah
• Talmud - The Enlightenment
• Talmud - Jews in Western culture
• Talmud - The Talmud in modern-day Judaism
• Talmud - Historical study
• Talmud - Changes within the text of the Talmud
• Talmud - External attacks on the Talmud
• Talmud - Charges of racism
• Talmud - Modern day Talmud scholars
• Talmud - Conservative
• Talmud - The Daf Yomi Daily Page
• Talmud - Translations
• Talmud - Translations of Talmud Bavli
• Talmud - Translations of Talmud Yerushalmi

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Judaism considers marriage to be the ideal state of existence; a man without a wife, or a woman without a husband, are considered incomplete. Jewish view of marriage - Classical customs. In traditional Jewish society, from the era of the Talmud up to the enlightenment, social association of the sexes was usually restricted (tzeniut). In Orthodox Jewish communities these social restrictions are still in force. Jewish view of marriage - Betrothal from the Mishnah and Talmud ...

Including:

• Jewish view of marriage - Classical customs
• Jewish view of marriage - Betrothal from the Mishnah and Talmud
• Jewish view of marriage - Marriage ceremony
• Jewish view of marriage - Reform and Conservative adaptations
• Jewish view of marriage - The Ketubah
• Jewish view of marriage - Conservative Reform and Reconstructionist changes
• Jewish view of marriage - Ritual purity in family life
• Jewish view of marriage - Problem of Intermarriages
• Jewish view of marriage - Civil versus religious marriages and inter-faith marriages
• Jewish view of marriage - The Ger Toshav proposal
• Jewish view of marriage - Divorce
• Jewish view of marriage - Conservative and Reform changes
• Jewish view of marriage - Marriage in Israel

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Baraita (Aramaic ברייתא: "external", "outside"; pl. Baraitot. Also Baraitha, Beraita ) designates a tradition in the Jewish oral law not incorporated in the Mishnah. "Baraita" thus refers to teachings "outside" of the six orders of the Mishnah. Originally, "Baraita" probably referred to teachings from schools outside of the main Mishnaic-era academies - although in later collections, individual Baraitot are often aut ...

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Zeraim (זרעים) is the first Order of the Mishnah (and Tosefta and Talmud). Of the six orders of the Mishnah, Zeraim is the shortest. The order Zeraim ("Seeds") deals mainly with the agricultural laws of the land of Israel. It consists of 11 tractates: Berakhot: ("Blessings" ברכות) deals with the rules of blessings and the daily prayer, especially the Shema. 9 chapters. Pe'ah: ("Corner" פאה) deals with the regulations concerning the corners of the field (Lev. xix. 9, ...

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Yohanan ben Zakkai was a Jewish sage of the first century of the common era, and a primary contributor to the core text of rabbinic Judaism, the Mishnah. He was an important sage in the era of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, and after the destruction of the Temple in A.D. 70 re-established the Sanhedrin in Jamnia (Jabneh/Javneh) during a time of consolidation that in the modern scholarly discussion is often, but arguably mistakenly, referred to as "The Council of Jamnia". The Mishnah offers no information on his birth or fam ...

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Seder. Seder is a Hebrew word meaning "order", and can have any of the following meanings: Seder - readings of the Torah according to the ancient Palestinian triennial cycle. The divisions are called sedarim. One of the six orders (major sections) of the Mishnah An order of prayers that constitutes a liturgy. See the article on siddur. (Example, The Seder of Rav Amr

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Responsa (Latin: plural of responsum, "answers"; Hebrew: Sheelot U-teshuvot שאלות ותשובות "questions and answers") comprise the body of written decisions and rulings given by Poskim and Rabbis in response to questions addressed to them. The Responsa constitute a special class of rabbinic literature, to be distinguished from the commentaries - devoted to the exegesis of the Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud - and from the codes of law which delineate the rules for ordinary incidents of life. The responsa l ...

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Ablution in Judaism. This article refers to ceremonies of ritual purity performed by religious Jews. The origins for these rituals and customs are found in the Mishnah and Talmud, and have been codified in various codes of Jewish law and tradition, such as Maimonides's Mishneh Torah (12th century) and Joseph Karo's Shulkhan Arukh (16th century.) These customs are most commonly observed within Orthodox Judaism. Those within Conservative Judaism widely observe the riturals related to Netilat yadayim; using a mikvah ...

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200 - Events. Jewish Eretz Yisraeli scholar Judah ha-Nasi compiles tracts of the Mishnah, beginning the creation of Talmudic law. Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats Yuan Shao in the Battle of Guandu. The Classic age of Maya civilization begins. 200 - Births. Diophantus, Greek mathematician Marcus Claudius Tacitus, Roman Emperor Valerian I, Roman Emperor 200 - Deaths. Sun Ce, eld ...

Including:

• 200 - Events
• 200 - Births
• 200 - Deaths

Read more here: » 200: Encyclopedia - 200

The Haggadah (הגדה) is a Hebrew language text used at the Passover service containing the Seder. The basic elements of the Haggadah are ancient; they were already delineated at the time of the Mishnah over two thousand years ago. The content of a Haggadah is the scripture that tells the story of the Israelites and their mass-exit or Exodus from slavery in Egypt. Different groups within Judaism are more and less liberal about the format and content of the Haggadah. Conservative Judaism might use Haggadahs that are onl ...

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Obadiah ben Abraham of Bertinoro was a Jewish rabbi and a commentator on the Mishnah, commonly known as "The Bartenura" by Orthodox Judaism Talmud scholars. He lived in the second half of the fifteenth century in Italy; died in Jerusalem about 1500. He was a pupil of Joseph ben Solomon Colon (known as the Maharik), and became rabbi in Bertinoro, a town in the province ...

Including:

• Obadiah ben Abraham - Arrival in the land of Israel
• Obadiah ben Abraham - Influence in Palestine
• Obadiah ben Abraham - Literary Activity

Read more here: » Obadiah ben Abraham: Encyclopedia - Obadiah ben Abraham

The Arukh HaShulkhan is a work of Jewish scholarship, written by Yechiel Michel Epstein. The title "Arukh HaShulkhan" ("laying the table") is a clear allusion to the Shulkhan Arukh ("the set table"), the authoritative work of halakha on which it draws. In Arukh HaShulkhan, Epstein traces the origins of each law and custom to its source in the Torah or Talmud, states the view of the Rishonim (early, pre-1550 authorities), and arrives at a psak (decision) - often supporting his views with the wo ...

Read more here: » Arukh HaShulkhan: Encyclopedia - Arukh HaShulkhan