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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Mircea Snegur | |
| | |  Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Medieval historyThe greatest Moldavian prince was Ştefan cel Mare, or Stefan the Great (ruled 1457-1504). With his army of boyars and retainers, Stefan fought off invasions from the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Poland, and the Crimean Tatars. Stefan fought 36 major battles, where his greatest victory was that over the Ottomans, at the Battle of Vaslui. He suffered only two defeats, and, at the end of his reign, Moldavia had kept her independenc ...
See also:History of Moldova, History of Moldova - Origins of the name, History of Moldova - Early history, History of Moldova - Medieval history, History of Moldova - Commonwealth interventions, History of Moldova - Russian expansion, History of Moldova - Beginning of the Soviet period, History of Moldova - World War II, History of Moldova - Postwar reestablishment of Soviet control, History of Moldova - Increasing self-expression, History of Moldova - Secession of Gagauzia and Transnistria, History of Moldova - Independence, History of Moldova - Post independence: 1993 to 1998, History of Moldova - Recent history: 2001 to present Read more here: » History of Moldova: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Medieval history |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - Republic of Moldova - History Main article: History of Moldova
Moldova's territory was inhabited in ancient times by Dacians. Strategical location due to the situation on a strategic route between Asia and Europe, Moldova has suffered from several invasions, including those of the Kievan Rus' and the Mongols.
During the Middle Ages the territory of Republic of Moldova (including most of present-day Moldova but also including districts to the north and south, known as Northern Bukovina and Budjak) formed the eastern part of the principality of Moldavi ...
See also:Republic of Moldova, Republic of Moldova - History, Republic of Moldova - National symbols, Republic of Moldova - Flag, Republic of Moldova - Currency, Republic of Moldova - Ştefan cel Mare, Republic of Moldova - Dimitrie Cantemir, Republic of Moldova - Politics, Republic of Moldova - Relations with Romania and the European Union, Republic of Moldova - Administrative divisions, Republic of Moldova - Geography, Republic of Moldova - Largest cities, Republic of Moldova - Economy, Republic of Moldova - Demographics, Republic of Moldova - Language, Republic of Moldova - Comparison with Romanian, Republic of Moldova - Information Technologies and Telecommunications, Republic of Moldova - Culture, Republic of Moldova - Tourism in Moldova, Republic of Moldova - Miscellaneous topics, Republic of Moldova - Maps, Republic of Moldova - Gallery, Republic of Moldova - International rankings Read more here: » Republic of Moldova: Encyclopedia II - Republic of Moldova - History |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - Dialect - Dialect or Language There are no universally accepted criteria for distinguishing languages from dialects, although a number of paradigms exist, which render sometimes contradictory results. The exact distinction is therefore a subjective one, dependent on the user's frame of reference.
Language varieties are often called dialects rather than languages
solely because they are not (or not recognized as) literary languages,
because the speakers of the given language do not have a state of their own,
o ...
See also:Dialect, Dialect - Standard and Non-standard Dialects, Dialect - Dialect or Language, Dialect - Political factors, Dialect - The historical linguistics point of view, Dialect - Concepts in dialectology, Dialect - Mutual intelligibility, Dialect - Diglossia, Dialect - Dialect continuum, Dialect - Diasystem, Dialect - Pluricentrism, Dialect - The Ausbausprache - Abstandsprache - Dachsprache framework, Dialect - Selected list of articles on dialects Read more here: » Dialect: Encyclopedia II - Dialect - Dialect or Language |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - History
Transnistria - Ancient history.
Tyras was an ancient Greek colony of Miletus, probably founded about 600 BC, situated on mouth of the Dniestr river (Tyras). It fell under the dominion of native kings whose names appear on its coins, and it was destroyed by the Dacians about 50 BC. In AD 56 it has been restored by the Romans and henceforth formed part of the province of Lower Moesia.
Transnistria - From the ...
See also:Transnistria, Transnistria - Names, Transnistria - Political status, Transnistria - Internal politics, Transnistria - History, Transnistria - Ancient history, Transnistria - From the Middle Ages to the 20th Century, Transnistria - Autonomous Moldavian Republic in Soviet Ukraine, Transnistria - World War II, Transnistria - Soviet Moldova, Transnistria - The breakaway, Transnistria - Aftermath, Transnistria - The Kozak Memorandum, Transnistria - 2004 crisis, Transnistria - Ukraine-sponsored talks, Transnistria - Violation of human rights, Transnistria - Ethnicities, Transnistria - Population, Transnistria - Ethnicity, Transnistria - Economy, Transnistria - Crime, Transnistria - Administrative regions, Transnistria - Bibliography Read more here: » Transnistria: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - History |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - Gagauz - Geographic distribution Gagauz people have settlements in the Ukrainian regions of Odessa and Zaporizhzhia, as well as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kabardino-Balkaria, and Romania. There are also nearly 20,000 Gagauz living in the Balkan countries of Greece and Bulgaria.
There is a related ethnic group also called Gagauz (or Gacal) living in the European part of northwestern Turkey and in the Republic of Macedonia, who are Muslims.
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See also:Gagauz, Gagauz - Geographic distribution, Gagauz - History, Gagauz - Early history and settlement in Bessarabia, Gagauz - Soviet Union and Republic of Moldova Read more here: » Gagauz: Encyclopedia II - Gagauz - Geographic distribution |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - Names The origion of the name of the region froms come the Moldovan word for "beyond the river Dniester (Nistru)". In both Russian and Ukrainian, the name has a more literal meaning as it is called "Subdniestria" or "the area by the Dniester."
Official, the region has three languages: Moldovan Cyrillic, Russian and Ukrainian. Their official name, the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic, is also translated into each language:
Moldovan Cyrillic: Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ ("Nistrian Moldovan Republic ...
See also:Transnistria, Transnistria - Names, Transnistria - Political status, Transnistria - Internal politics, Transnistria - History, Transnistria - Ancient history, Transnistria - From the Middle Ages to the 20th Century, Transnistria - Autonomous Moldavian Republic in Soviet Ukraine, Transnistria - World War II, Transnistria - Soviet Moldova, Transnistria - The breakaway, Transnistria - Aftermath, Transnistria - The Kozak Memorandum, Transnistria - 2004 crisis, Transnistria - Ukraine-sponsored talks, Transnistria - Violation of human rights, Transnistria - Ethnicities, Transnistria - Population, Transnistria - Ethnicity, Transnistria - Economy, Transnistria - Crime, Transnistria - Administrative regions, Transnistria - Bibliography Read more here: » Transnistria: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - Names |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - Population At the census of 1989, the population was 546,400. At the time of the 2004 census, whose results are contested, the population was 555,000.
Recently, there has been a substantial emigration from the region due to economic hardships of the 1990s. This is one of the reasons why a disproportionately large part of the population is past the age of retirement.
Transnistria - Ethnicity.
Total population on the left bank of the Nistru River (minus Tighina): 546,400
Total population i ...
See also:Transnistria, Transnistria - Names, Transnistria - Political status, Transnistria - Internal politics, Transnistria - History, Transnistria - Ancient history, Transnistria - From the Middle Ages to the 20th Century, Transnistria - Autonomous Moldavian Republic in Soviet Ukraine, Transnistria - World War II, Transnistria - Soviet Moldova, Transnistria - The breakaway, Transnistria - Aftermath, Transnistria - The Kozak Memorandum, Transnistria - 2004 crisis, Transnistria - Ukraine-sponsored talks, Transnistria - Violation of human rights, Transnistria - Ethnicities, Transnistria - Population, Transnistria - Ethnicity, Transnistria - Economy, Transnistria - Crime, Transnistria - Administrative regions, Transnistria - Bibliography Read more here: » Transnistria: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - Population |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - Economy The GDP is about $420 million [11] and the GDP per capita, based on the exchange rate, is $662, making the area slightly poorer than Moldova, and possibly the poorest region in Europe.
Reports of visitors to Transnistria have confirmed that the average salary of a Transnistrian does not exceed $20-$40. Although the population of the republic was 555,500 in 2004, it is estimated that about 375,000 people actually reside in the region si ...
See also:Transnistria, Transnistria - Names, Transnistria - Political status, Transnistria - Internal politics, Transnistria - History, Transnistria - Ancient history, Transnistria - From the Middle Ages to the 20th Century, Transnistria - Autonomous Moldavian Republic in Soviet Ukraine, Transnistria - World War II, Transnistria - Soviet Moldova, Transnistria - The breakaway, Transnistria - Aftermath, Transnistria - The Kozak Memorandum, Transnistria - 2004 crisis, Transnistria - Ukraine-sponsored talks, Transnistria - Violation of human rights, Transnistria - Ethnicities, Transnistria - Population, Transnistria - Ethnicity, Transnistria - Economy, Transnistria - Crime, Transnistria - Administrative regions, Transnistria - Bibliography Read more here: » Transnistria: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - Economy |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - Crime Since partition, Transnistria has served as a haven for smugglers and traffickers in fuels, arms, and other contraband, as well as trafficking in human beings. A recent report funded by the British Department for International Development named Transnistria "a smuggling company masquerading as a state".
Recently, a cache of 70 surface-to-air missile launchers disappeared from a former Soviet stockpile and officials are unable to account for their whereabouts. The government of Ukraine, which had long been seen as assisting in this ill ...
See also:Transnistria, Transnistria - Names, Transnistria - Political status, Transnistria - Internal politics, Transnistria - History, Transnistria - Ancient history, Transnistria - From the Middle Ages to the 20th Century, Transnistria - Autonomous Moldavian Republic in Soviet Ukraine, Transnistria - World War II, Transnistria - Soviet Moldova, Transnistria - The breakaway, Transnistria - Aftermath, Transnistria - The Kozak Memorandum, Transnistria - 2004 crisis, Transnistria - Ukraine-sponsored talks, Transnistria - Violation of human rights, Transnistria - Ethnicities, Transnistria - Population, Transnistria - Ethnicity, Transnistria - Economy, Transnistria - Crime, Transnistria - Administrative regions, Transnistria - Bibliography Read more here: » Transnistria: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - Crime |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Beginning of the Soviet period After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Declaration of Rights of Peoples of Russia encouraged the various nationalities in the Russian Empire to gain their independence, Moldova became an independent Republic on December 2, 1917. On the request of the new Moldovan administration ("Sfatul tării"), on December 13, Romanian troops entered Bessarabia. On March 27, 1918 there was a vote for the unification with Romania.
After the creation of the Soviet Union in December 1922, the Soviet government moved in 1924 to establish the Molda ...
See also:History of Moldova, History of Moldova - Origins of the name, History of Moldova - Early history, History of Moldova - Medieval history, History of Moldova - Commonwealth interventions, History of Moldova - Russian expansion, History of Moldova - Beginning of the Soviet period, History of Moldova - World War II, History of Moldova - Postwar reestablishment of Soviet control, History of Moldova - Increasing self-expression, History of Moldova - Secession of Gagauzia and Transnistria, History of Moldova - Independence, History of Moldova - Post independence: 1993 to 1998, History of Moldova - Recent history: 2001 to present Read more here: » History of Moldova: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Beginning of the Soviet period |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Secession of Gagauzia and Transnistria In August the Gagauz declared a separate "Gagauz Republic" (Gagauz-Yeri) in the south, around the city of Comrat. In September the people on the east bank of the Nistru River (with mostly Slavic population) proclaimed the "Dnestr Moldavian Republic" (commonly called the "Dnestr Republic") in Transnistria, with its capital at Tiraspol. Although the Supreme Soviet immediately declared these declarations null, both "republics" went on to hold elections. Stepan T ...
See also:History of Moldova, History of Moldova - Origins of the name, History of Moldova - Early history, History of Moldova - Medieval history, History of Moldova - Commonwealth interventions, History of Moldova - Russian expansion, History of Moldova - Beginning of the Soviet period, History of Moldova - World War II, History of Moldova - Postwar reestablishment of Soviet control, History of Moldova - Increasing self-expression, History of Moldova - Secession of Gagauzia and Transnistria, History of Moldova - Independence, History of Moldova - Post independence: 1993 to 1998, History of Moldova - Recent history: 2001 to present Read more here: » History of Moldova: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Secession of Gagauzia and Transnistria |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Independence During the 1991 August coup d'état in Moscow against Mikhail Gorbachev, commanders of the Soviet Union's Southwestern Theater of Military Operations tried to impose a state of emergency in Moldova. They were overruled by the Moldovan government, which declared its support for Russian president Boris Yeltsin, who led the counter-coup in Moscow. On 27 August 1991, following the coup's collapse, Moldo ...
See also:History of Moldova, History of Moldova - Origins of the name, History of Moldova - Early history, History of Moldova - Medieval history, History of Moldova - Commonwealth interventions, History of Moldova - Russian expansion, History of Moldova - Beginning of the Soviet period, History of Moldova - World War II, History of Moldova - Postwar reestablishment of Soviet control, History of Moldova - Increasing self-expression, History of Moldova - Secession of Gagauzia and Transnistria, History of Moldova - Independence, History of Moldova - Post independence: 1993 to 1998, History of Moldova - Recent history: 2001 to present Read more here: » History of Moldova: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Independence |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Post independence: 1993 to 1998 Starting 1993, Moldova began to distance itself from Romania. The constitution adopted in 1994 used the term "Moldovan language" instead of "Romanian" and changed the national anthem to Limba noastră.
New parliamentary elections were held in Moldova on 27 February 1994. Although the election was described by international observers as free and fair, authorities in Transnistria did not allow balloting there and made efforts to discourage the inhabitants from participating. Only some 7,500 inhab ...
See also:History of Moldova, History of Moldova - Origins of the name, History of Moldova - Early history, History of Moldova - Medieval history, History of Moldova - Commonwealth interventions, History of Moldova - Russian expansion, History of Moldova - Beginning of the Soviet period, History of Moldova - World War II, History of Moldova - Postwar reestablishment of Soviet control, History of Moldova - Increasing self-expression, History of Moldova - Secession of Gagauzia and Transnistria, History of Moldova - Independence, History of Moldova - Post independence: 1993 to 1998, History of Moldova - Recent history: 2001 to present Read more here: » History of Moldova: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Post independence: 1993 to 1998 |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Increasing self-expression In this climate of openness, political self-assertion escalated in the Moldavian SSR in 1988. The year 1989 saw the formation of the Moldovan Popular Front (commonly called the Popular Front), an association of independent cultural and political groups that had finally gained official recognition. Large demonstrations by ethnic Romanians led to the designation of Romanian as the official language and the replacement of the head of the CPM. However, opposition was growing to the increasing influence of ethnic Romanians, especially in Transnis ...
See also:History of Moldova, History of Moldova - Origins of the name, History of Moldova - Early history, History of Moldova - Medieval history, History of Moldova - Commonwealth interventions, History of Moldova - Russian expansion, History of Moldova - Beginning of the Soviet period, History of Moldova - World War II, History of Moldova - Postwar reestablishment of Soviet control, History of Moldova - Increasing self-expression, History of Moldova - Secession of Gagauzia and Transnistria, History of Moldova - Independence, History of Moldova - Post independence: 1993 to 1998, History of Moldova - Recent history: 2001 to present Read more here: » History of Moldova: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Increasing self-expression |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Postwar reestablishment of Soviet control The territory stayed within the USSR after WWII as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic and the state had a brutal denationalization policy toward the native Romanian population. The Soviets massacred, imprisoned, and deported to Siberia almost a million innocent people whose "crime" was just trying to change the population structure of Moldova. Secret police struck at nationalist groups; the Cyrillic alphabet was imposed on the "Moldavian" language; and ethnic Russians and Ukrainians were encouraged to immigrate to the Moldavian SSR, esp ...
See also:History of Moldova, History of Moldova - Origins of the name, History of Moldova - Early history, History of Moldova - Medieval history, History of Moldova - Commonwealth interventions, History of Moldova - Russian expansion, History of Moldova - Beginning of the Soviet period, History of Moldova - World War II, History of Moldova - Postwar reestablishment of Soviet control, History of Moldova - Increasing self-expression, History of Moldova - Secession of Gagauzia and Transnistria, History of Moldova - Independence, History of Moldova - Post independence: 1993 to 1998, History of Moldova - Recent history: 2001 to present Read more here: » History of Moldova: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Postwar reestablishment of Soviet control |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - Violation of human rights The Republic of Moldova, as well as other foreign states and NGOs claim that the separatist government of Transnistria is authoritarian and has a poor human rights record, and is accused of arbitrary arrest and torture. Some organizations claim that the right of free assembly or association is not fully respected and that religious freedom is limited by denying registration to Baptists, Methodists, and the Church of the Living God. Transnistrian authorities also reportedly accused Jehovah's Witnesses of lacking patriotis ...
See also:Transnistria, Transnistria - Names, Transnistria - Political status, Transnistria - Internal politics, Transnistria - History, Transnistria - Ancient history, Transnistria - From the Middle Ages to the 20th Century, Transnistria - Autonomous Moldavian Republic in Soviet Ukraine, Transnistria - World War II, Transnistria - Soviet Moldova, Transnistria - The breakaway, Transnistria - Aftermath, Transnistria - The Kozak Memorandum, Transnistria - 2004 crisis, Transnistria - Ukraine-sponsored talks, Transnistria - Violation of human rights, Transnistria - Ethnicities, Transnistria - Population, Transnistria - Ethnicity, Transnistria - Economy, Transnistria - Crime, Transnistria - Administrative regions, Transnistria - Bibliography Read more here: » Transnistria: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - Violation of human rights |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - World War II Formerly ruled by Romania as part of the principality of Moldavia, Eastern Moldova was occupied by the Soviet Union (with consent from Nazi Germany) in 1940 as a consequence of a secret protocol attached to the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact. On 2 August 1940, the Soviet government created the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR), with its capital at Chisinau (Kishinëv, in Russian), by joining most of Eastern Moldavia (known as Bessarabia during its occupation by the Russian Empire) with a portion of the Moldavian ASSR (the rest was a ...
See also:History of Moldova, History of Moldova - Origins of the name, History of Moldova - Early history, History of Moldova - Medieval history, History of Moldova - Commonwealth interventions, History of Moldova - Russian expansion, History of Moldova - Beginning of the Soviet period, History of Moldova - World War II, History of Moldova - Postwar reestablishment of Soviet control, History of Moldova - Increasing self-expression, History of Moldova - Secession of Gagauzia and Transnistria, History of Moldova - Independence, History of Moldova - Post independence: 1993 to 1998, History of Moldova - Recent history: 2001 to present Read more here: » History of Moldova: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - World War II |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Commonwealth interventions Main article: Magnate wars in Moldavia
In the beginning of the 17th century, magnates of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth intervened in the affairs of Moldavia, clashing with the Ottomans for dominance over the territory. Eventually, Poland renouced any claims to Moldavia in the 1610s.
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See also:History of Moldova, History of Moldova - Origins of the name, History of Moldova - Early history, History of Moldova - Medieval history, History of Moldova - Commonwealth interventions, History of Moldova - Russian expansion, History of Moldova - Beginning of the Soviet period, History of Moldova - World War II, History of Moldova - Postwar reestablishment of Soviet control, History of Moldova - Increasing self-expression, History of Moldova - Secession of Gagauzia and Transnistria, History of Moldova - Independence, History of Moldova - Post independence: 1993 to 1998, History of Moldova - Recent history: 2001 to present Read more here: » History of Moldova: Encyclopedia II - History of Moldova - Commonwealth interventions |
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| | | | Mircea Snegur: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - Political status Transnistria is internationally considered to be part of theRepublic of Moldova, and previously part of the Moldavian SSR, but has declared independence as the Transdniestrian Moldovan Republic or Transnistrian Moldovan Republic (TMR) (officially named Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic (Pridnestrovie) according to current constitution), with Tiraspol as its capital.
The Russian authorities contributed both militarily and politically to the creation of a separatist regime in Transnistria. The TMR remained under the ...
See also:Transnistria, Transnistria - Names, Transnistria - Political status, Transnistria - Internal politics, Transnistria - History, Transnistria - Ancient history, Transnistria - From the Middle Ages to the 20th Century, Transnistria - Autonomous Moldavian Republic in Soviet Ukraine, Transnistria - World War II, Transnistria - Soviet Moldova, Transnistria - The breakaway, Transnistria - Aftermath, Transnistria - The Kozak Memorandum, Transnistria - 2004 crisis, Transnistria - Ukraine-sponsored talks, Transnistria - Violation of human rights, Transnistria - Ethnicities, Transnistria - Population, Transnistria - Ethnicity, Transnistria - Economy, Transnistria - Crime, Transnistria - Administrative regions, Transnistria - Bibliography Read more here: » Transnistria: Encyclopedia II - Transnistria - Political status |
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