Early on, Reich was influenced by fellow minimalist Terry Riley. Riley's loosely structured aleatoric work In C combines simple musical patterns, offset in time, to create a slowly shifting, cohesive whole. Reich adopted this approach to compose his first major work, It's Gonna Rain. Written in 1965, It's Gonna Rain is made up of recordings of a sermon about the end of the world given by the African American Pentecostal preacher Brother Walter. The sermon was transferred to multiple tape loops played in and o ...

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Steve Reich, Steve Reich - Early life and work, Steve Reich - Process music and Minimalism, Steve Reich - The 1970s, Steve Reich - The 1980s, Steve Reich - New directions, Steve Reich - Influence, Steve Reich - Reich on himself, Steve Reich - Works, Steve Reich - Selected Discography

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"[...] I drove a cab in San Francisco, and in New York I worked as a part-time social worker. Phil Glass and I had a moving company for a short period of time. I did all kinds of odd jobs [...] I started making a living as a performer in my own ensemble. I would never have thought that it was how I was going to survive financially. It was a complete wonder." From an interview with Gabrielle Zuckerman, 2002 (see Links) "The point is, if you went to Paris and dug up Debussy and said, 'Excusez-moi Monsieur…are you an impr ...

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Steve Reich, Steve Reich - Early life and work, Steve Reich - Process music and Minimalism, Steve Reich - The 1970s, Steve Reich - The 1980s, Steve Reich - New directions, Steve Reich - Influence, Steve Reich - Reich on himself, Steve Reich - Works, Steve Reich - Selected Discography

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Four Organs (1970) deals specifically with augmentation, and was based on a piece written in 1967, Slow Motion Sound, which was more of a prototype piece. Having never been performed, the idea of slowing down a recorded sound until many times its original length without changing pitch or timbre was applied to Four Organs. The result was a piece with maracas playing a fast quaver pulse, while the four organs stress certain quavers using an 11th chord. This work therefore dealt with rhythmic change and repetition. It is un ...

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Steve Reich, Steve Reich - Early life and work, Steve Reich - Process music and Minimalism, Steve Reich - The 1970s, Steve Reich - The 1980s, Steve Reich - New directions, Steve Reich - Influence, Steve Reich - Reich on himself, Steve Reich - Works, Steve Reich - Selected Discography

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Main article: Electronic art music Technological advances in the 20th century enabled composers to use electronic means of producing sound. This took several forms: some composers simply incorporated electronic instruments into relatively conventional pieces. Olivier Messiaen, for example, used the ondes martenot in a number of works. Other composers abandoned conventional instruments and used magnetic tape to create music, recording sounds and then manipulating them in some way. Pierre Schaeffer was the pioneer of such ...

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20th century classical music, 20th century classical music - Romantic style, 20th century classical music - Modernism, 20th century classical music - The Second Viennese School atonality and serialism, 20th century classical music - Free dissonance and experimentalism, 20th century classical music - Neoclassicism, 20th century classical music - Post-modern music, 20th century classical music - Post-modernity's birth, 20th century classical music - Minimalism, 20th century classical music - Electronic music, 20th century classical music - Jazz-influenced composition, 20th century classical music - Other

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1970s - Environmentalism. The seventies touched off a mainstream affirmation of the environmental issues early activists from the '60s, such as Rachel Carson, warned about. The moon landing that had occurred at the end of the previous decade transmitted back concrete images of the earth as an integrated, life-supporting system and shaped a public willingness to preserve nature. On April 22, 1970, the United States celebrated its first Earth Day in which over two thousand colleges and universities and roughly ten thousand p ...

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1970s, 1970s - Worldwide trends in the Seventies, 1970s - Economy of the Seventies, 1970s - Oil crisis, 1970s - Social movements, 1970s - Environmentalism, 1970s - Feminism, 1970s - Gay rights, 1970s - Culture during the Seventies, 1970s - Emerging social perspectives in the Seventies, 1970s - The Seventies in music, 1970s - The Seventies in cinema, 1970s - The Seventies in television, 1970s - The Seventies in literature, 1970s - The Seventies in architecture, 1970s - The Seventies in science and philosophy, 1970s - The Seventies in sports, 1970s - The Seventies in technology, 1970s - National issues, 1970s - In the Middle East, 1970s - In Africa, 1970s - In India and Pakistan, 1970s - In Southeast Asia, 1970s - In Japan, 1970s - In the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, 1970s - In the United States, 1970s - In the United Kingdom

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The developed economies of the world, the 1970s adversely distinguished itself from the prosperous postwar period between 1945 and 1969. Then, the world economy was buoyed by the Marshall Plan and the robust American economy. However, the high standing enjoyed by the American economy gradually became discomposed by loose domestic and war spending, particularly the Vietnam war. The oil shock of 1973 added to the existing ailments and conjured high inflation throughout much of the world for the rest of the decade. World leaders, such as James ...

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1970s, 1970s - Worldwide trends in the Seventies, 1970s - Economy of the Seventies, 1970s - Oil crisis, 1970s - Social movements, 1970s - Environmentalism, 1970s - Feminism, 1970s - Gay rights, 1970s - Culture during the Seventies, 1970s - Emerging social perspectives in the Seventies, 1970s - The Seventies in music, 1970s - The Seventies in cinema, 1970s - The Seventies in television, 1970s - The Seventies in literature, 1970s - The Seventies in architecture, 1970s - The Seventies in science and philosophy, 1970s - The Seventies in sports, 1970s - The Seventies in technology, 1970s - National issues, 1970s - In the Middle East, 1970s - In Africa, 1970s - In India and Pakistan, 1970s - In Southeast Asia, 1970s - In Japan, 1970s - In the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, 1970s - In the United States, 1970s - In the United Kingdom

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The ethos of the 1970s emerged from a transition of the global social structure. It reflected the transition from the decline of colonial imperialism since the end of World War II to globalization and the rise of a new middle class in the developing world. Globally, the 1970s had several features that were similar and definitive across economic levels and regions. These aspects and essence that make up global essence of the 1970s are the defining points of the 1970s: the Bretton Woods system and its subsequent failure, the impact of the contraceptive pill o ...

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1970s, 1970s - Worldwide trends in the Seventies, 1970s - Economy of the Seventies, 1970s - Oil crisis, 1970s - Social movements, 1970s - Environmentalism, 1970s - Feminism, 1970s - Gay rights, 1970s - Culture during the Seventies, 1970s - Emerging social perspectives in the Seventies, 1970s - The Seventies in music, 1970s - The Seventies in cinema, 1970s - The Seventies in television, 1970s - The Seventies in literature, 1970s - The Seventies in architecture, 1970s - The Seventies in science and philosophy, 1970s - The Seventies in sports, 1970s - The Seventies in technology, 1970s - National issues, 1970s - In the Middle East, 1970s - In Africa, 1970s - In India and Pakistan, 1970s - In Southeast Asia, 1970s - In Japan, 1970s - In the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, 1970s - In the United States, 1970s - In the United Kingdom

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The term minimalism is also used to describe a trend in design and architecture wherein the subject is reduced to its necessary elements. Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe adopted the motto "Less is more" to describe his aesthetic tactics of flattening and emphasizing the building's frame, eliminating interior walls and adopting an open plan, and reducing the structure to a strong, transparent, elegant skin. Designer Buckminster Fuller adopted a similar saying, "Doing more with less", but his concerns were more oriented tow ...

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Minimalism, Minimalism - Minimalism in visual art, Minimalism - Musical minimalism, Minimalism - Minimalist design, Minimalism - Literary minimalism, Minimalism - Minimalism in philosophy

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1970s - In the Middle East. Political authoritarianism in Arab and Middle Eastern states, combined with the occupation of the West Bank by Israel, led to a major increase in terrorism. The Palestinian terror group Black September was involved in plane hijackings and a deadly hostage incident at the 1972 Olympics in Munich, Germany. In 1975, tensions between Maronite Christian and Muslim factions in Lebanon brought that country to civil war, which ...

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1970s, 1970s - Worldwide trends in the Seventies, 1970s - Economy of the Seventies, 1970s - Oil crisis, 1970s - Social movements, 1970s - Environmentalism, 1970s - Feminism, 1970s - Gay rights, 1970s - Culture during the Seventies, 1970s - Emerging social perspectives in the Seventies, 1970s - The Seventies in music, 1970s - The Seventies in cinema, 1970s - The Seventies in television, 1970s - The Seventies in literature, 1970s - The Seventies in architecture, 1970s - The Seventies in science and philosophy, 1970s - The Seventies in sports, 1970s - The Seventies in technology, 1970s - National issues, 1970s - In the Middle East, 1970s - In Africa, 1970s - In India and Pakistan, 1970s - In Southeast Asia, 1970s - In Japan, 1970s - In the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, 1970s - In the United States, 1970s - In the United Kingdom

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Particularly in the early part of the century, many composers wrote music which was an extension of 19th century Romantic music. Harmony, though sometimes complex, was tonal, and traditional instrumental groupings such as the orchestra and string quartet remained the most usual. Traditional forms such as the symphony and concerto remained in use. (See Romantic Music) Many prominent composers — among them Dmitri Kabalevsky, Dmitri Shostakovich and Benjamin Britten — made significant advances in style and technique while still emplo ...

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20th century classical music, 20th century classical music - Romantic style, 20th century classical music - Modernism, 20th century classical music - The Second Viennese School atonality and serialism, 20th century classical music - Free dissonance and experimentalism, 20th century classical music - Neoclassicism, 20th century classical music - Post-modern music, 20th century classical music - Post-modernity's birth, 20th century classical music - Minimalism, 20th century classical music - Electronic music, 20th century classical music - Jazz-influenced composition, 20th century classical music - Other

Read more here: » 20th century classical music: Encyclopedia II - 20th century classical music - Romantic style

In classical music of the last 35 years, the term minimalism is sometimes applied to music which displays some or all of the following features: repetition (often of short musical phrases, with minimal variations over long periods of time) or stasis (often in the form of drones and long tones); emphasis on consonant harmony; a steady pulse. Minimalist music is sometimes very similar, currently, to electronic music and composition. It should be noted that the minimalist movement in music bears only an occasional relationship to ...

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Minimalism, Minimalism - Minimalism in visual art, Minimalism - Musical minimalism, Minimalism - Minimalist design, Minimalism - Literary minimalism, Minimalism - Minimalism in philosophy

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20th century classical music - Post-modernity's birth. Post-modernity can be said to be a response to modernism which asserts that the products of human activity — particularly manufactured or created by artifice — are the central subject for art itself, and that the purpose of art is to focus people's attention on objects for contemplation, as composer-critic Steve Hicken explained it. This strain of modernism looks backward to the dada school of art exemplified by Duchamp, and to the collage of "concrete" m ...

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20th century classical music, 20th century classical music - Romantic style, 20th century classical music - Modernism, 20th century classical music - The Second Viennese School atonality and serialism, 20th century classical music - Free dissonance and experimentalism, 20th century classical music - Neoclassicism, 20th century classical music - Post-modern music, 20th century classical music - Post-modernity's birth, 20th century classical music - Minimalism, 20th century classical music - Electronic music, 20th century classical music - Jazz-influenced composition, 20th century classical music - Other

Read more here: » 20th century classical music: Encyclopedia II - 20th century classical music - Post-modern music

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Early minimalists include: David Behrman Gavin Bryars Cornelius Cardew Tony Conrad Jon Gibson Philip Glass Terry Jennings Petr Kotik (born in Czechoslovakia) Douglas Leedy Richard Maxfield Robert Moran Phill Niblock Pauline Oliveros Charlemagne Palestine Steve Reich Terry Riley Howard Skempton ...

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Minimalist music, Minimalist music - Brief history, Minimalist music - Minimalist style in music, Minimalist music - Critical reception of minimalism, Minimalist music - Criticisms of minimalism, Minimalist music - Critical supporters of minimalism, Minimalist music - Minimalist composers, Minimalist music - Rock bands influenced by minimalism, Minimalist music - Sources

Read more here: » Minimalist music: Encyclopedia II - Minimalist music - Minimalist composers

The most identifiable traits of minimalism in music are the use of repeated motivic fragments, presented unaltered in themselves or in slow transformations, to establish a harmonic texture. While this is not unprecedented in itself--Richard Wagner would use an arpeggiated E-flat as the basis for the opening of his opera Das Rheingold--the pervasiveness of the technique, and the use of layering and phase of these fragments which is identifiable as "minimalist". This is related to, but not the same as, repetition of whole sections of music, ag ...

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Minimalist music, Minimalist music - Brief history, Minimalist music - Minimalist style in music, Minimalist music - Critical reception of minimalism, Minimalist music - Criticisms of minimalism, Minimalist music - Critical supporters of minimalism, Minimalist music - Minimalist composers, Minimalist music - Rock bands influenced by minimalism, Minimalist music - Sources

Read more here: » Minimalist music: Encyclopedia II - Minimalist music - Minimalist style in music

Minimalist music - Criticisms of minimalism. Minimalist music has been controversial from its inception, and criticisms have been levelled from two other viewpoints specifically. The first set of criticisms are from proponents of musical modernism who regard minimalism as a betrayal of progress, a banalization of modernity and backsliding into kitsch. They argue that minimalism represents a surrender of "high" art to the values of "popular" art. These critiques mirror other "late modern" critiques of postm ...

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Minimalist music, Minimalist music - Brief history, Minimalist music - Minimalist style in music, Minimalist music - Critical reception of minimalism, Minimalist music - Criticisms of minimalism, Minimalist music - Critical supporters of minimalism, Minimalist music - Minimalist composers, Minimalist music - Rock bands influenced by minimalism, Minimalist music - Sources

Read more here: » Minimalist music: Encyclopedia II - Minimalist music - Critical reception of minimalism