Indonesia is the only Asian member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) outside of the Middle East, and is the only OPEC member that is a net oil importer. In early 2005, Indonesian crude oil and condensate output was 1.07 million barrels per day. This is a substantial decline from the 1990s, due primarily to aging oil fields and a lack of investment in oil production equipment. In 1999, Crude and condensate output averaged 1.5 million barrels (240,000 m³) per day, and in the 1998 calendar year the oil and gas sector, ...

See also:

Economy of Indonesia, Economy of Indonesia - Background, Economy of Indonesia - Oil and minerals sector, Economy of Indonesia - Investment, Economy of Indonesia - Economic relations with the United States

Read more here: » Economy of Indonesia: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Indonesia - Oil and minerals sector

See also:

Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia, Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia - Minerals Oil and Power Plants, Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia - Minerals and Mining, Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia - 1970 - 1985, Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia - Mid-1980s, Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia - Land and Forest, Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia - Labor

Read more here: » Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia: Encyclopedia II - Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia - Minerals Oil and Power Plants

Since the late 1980s, Indonesia has made significant changes to its regulatory framework to encourage economic growth. This growth was financed largely from private investment, both foreign and domestic. U.S. investors dominated the oil and gas sector and undertook some of Indonesia's largest mining projects. In addition, the presence of US banks, manufacturers, and service providers expanded, especially after the industrial and financial sector reforms of the 1980s. Other major foreign investors included Japan, the United Kingdom, Singapore, t ...

See also:

Economy of Indonesia, Economy of Indonesia - Background, Economy of Indonesia - Oil and minerals sector, Economy of Indonesia - Investment, Economy of Indonesia - Economic relations with the United States

Read more here: » Economy of Indonesia: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Indonesia - Investment

During the 30 years of president Suharto's "New Order" government, Indonesia's economy grew from a per capita GDP of $70 to more than $1,000 by 1996. Through prudent monetary and fiscal policies, inflation was held in the 5%–10% range, the rupiah was stable and predictable, and the government avoided domestic financing of budget deficits. Much of the development budget was financed by concessional foreign aid. In the mid-1980s, the government began eliminating regulatory obstacles to economic activity. The steps were aimed primarily ...

See also:

Economy of Indonesia, Economy of Indonesia - Background, Economy of Indonesia - Oil and minerals sector, Economy of Indonesia - Investment, Economy of Indonesia - Economic relations with the United States

Read more here: » Economy of Indonesia: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Indonesia - Background

U.S. exports to Indonesia in 1999 totaled $2.0 billion, down significantly from $4.5 billion in 1997. The main exports were construction equipment, machinery, aviation parts, chemicals, and agricultural products. U.S. imports from Indonesia in 1999 totaled $9.5 billion and consisted primarily of clothing, machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum, natural rubber, and footwear. Economic assistance to Indonesia is coordinated through the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), formed in 1989. It includes 19 donor countries and 13 international organizations that meet annually to coord ...

See also:

Economy of Indonesia, Economy of Indonesia - Background, Economy of Indonesia - Oil and minerals sector, Economy of Indonesia - Investment, Economy of Indonesia - Economic relations with the United States

Read more here: » Economy of Indonesia: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Indonesia - Economic relations with the United States

Soybeans are an important global crop, with political ramifications. It is grown for its oil and protein. The bulk of the crop is solvent extracted for vegetable oil and the defatted soy meal is used for animal feed. A very small proportion of the crop is consumed directly for food by humans. Soybeans were used as food in eastern Asia long before written records, and it is still a major crop in China, Japan and Korea. They were first introduced to Europe in the early 1700s and the United States in 1765, where it was first grown for ha ...

See also:

Soybean, Soybean - Physical characteristics, Soybean - Cultivation, Soybean - Uses, Soybean - Oil, Soybean - Meal, Soybean - Flour, Soybean - Infant formula, Soybean - Substitute for existing products, Soybean - Other products, Soybean - Genetic modification, Soybean - Nutrition, Soybean - Protein, Soybean - Vitamins and Minerals, Soybean - Health, Soybean - Isoflavones, Soybean - Reduce cholesterol, Soybean - Cancer

Read more here: » Soybean: Encyclopedia II - Soybean - Cultivation

Soybeans can be broadly classified as "vegetable" (garden) or field (oil) types. Vegetable types cook more easily, have a mild nutty flavor, better texture, are larger in size, higher in protein, and lower in oil than field types. Tofu and soymilk producers prefer the higher protein cultivars bred from vegetable soybeans originally brought to the United States in the late 1930s. The "garden" cultivars are generally not suitable for mechanical combine harvesting because they have a tendency for the pods ...

See also:

Soybean, Soybean - Physical characteristics, Soybean - Cultivation, Soybean - Uses, Soybean - Oil, Soybean - Meal, Soybean - Flour, Soybean - Infant formula, Soybean - Substitute for existing products, Soybean - Other products, Soybean - Genetic modification, Soybean - Nutrition, Soybean - Protein, Soybean - Vitamins and Minerals, Soybean - Health, Soybean - Isoflavones, Soybean - Reduce cholesterol, Soybean - Cancer

Read more here: » Soybean: Encyclopedia II - Soybean - Uses

The hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin (synonyms: abiotic, abyssal, endogenous, inorganic, juvenile, mineral, primordial) holds that petroleum is formed by non-biological processes deep in the earth's crust and mantle. It contradicts the more widely-held view that petroleum is a fossil fuel produced from the remains of ancient living organisms. The constituent precursors of petroleum (mainly methane) are commonplace and it is possible that appropriate conditions exist for hydrocarbons to be formed deep within the earth ...

Including:

Abiogenic petroleum origin - Comparison of theories
Abiogenic petroleum origin - Raw material Abiogenic petroleum origin - Events before conversion Abiogenic petroleum origin - Conversion to petroleum and methane Abiogenic petroleum origin - Formation of coal
Abiogenic petroleum origin - Evidence supporting abiogenic theory
Abiogenic petroleum origin - Supergiant oil fields Abiogenic petroleum origin - Extraterrestrial methane Abiogenic petroleum origin - Existence of hydrocarbon deposits
Abiogenic petroleum origin - Methane on Earth
Abiogenic petroleum origin - Cold planetary formation Abiogenic petroleum origin - Unusual deposits Abiogenic petroleum origin - Deep microbes Abiogenic petroleum origin - Helium Abiogenic petroleum origin - Trace metals Abiogenic petroleum origin - Diamondoids Abiogenic petroleum origin - Hydrogen Abiogenic petroleum origin - Thermodynamics Abiogenic petroleum origin - Biology Abiogenic petroleum origin - Serpentinization and chemical synthesis of oil Abiogenic petroleum origin - Deep structures and petroleum association Abiogenic petroleum origin - Why is oil frequently found in sedimentary basins?
Abiogenic petroleum origin - Ambiguous results
Abiogenic petroleum origin - Biomarkers or Chemofossils Abiogenic petroleum origin - Deep hot carbon sources
Abiogenic petroleum origin - Evidence supporting biogenic theory
Abiogenic petroleum origin - Unusual deposits Abiogenic petroleum origin - Biomarkers
Abiogenic petroleum origin - Petroleum origin peak oil and politics Abiogenic petroleum origin - The future of the abiogenic theory

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Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and oleum – oil), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. A widely believed myth is that the oil itself is flammable; however, it is actually the gas that evaporates from the oil that is flammable. Petroleum exists in the upper strata of some areas of the Earth's crust. Another name is naphtha, from Persian naft or nafátá (to flow). It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, l ...

Including:

Petroleum - Origin
Petroleum - Biogenic theory Petroleum - Abiogenic theory
Petroleum - Composition Petroleum - Extraction
Petroleum - Alternate means of producing oil
Petroleum - History Petroleum - Environmental effects Petroleum - Future of oil Petroleum - Classification Petroleum - Pricing Petroleum - Top petroleum-producing countries Petroleum - Books about the petroleum industry Petroleum - Films about petroleum Petroleum - Writers covering the petroleum industry

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Coal oil is an oil used for illuminating purposes, also called "lamp oil." It was formerly obtained from the distillation of mineral wax, bituminous shale, etc., and hence called coal oil. It is now produced primarily by the distillation and purification of petroleum. It consists mainly of several hydrocarbons of the alkane series, having from 10 to 16 carbon atoms in each molecule, and having a higher boiling point (175–325°C) than gasoline or the petroleum ethers, and a lower boiling point than the oils.

The Athabasca Oil Sands (or "Tar Sands") is a large deposit of tar sands in north-western Canada located mainly in the province of Alberta and, to a much lesser degree Saskatchewan. Oil sand comprises bitumen (petroleum that is predominantly high molecular-weight hydrocarbons), silica sand, clay minerals, and water. Bitumen is recovered from surface-mineable oil sands by variations of the Clark water-based extraction process, which separates aerated bitumen from the other oil sand components in gravity settling vessels. In-situ method ...

Including:

Athabasca Oil Sands - Estimated size Athabasca Oil Sands - Oil sand companies

Read more here: » Athabasca Oil Sands: Encyclopedia - Athabasca Oil Sands

Soybean(s) (U.S.) or soya bean (UK): A legume, the botanical name of which is Glycine max (L.) Merrill. It is a summer annual varying in height from less than a foot to more than 6 feet with a growth habit from stiffly erect to prostrate; cultivated varieties(cultivar) may reach a height of 3 feet or more; the seeds (soybeans) are borne in hairy-pods that grow in clusters of three to five with each pod usually containing 2 or 3 or more seeds. Soybean - Overview. The word soy is derived from th ...

Including:

Soybean - Overview
Soybean - Origin Soybean - Nutrition and Use Soybean - Physical characteristics
Soybean - Applications
Soybean - Soybean processing
Soybean - Soybean production
Soybean - Genetic Modification
Soybean - Imitations Soybean - Nutrition and health effects
Soybean - Protein Soybean - Infants Soybean - Vitamins and Minerals Soybean - Other nutritive value
Soybean - Research

Read more here: » Soybean: Encyclopedia - Soybean

Soybeans are an important global crop, with political ramifications. It is grown for its oil and protein. The bulk of the crop is solvent extracted for vegetable oil and the defatted soy meal is used for animal feed. A very small proportion of the crop is consumed directly for food by humans. Soybeans and were used as food in eastern Asia long before written records, and it is still a major crop in China, Japan and Korea. They were first introduced to Europe in the early 1700s and the United States in 1765, where it was first grown fo ...

See also:

Soybean, Soybean - Physical characteristics, Soybean - Cultivation, Soybean - Uses, Soybean - Oil, Soybean - Meal, Soybean - Flour, Soybean - Infant formula, Soybean - Substitute for existing products, Soybean - Other products, Soybean - Genetic modification, Soybean - Nutrition, Soybean - Protein, Soybean - Vitamins and Minerals, Soybean - Health, Soybean - Isoflavones, Soybean - Reduce cholesterol, Soybean - Cancer

Read more here: » Soybean: Encyclopedia II - Soybean - Cultivation

Wax play is a form of sensual play involving warm or hot wax usually dripped from candles or ladled onto a person's naked skin. Wax play may be combined with other BDSM or sexual activity. Pure paraffin wax melts at around 130 to 135 degrees Fahrenheit (54 to 57 degrees Celsius). Adding stearine makes the wax harder and melt at a higher temperature. Adding mineral oil makes the wax softer and melt at a lower temperature. Soft candles in glass jars usually have mineral oil in their blend and burn cooler at around 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 degrees Celsius), Pillar candles are mostly paraffin and burn warmer at arou ...

Including:

Wax play - Safety notes

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Turpentine is a fluid obtained by the complex distillation of resin obtained from trees, mainly various species of pine (Pinus). It is composed of terpenes, mainly the monoterpenes alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. Alternative names are wood turpentine, spirit of turpentine, oil of turpentine and gum turpentine. It is also known colloquially as just turps, although this more often refers to turpentine substitute (or mineral turpentine). Boiling in large tubs takes place ...

Including:

Turpentine - Medicinal uses Turpentine - Industrial uses Turpentine - Hazards

Read more here: » Turpentine: Encyclopedia - Turpentine

Soybean - Isoflavones. Soybeans also contain isoflavones, forms of phytoestrogen that are considered by some nutritionists and physicians to be useful in the prevention of cancer, though very controversial and also blamed for some thyroid and reproductive health problems. Isoflavones are polyphenol compounds, produced primarily by beans and other legumes, including peanuts and chickpeas. So ...

See also:

Soybean, Soybean - Physical characteristics, Soybean - Cultivation, Soybean - Uses, Soybean - Oil, Soybean - Meal, Soybean - Flour, Soybean - Infant formula, Soybean - Substitute for existing products, Soybean - Other products, Soybean - Genetic modification, Soybean - Nutrition, Soybean - Protein, Soybean - Vitamins and Minerals, Soybean - Health, Soybean - Isoflavones, Soybean - Reduce cholesterol, Soybean - Cancer

Read more here: » Soybean: Encyclopedia II - Soybean - Health

Food-grade paraffin wax is used in some candies to make them look shiny. Although edible, it is nondigestible; it passes right through the body without being broken down. Non-food grade paraffin wax can contain oils and other impurities which may be toxic or harmful. Impure mixtures of mostly paraffin wax are used in wax baths for beauty and therapy purposes. Paraffin wax is not used much to make original models for casting, as it is relatively brittle at room temperature and usually cannot be cold-carved without excessive chip ...

See also:

Paraffin, Paraffin - Physical and chemical properties, Paraffin - Uses

Read more here: » Paraffin: Encyclopedia II - Paraffin - Uses

Soybean - Protein. Soybeans are a source of complete protein. A complete protein is one that contains significant amounts of all the essential amino acids that must be provided to the human body because of the body's inability to synthesize them. For this reason, soy is important to many vegetarians and vegans. Soy protein is similar to that of other legume seeds, but has the highest yield per square meter of growing area, and it's the least expensive source of dietary protein. The only non-legume to have an almost identical protein profile to soy is the cereal oat (A ...

See also:

Soybean, Soybean - Physical characteristics, Soybean - Cultivation, Soybean - Uses, Soybean - Oil, Soybean - Meal, Soybean - Flour, Soybean - Infant formula, Soybean - Substitute for existing products, Soybean - Other products, Soybean - Genetic modification, Soybean - Nutrition, Soybean - Protein, Soybean - Vitamins and Minerals, Soybean - Health, Soybean - Isoflavones, Soybean - Reduce cholesterol, Soybean - Cancer

Read more here: » Soybean: Encyclopedia II - Soybean - Nutrition

Soybeans are one of the crops that are being genetically modified, and GMO soybeans are being used in an increasing number of products. Monsanto is the world's leader in genetically modified soy for the commercial market. In 1995, Monsanto introduced "Roundup Ready" (RR) soybeans that have had a complete copy of a gene(plasmid) from the bacteria, Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4, inserted, by means of a gene gun, into its genome that allows the transgenic plant to survive being sprayed by this non-selective, glyphosate-based herbicide. Ro ...

See also:

Soybean, Soybean - Physical characteristics, Soybean - Cultivation, Soybean - Uses, Soybean - Oil, Soybean - Meal, Soybean - Flour, Soybean - Infant formula, Soybean - Substitute for existing products, Soybean - Other products, Soybean - Genetic modification, Soybean - Nutrition, Soybean - Protein, Soybean - Vitamins and Minerals, Soybean - Health, Soybean - Isoflavones, Soybean - Reduce cholesterol, Soybean - Cancer

Read more here: » Soybean: Encyclopedia II - Soybean - Genetic modification

Soybeans can be broadly classified as "vegetable" (garden) or field(oil) types. Vegetable types cook more easily, have a mild nutty flavor, better texture, are larger in size, higher in protein, and lower in oil than field types. Tofu and soymilk producers prefer the higher protein cultivars bred from vegetable soybeans originally brought to the United States in the late 1930s. The "garden" varieties are generally not suitable for mechanical combine harvesting because they have a tendency to sh ...

See also:

Soybean, Soybean - Overview, Soybean - Origin, Soybean - Nutrition and Use, Soybean - Physical characteristics, Soybean - Applications, Soybean - Soybean processing, Soybean - Soybean production, Soybean - Genetic Modification, Soybean - Imitations, Soybean - Nutrition and health effects, Soybean - Protein, Soybean - Infants, Soybean - Vitamins and Minerals, Soybean - Other nutritive value, Soybean - Research

Read more here: » Soybean: Encyclopedia II - Soybean - Applications